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William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes
William Noel: Otkrivanje izgubljenog Arhimedovog kodeksa
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Kako pročitati rukopis star dvije tisuće godina koji je izbrisan, razrezan, preko kojeg se pisalo i bojalo? Pomoću snažnog čestičnog akceleratora, naravno! Kustos drevnih knjiga William Noel priča fascinantnu priču o Arhimedovu palimpsestu, bizantinskom molitveniku koji sadrži prethodno nepoznate originalne zapise antičkog grčkog matematičara Arhimeda i ostalih.
William Noel - Curator, rare book scholar
William Noel is a curator who believes museums should make their collections free and available on the Internet. Full bio
William Noel is a curator who believes museums should make their collections free and available on the Internet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The great texts of the ancient world
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Važni tekstovi antičkog svijeta
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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nisu do nas stigli u svom izvornom obliku.
00:22
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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Opstali su zato što su ih
srednjovjekovni pisari kopirali
srednjovjekovni pisari kopirali
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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i kopirali i kopirali.
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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Tako je i s Arhimedom,
00:30
the great Greek mathematician.
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velikim grčkim matematičarem.
00:32
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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Sve što o Arhimedu kao matematičaru znamo
00:35
we know about because of just three books,
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znamo zbog samo tri knjige,
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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koje se nazivaju A, B i C.
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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A je izgubio talijanski humanist 1564. godine.
00:44
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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A za B se zadnji put čulo u Papinskoj knjižnici
00:47
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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oko 160 kilometara sjeverno
od Rima u Viterbu 1311. godine.
od Rima u Viterbu 1311. godine.
00:53
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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Kodeks C otkriven je tek 1906. godine,
00:57
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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a na moj je stol u Baltimoreu stigao
01:00
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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19. siječnja 1999.
01:04
And this is Codex C here.
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Ovo je Kodeks C.
01:06
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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Kodeks C zapravo je skriven u ovoj knjizi.
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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On je zakopano blago.
01:13
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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Jer ova je knjiga zapravo molitvenik.
01:15
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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Dovršio ju je tip po imenu Johannes Myrones
01:18
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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14. travnja 1229. godine.
01:22
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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Za izradu svog molitvenika
upotrijebio je pergament.
upotrijebio je pergament.
01:24
But he didn't use new parchment,
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No nije upotrijebio novi pergament,
01:27
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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već pergament recikliran od ranijih rukopisa,
01:30
and there were seven of them.
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kojih je bilo sedam.
01:32
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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A Arhimedov Kodeks C bio je
samo jedan od tih sedam.
samo jedan od tih sedam.
01:35
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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Rastavio je Arhimedov rukopis
i ostalih sedam rukopisa.
i ostalih sedam rukopisa.
01:41
He erased all of their texts,
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Izbrisao je sve njihove tekstove,
01:44
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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zatim je stranice razrezao po sredini,
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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izmiješao ih
01:49
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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preokrenuo za 90 stupnjeva
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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i pisao molitve povrh tih knjiga.
01:53
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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U osnovi je tih sedam rukopisa
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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nestalo na 700 godina i imamo molitvenik.
01:59
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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Molitvenik je otkrio ovaj tip,
02:02
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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Johan Ludvig Heiberg, 1906. godine.
02:05
And with just a magnifying glass,
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Koristeći samo povećalo
02:06
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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prepisao je onoliko teksta koliko je mogao.
02:09
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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Riječ je o tome da je pronašao
dva teksta u ovom rukopisu
dva teksta u ovom rukopisu
02:12
that were unique texts.
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koja su bila jedinstvena.
02:14
They weren't in A and B at all;
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Uopće se nije radilo o A i B;
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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riječ je bila o posve novim
Arhimedovim tekstovima,
Arhimedovim tekstovima,
02:17
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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nazvanim "Metoda" i "Stomachion".
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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Rukopis je postao svjetski slavan.
02:23
Now it should be clear by now
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Do sad bi trebalo biti jasno
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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da je ova knjiga u lošem stanju.
