TED2015
Patience Mthunzi: Could we cure HIV with lasers?
Patience Mthunzi: Bi lahko ozdravili HIV z laserji?
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Uživanje tablet, da bi zaužili zdravilo, je hiter, neboleč in pogosto ne popolnoma učinkovit način zdravljenja bolezni. Potencialno boljši način? Laserji. V tem strastnem govoru, udeleženka programa TED Fellow, Patience Mthunzi pojasni svojo idejo o uporabi laserja za dostavo zdravila naravnost v celice, ki so okužene z virusom HIV. Je še v začetnih stadijih, ampak, a bi lahko bilo zdravilo na obzorju?
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientist
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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Kaj naredite, ko imate glavobol?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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Pojeste aspirin.
00:18
But for this pill to get
to your head, where the pain is,
to your head, where the pain is,
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A da ta tableta pride do vaše glave,
kjer je bolečina,
kjer je bolečina,
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines
and various other organs first.
and various other organs first.
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gre najprej skozi vaš želodec,
črevesje in druge organe.
črevesje in druge organe.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective
and painless way of delivering
and painless way of delivering
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Jemanje tablet je najbolj učinkovit
in neboleč način dostave
in neboleč način dostave
00:34
any medication in the body.
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kateregakoli zdravila v telo.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing
any medication leads to its dilution.
any medication leads to its dilution.
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Slaba plat je, da požiranje kateregakoli
zdravila vodi v njegovo razredčitev.
zdravila vodi v njegovo razredčitev.
00:43
And this is a big problem,
particularly in HIV patients.
particularly in HIV patients.
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In to je velik problem,
še posebej pri pacientih s HIV-om.
še posebej pri pacientih s HIV-om.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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Ko vzamejo zdravila za HIV,
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering
the virus in the blood,
the virus in the blood,
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so ta zdravila dobra
za nižanje virusa v krvi
za nižanje virusa v krvi
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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in višanje števila celic CD4.
00:58
But they are also notorious
for their adverse side effects,
for their adverse side effects,
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A so tudi zloglasna zaradi
svojih neželenih stranskih učinkov,
svojih neželenih stranskih učinkov,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted
by the time they get to the blood,
by the time they get to the blood,
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v glavnem zato,
ker se razredčijo, ko pridejo v kri
ker se razredčijo, ko pridejo v kri
01:08
and worse, by the time
they get to the sites
they get to the sites
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in še slabše, do takrat, ko pridejo tja,
01:11
where it matters most:
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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kjer so najbolj pomebna:
v rezervoarje virusa HIV-a.
v rezervoarje virusa HIV-a.
01:17
These areas in the body --
such as the lymph nodes,
such as the lymph nodes,
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Ti predeli v telesu, kot so limfne žleze,
01:22
the nervous system,
as well as the lungs --
as well as the lungs --
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živčevje, kot tudi pljuča,
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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kjer virus spi,
01:27
and will not readily
get delivered in the blood
get delivered in the blood
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in ne bo dostavljen v kri
01:30
of patients that are under
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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pacientov,
ki so na redni anti-HIV terapiji.
ki so na redni anti-HIV terapiji.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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Ko s terapijo prenehamo,
01:40
the virus can awake
and infect new cells in the blood.
and infect new cells in the blood.
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se virus lahko zbudi
in okuži nove celice v telesu.
in okuži nove celice v telesu.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating
HIV with the current drug treatment,
HIV with the current drug treatment,
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To je velik problem
pri zdravljenju HIV-a s trenutno terapijo,
pri zdravljenju HIV-a s trenutno terapijo,
01:51
which is a life-long treatment
that must be swallowed by patients.
that must be swallowed by patients.
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ki je doživljenska
in pacienti jo morajo pojesti.
in pacienti jo morajo pojesti.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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Nekega dne sem se usedla in pomislila:
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly
within its reservoir sites,
within its reservoir sites,
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"Ali lahko dostavimo anti-HIV
naravnost v mesto rezervoarja,
naravnost v mesto rezervoarja,
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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brez tveganja razredčitve?"
