TED2015
Patience Mthunzi: Could we cure HIV with lasers?
Patience Mthunzi: Možemo li laserima izliječiti HIV?
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Gutanje tableta u svrhu liječenja brz je, bezbolan i često ne u potpunosti učinkovit način liječenja bolesti. Potencijalno bolji način? Laseri. U ovom strastvenom govoru, Patience Mthunzi objašnjava svoju ideju korištenja lasera za isporuku lijekova izravno u stanice zaražene HIV-om. Ideja je još u povoju, no možda smo na tragu otkrivanja lijeka?
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientist
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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Što učinite kada imate glavobolju?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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Progutate aspirin.
00:18
But for this pill to get
to your head, where the pain is,
to your head, where the pain is,
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No da bi ova tableta stigla do vaše glave,
gdje osjećate bol,
gdje osjećate bol,
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines
and various other organs first.
and various other organs first.
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prvo prolazi kroz vaš želudac, crijeva i
različite druge organe.
različite druge organe.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective
and painless way of delivering
and painless way of delivering
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Gutanje tableta najučinkovitiji je i
najbezbolniji način unosa
najbezbolniji način unosa
00:34
any medication in the body.
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bilo kakvog lijeka u tijelo.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing
any medication leads to its dilution.
any medication leads to its dilution.
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Mana je, međutim, to što gutanje lijekova
dovodi do njihova razrjeđenja.
dovodi do njihova razrjeđenja.
00:43
And this is a big problem,
particularly in HIV patients.
particularly in HIV patients.
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To je velik problem, posebice kad je riječ
o pacijentima s HIV-om.
o pacijentima s HIV-om.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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Kad uzimaju lijekove za liječenje HIV-a,
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering
the virus in the blood,
the virus in the blood,
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ti su lijekovi dobri za smanjenje
prisutnosti virusa u krvi,
prisutnosti virusa u krvi,
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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te povećanje broja CD4 stanica.
00:58
But they are also notorious
for their adverse side effects,
for their adverse side effects,
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No također su na lošem glasu zbog
svojih štetnih posljedica,
svojih štetnih posljedica,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted
by the time they get to the blood,
by the time they get to the blood,
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najviše zbog toga što su do trenutka
kad dospiju u krv već razrijeđene,
kad dospiju u krv već razrijeđene,
01:08
and worse, by the time
they get to the sites
they get to the sites
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ili, još gore, do trenutka kad stignu
na ona mjesta
na ona mjesta
01:11
where it matters most:
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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koja su najvažnija:
unutar virusnih rezervoara HIV-a.
unutar virusnih rezervoara HIV-a.
01:17
These areas in the body --
such as the lymph nodes,
such as the lymph nodes,
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Ta područja u tijelu,
poput limfnih čvorova,
poput limfnih čvorova,
01:22
the nervous system,
as well as the lungs --
as well as the lungs --
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živčanog sustava i pluća,
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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gdje virus miruje
01:27
and will not readily
get delivered in the blood
get delivered in the blood
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i neće se lako osloboditi u krv
01:30
of patients that are under
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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pacijenata koji primaju stalnu terapiju
lijekovima protiv HIV-a.
lijekovima protiv HIV-a.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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No, nakon prestanka terapije,
01:40
the virus can awake
and infect new cells in the blood.
and infect new cells in the blood.
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virus se može probuditi
i zaraziti nove stanice u krvi.
i zaraziti nove stanice u krvi.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating
HIV with the current drug treatment,
HIV with the current drug treatment,
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Ovo predstavlja velik problem
u liječenju HIV-a sadašnjim lijekovima,
u liječenju HIV-a sadašnjim lijekovima,
01:51
which is a life-long treatment
that must be swallowed by patients.
that must be swallowed by patients.
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odnosno cjeloživotnoj terapiji
lijekovima koje pacijenti moraju gutati.
lijekovima koje pacijenti moraju gutati.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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Jednog sam dana sjedla i razmišljala:
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly
within its reservoir sites,
within its reservoir sites,
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"Možemo li isporučiti lijekove
protiv HIV-a izravno u rezervoare,
protiv HIV-a izravno u rezervoare,
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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izbjegavajući rizik od razrjeđenja lijeka?
