TED2015
Patience Mthunzi: Could we cure HIV with lasers?
Patience Mthunziová: Dá sa AIDS vyliečiť laserami?
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Tabletky predstavujú rýchly, bezbolestný a často nie úplne efektívny spôsob liečby chorôb. Možný lepší spôsob? Lasery. V tejto oduševnenej prednáške členka TEDu Patience Mthunziová vysvetľuje svoj nápad použiť lasery na podávanie liekov priamo do buniek postihnutých vírusom HIV. Tento nápad je ešte v plienkach, ale budeme schopní vyliečiť AIDS?
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientist
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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Čo robíte, keď vás bolí hlava?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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Dáte si aspirín.
00:18
But for this pill to get
to your head, where the pain is,
to your head, where the pain is,
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Aby sa však táto tabletka
dostala do hlavy, ktorá vás bolí,
dostala do hlavy, ktorá vás bolí,
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines
and various other organs first.
and various other organs first.
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musí najprv prejsť žalúdkom, črevami
a rôznymi inými orgánmi.
a rôznymi inými orgánmi.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective
and painless way of delivering
and painless way of delivering
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Prehĺtanie tabletiek je najefektívneší
a najbezbolestnejší spôsob
a najbezbolestnejší spôsob
príjmu liekov do tela.
00:34
any medication in the body.
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00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing
any medication leads to its dilution.
any medication leads to its dilution.
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Nevýhodou je, že po prehltnutí
sa lieky rozriedia.
sa lieky rozriedia.
00:43
And this is a big problem,
particularly in HIV patients.
particularly in HIV patients.
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Je to veľký problém, a to
najmä u pacientov s HIV.
najmä u pacientov s HIV.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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Ich lieky proti HIV slúžia
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering
the virus in the blood,
the virus in the blood,
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na zníženie množstva vírusu v krvi
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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a zvýšenie počtu buniek CD4.
00:58
But they are also notorious
for their adverse side effects,
for their adverse side effects,
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Sú však známe aj pre vedľajšie účinky,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted
by the time they get to the blood,
by the time they get to the blood,
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a to hlavne, že sa rozriedia
skôr, ako sa dostanú do krvi,
skôr, ako sa dostanú do krvi,
a čo je ešte horšie,
skôr ako sa dostanú tam,
skôr ako sa dostanú tam,
01:08
and worse, by the time
they get to the sites
they get to the sites
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01:11
where it matters most:
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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kde sú najpotrebnejšie:
do ložísk vírusu HIV.
do ložísk vírusu HIV.
01:17
These areas in the body --
such as the lymph nodes,
such as the lymph nodes,
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Sú to oblasti ako lymfatické uzliny,
nervová sústava či pľúca,
01:22
the nervous system,
as well as the lungs --
as well as the lungs --
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01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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kde vírus spí.
01:27
and will not readily
get delivered in the blood
get delivered in the blood
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Lieky sa nedostávajú spoľahlivo
do krvi pacientov,
do krvi pacientov,
01:30
of patients that are under
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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ktorí pravidelne užívajú lieky proti HIV.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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Vírus sa pre prerušenie liečby
01:40
the virus can awake
and infect new cells in the blood.
and infect new cells in the blood.
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môže prebudiť a nakaziť v krvi nové bunky.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating
HIV with the current drug treatment,
HIV with the current drug treatment,
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To predstavuje pri súčasnej liečbe AIDS
tabletami veľký problém.
tabletami veľký problém.
01:51
which is a life-long treatment
that must be swallowed by patients.
that must be swallowed by patients.
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Pacienti musia lieky užívať po celý život.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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Jedného dňa som si povedala:
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly
within its reservoir sites,
within its reservoir sites,
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Dá sa dostať lieky proti HIV
priamo do ložísk
priamo do ložísk
bez rizika, že sa rozpustia?