02:06
As a laser scientist,
the answer was just before my eyes:
the answer was just before my eyes:
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Kot laserska znanstvenica
sem imela odgovor pred očmi:
sem imela odgovor pred očmi:
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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laserji, seveda.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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Če jih lahko uporabljamo v zobozdravstvu,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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za zdravljenje diabetičnih ran
in pri operacijah,
in pri operacijah,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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jih lahko uporabljamo za karkoli,
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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vključno za dostavljanje zdravil v celice.
02:25
As a matter of fact,
we are currently using laser pulses
we are currently using laser pulses
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Pravzaprav, trenutno uporabljamo
laserske pulze,
laserske pulze,
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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da zbodemo ali zvrtamo
ekstremno majhne luknjice,
ekstremno majhne luknjice,
02:34
which open and close almost
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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ki se odprejo in skoraj nemudoma zaprejo
v celicah okuženih s HIV-om,
v celicah okuženih s HIV-om,
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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da bi vanje dostavili zdravilo.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Morda boste vprašali: "Kako je to mogoče?"
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful
but super-tiny laser beam
but super-tiny laser beam
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No, posijemo z zelo močnim,
a zelo majhnim laserskim žarkom
a zelo majhnim laserskim žarkom
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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na membrano s HIV-om okuženih celic,
02:55
while these cells are immersed
in liquid containing the drug.
in liquid containing the drug.
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medtem ko so te celice obdane
s tekočino, ki vsebuje zdravilo.
s tekočino, ki vsebuje zdravilo.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell,
while the cell swallows the drug
while the cell swallows the drug
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Laser prebode celico,
medtem ko celica požre zdravilo
medtem ko celica požre zdravilo
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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v nekaj mikrosekundah.
03:07
Before you even know it,
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Preden se zaveš,
03:09
the induced hole
becomes immediately repaired.
becomes immediately repaired.
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se ta luknjica v trenutku popravi.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing
this technology in test tubes
this technology in test tubes
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Trenutno preizkušamo to tehnologijo
v epruvetah
v epruvetah
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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ali v petrijevkah,
03:19
but the goal is to get
this technology in the human body,
this technology in the human body,
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a cilj je dobiti to tehnologijo
v človeško telo,
v človeško telo,
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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jo uporabiti v človeškem telesu.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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Vprašali boste: "Kako je to mogoče?"
03:28
Well, the answer is:
through a three-headed device.
through a three-headed device.
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Odgovor je: skozi tro-glavo napravo.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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Z uporabo prve glave, ki je naš laser,
03:36
we will make an incision
in the site of infection.
in the site of infection.
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bomo naredili zarezo na mestu infekcije.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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Z uporabo druge glave, ki je kamera,
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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gremo na mesto infekcije.
03:45
Finally, using a third head,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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Končno, z uporabo tretje glave,
ki je škropilec zdravil,
ki je škropilec zdravil,
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly
at the site of infection,
at the site of infection,
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dostavimo zdravilo naravnost
na mesto infekcije,
na mesto infekcije,
03:53
while the laser is again used
to poke those cells open.
to poke those cells open.
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medtem ko laser uporabimo,
da spet odpremo te celice.
da spet odpremo te celice.
03:58
Well, this might not seem
like much right now.
like much right now.
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To se za zdaj morda ne zdi veliko.
04:02
But one day, if successful,
this technology can lead
this technology can lead
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A nekega dne, če bo uspešna,
ta tehnologija lahko vodi
ta tehnologija lahko vodi
04:07
to complete eradication
of HIV in the body.
of HIV in the body.
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v popoln izbris virusa HIV iz telesa.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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Da. Zdravilo za HIV.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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To so sanje vsakega
raziskovalca virusa HIV -
raziskovalca virusa HIV -
04:17
in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
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v našem primeru, zdravilo,
ki ga vodijo laserji.
ki ga vodijo laserji.
04:20
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:21
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientistPatience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively.
Why you should listen
Patience Mthunzi is a research group leader at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa. There, she uses laser "tweezers" to try and separate diseased cells from healthy ones. She's also developed a way to use laser pulses to target drug delivery into cells.
Born in Soweto, Patience got her PhD in physics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 2012, she was named one of 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes magazine; that same year she was given the Order of Mapungubwe for her contribution in the field of biophotonics. She's also a TED Fellow.
Patience Mthunzi | Speaker | TED.com