02:06
As a laser scientist,
the answer was just before my eyes:
the answer was just before my eyes:
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Kao laserskoj fizičarki, odgovor mi je bio
pred nosom:
pred nosom:
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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laseri, naravno!
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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Ako se mogu koristiti u stomatologiji,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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za zacjeljenje rana od dijabetesa
i u kirurgiji,
i u kirurgiji,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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mogu se koristiti za sve
što možemo zamisliti,
što možemo zamisliti,
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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uključujući prijenos lijekova u stanice.
02:25
As a matter of fact,
we are currently using laser pulses
we are currently using laser pulses
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Zapravo, trenutno koristimo
laserske valove
laserske valove
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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za bušenje ili svrdlanje
iznimno sitnih rupa
iznimno sitnih rupa
02:34
which open and close almost
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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koje se u stanicama zaraženim HIV-om
otvore i zatvore gotovo izravno,
otvore i zatvore gotovo izravno,
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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kako bi isporučile lijek unutar stanica.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Mogli biste se zapitati kako je to moguće.
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful
but super-tiny laser beam
but super-tiny laser beam
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Pa, isijavamo vrlo snažnu,
ali zaista sitnu lasersku zraku
ali zaista sitnu lasersku zraku
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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na membranu stanica zaraženih HIV-om
02:55
while these cells are immersed
in liquid containing the drug.
in liquid containing the drug.
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dok su te stanice uronjene u tekućinu
koja sadrži lijek.
koja sadrži lijek.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell,
while the cell swallows the drug
while the cell swallows the drug
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Laser buši stanicu,
dok stanica proguta lijek
dok stanica proguta lijek
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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u roku od mikrosekunde.
03:07
Before you even know it,
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Izazvana se rupa
03:09
the induced hole
becomes immediately repaired.
becomes immediately repaired.
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gotovo smjesta oporavlja.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing
this technology in test tubes
this technology in test tubes
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Trenutno testiramo ovu tehnologiju
u epruvetama
u epruvetama
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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ili Petrijevim zdjelicama,
03:19
but the goal is to get
this technology in the human body,
this technology in the human body,
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no cilj je ovu tehnologiju unijeti
u ljudsko tijelo,
u ljudsko tijelo,
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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primijeniti ga u ljudskom tijelu.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Kako je to moguće?
03:28
Well, the answer is:
through a three-headed device.
through a three-headed device.
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Pa, odgovor je: s pomoću uređaja
koji ima tri glave.
koji ima tri glave.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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Koristeći prvu glavu, odnosno naš laser,
03:36
we will make an incision
in the site of infection.
in the site of infection.
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napravit ćemo rez na mjestu infekcije.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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Koristeći drugu glavu, odnosno kameru,
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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vijugamo do mjesta infekcije.
03:45
Finally, using a third head,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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Konačno, koristeći treću glavu,
odnosno raspršivač lijeka,
odnosno raspršivač lijeka,
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly
at the site of infection,
at the site of infection,
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isporučujemo lijek izravno
na mjesto infekcije,
na mjesto infekcije,
03:53
while the laser is again used
to poke those cells open.
to poke those cells open.
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dok se laser ponovno koristi za
bušenje tih stanica.
bušenje tih stanica.
03:58
Well, this might not seem
like much right now.
like much right now.
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Pa, ovo vam se možda ne čini
naročito značajnim.
naročito značajnim.
04:02
But one day, if successful,
this technology can lead
this technology can lead
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No jednog dana, ako bude uspješna,
ova bi tehnologija mogla dovesti
ova bi tehnologija mogla dovesti
04:07
to complete eradication
of HIV in the body.
of HIV in the body.
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do potpunog iskorijenjenja HIV-a u tijelu.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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Da. Lijek za HIV.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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To je san svakog istraživača HIV-a,
04:17
in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
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u našem slučaju, lijek koji vode laseri.
04:20
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:21
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientistPatience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively.
Why you should listen
Patience Mthunzi is a research group leader at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa. There, she uses laser "tweezers" to try and separate diseased cells from healthy ones. She's also developed a way to use laser pulses to target drug delivery into cells.
Born in Soweto, Patience got her PhD in physics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 2012, she was named one of 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes magazine; that same year she was given the Order of Mapungubwe for her contribution in the field of biophotonics. She's also a TED Fellow.
Patience Mthunzi | Speaker | TED.com