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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02:06
As a laser scientist,
the answer was just before my eyes:
the answer was just before my eyes:
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Ako vedkyňa zaoberajúca sa laserami
som mala odpoveď priamo pred očami:
som mala odpoveď priamo pred očami:
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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lasery, je to jasné.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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Keď sa používajú v zubárstve,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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liečení rán diabetikov a chirurgii,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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dajú sa použiť na všetko možné
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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vrátane prenosu liekov do buniek.
02:25
As a matter of fact,
we are currently using laser pulses
we are currently using laser pulses
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V súčasnosti naozaj používame
laserové impulzy
laserové impulzy
na vypálenie alebo vyvrtnutie
maličkých dierok,
maličkých dierok,
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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ktoré sa v bunkách napadnutých HIV
otvoria a takmer okamžite zatvoria,
otvoria a takmer okamžite zatvoria,
02:34
which open and close almost
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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aby sa do nich dostali lieky.
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Možno sa pýtate, ako to robíme.
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful
but super-tiny laser beam
but super-tiny laser beam
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Nasmerujeme veľmi silný
a tenký laserový lúč
a tenký laserový lúč
na membrány buniek napadnutých HIV,
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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02:55
while these cells are immersed
in liquid containing the drug.
in liquid containing the drug.
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keď sú ponorené v tekutine
obsahujúcej liek.
obsahujúcej liek.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell,
while the cell swallows the drug
while the cell swallows the drug
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Laser bunku prepichne a bunka
v priebehu niekoľkých mikrosekúnd
v priebehu niekoľkých mikrosekúnd
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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liek prehltne.
03:07
Before you even know it,
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Vypálený otvor sa zahojí,
03:09
the induced hole
becomes immediately repaired.
becomes immediately repaired.
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ani sa nenazdáte.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing
this technology in test tubes
this technology in test tubes
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Túto technológiu práve
testujeme v skúmavkách
testujeme v skúmavkách
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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a Petriho miskách,
03:19
but the goal is to get
this technology in the human body,
this technology in the human body,
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ale cieľom je dostať ju do ľudského tela,
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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použiť ju v ľudskom tele.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Možno sa pýtate ako?
03:28
Well, the answer is:
through a three-headed device.
through a three-headed device.
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Odpoveď znie: vďaka
trojhlavému zariadeniu.
trojhlavému zariadeniu.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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Prvá hlava je náš laser,
ktorým urobíme rez v mieste infekcie.
03:36
we will make an incision
in the site of infection.
in the site of infection.
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03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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Pomocou druhej hlavy, kamery,
sa dostaneme na miesto infekcie.
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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03:45
Finally, using a third head,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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Nakoniec treťou hlavou,
sprejom rozprašujúcim liek,
sprejom rozprašujúcim liek,
podáme liek priamo do miesta infekcie,
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly
at the site of infection,
at the site of infection,
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03:53
while the laser is again used
to poke those cells open.
to poke those cells open.
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zatiaľ čo opäť použijeme laser
na otvorenie buniek.
na otvorenie buniek.
03:58
Well, this might not seem
like much right now.
like much right now.
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Teraz to možno nevyzerá ako bohviečo.
04:02
But one day, if successful,
this technology can lead
this technology can lead
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Ale jedného dňa môže táto technológia,
ak bude mať úspech,
ak bude mať úspech,
04:07
to complete eradication
of HIV in the body.
of HIV in the body.
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úplne odstrániť z tela vírus HIV.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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Áno. Vyliečime AIDS.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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Je to sen každého výskumníka HIV,
04:17
in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
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v našom prípade budú kľúčom liečby lasery.
04:20
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
04:21
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientistPatience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively.
Why you should listen
Patience Mthunzi is a research group leader at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa. There, she uses laser "tweezers" to try and separate diseased cells from healthy ones. She's also developed a way to use laser pulses to target drug delivery into cells.
Born in Soweto, Patience got her PhD in physics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 2012, she was named one of 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes magazine; that same year she was given the Order of Mapungubwe for her contribution in the field of biophotonics. She's also a TED Fellow.
Patience Mthunzi | Speaker | TED.com