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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Stanje joj se pogoršalo tijekom 20. stoljeća
02:31
after Heiberg saw it.
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nakon što ju je Heiberg vidio.
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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Preko nje su slikane krivotvorine,
02:34
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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i plijesan ju je jako oštetila.
02:37
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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Ova knjiga ispunjava definiciju otpisanog.
02:41
It's the sort of book
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To je takav tip knjige
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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za kakav biste smatrali da bi
trebao biti u nekoj instituciji.
trebao biti u nekoj instituciji.
02:45
But it's not in an institution,
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No ona se ne nalazi u nekoj instituciji,
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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kupio ju je privatni vlasnik 1998. godine.
02:52
Why did he buy this book?
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Zašto ju je kupio?
02:54
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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Zato što je krhko želio učiniti sigurnim.
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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Želio je jedinstveno učiniti svuda prisutnim.
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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Želio je skupo učiniti besplatnim.
03:05
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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I želio je to učiniti kao stvar principa.
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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Jer neće mnogo ljudi uistinu
čitati Arhimeda na starogrčkom,
čitati Arhimeda na starogrčkom,
03:13
but they should have the chance to do it.
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no trebali bi dobiti priliku učiniti to.
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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Zato je oko sebe okupio prijatelje Arhimeda
03:19
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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i obećao platiti sav izvršen rad.
03:21
And it was an expensive job,
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Bio je to skup posao,
03:23
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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no ne toliko koliko biste pomislili
03:26
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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jer ti ljudi nisu došli zbog novca,
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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već zbog Arhimeda.
03:30
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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Došli su iz različitih područja.
03:32
They came from particle physics,
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Došli su iz fizike elementarnih čestica,
03:34
they came from classical philology,
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došli su iz klasične filologije,
03:36
they came from book conservation,
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došli su iz konzervacije knjiga,
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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došli su iz antičke matematike,
03:40
they came from data management,
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došli su iz upravljanja podacima,
03:42
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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došli su iz znanstvenog oslikavanja
i upravljanja programima.
i upravljanja programima.
03:45
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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I svi su se okupili kako bi radili na ovom rukopisu.
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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Prvi je problem bila konzervacija.
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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Morali smo se nositi s ovakvim stvarima:
03:55
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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Na hrptu knjige bilo je ljepila.
03:57
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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Ako pozorno promotrite ovu fotografiju,
03:59
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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njezina je donja polovica prilično smeđa.
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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To je ljepilo za drvo.
04:03
Now if you're a conservator,
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Ako ste konzervator,
04:04
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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ovo ljepilo možete prilično lako skinuti.
04:06
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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Gornju polovicu čini Elmerovo ljepilo za drvo.
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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To je emulzija polivinil acetata
04:12
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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koja se, kad se jednom osuši, ne otapa u vodi.
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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I mnogo je čvršća od pergamenta
na kojem je pisana.
na kojem je pisana.
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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I tako smo, prije no što smo mogli
započeti s oslikavanjem Arhimeda,
započeti s oslikavanjem Arhimeda,
04:21
we had to take this book apart.
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morali rastaviti knjigu.
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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Za to nam je trebalo četiri godine.
04:25
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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Ovo je rijetka fotografija nas
u akciji, dame i gospodo.
u akciji, dame i gospodo.
04:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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Uz to smo se morali riješiti svog voska,
04:36
because this was used in the liturgical services
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jer je ovo korišteno u službi liturgije
04:38
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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Grčke pravoslavne crkve,
04:40
and they'd used candle wax.
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a oni su koristili vosak za svijeće.
04:41
And the candle wax was dirty,
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A vosak za svijeće je bio prljav
04:43
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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i nismo mogli oslikavati kroz njega.
04:44
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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Morali smo jako pažljivo mehanički
sastrugati sav vosak.
sastrugati sav vosak.
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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Teško je točno vam reći
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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koliko je loše stanje ove knjige
04:52
but it came out in little bits very often.
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no vrlo često se mrvila.
04:55
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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Inače se ne biste brinuli zbog mrvica kod knjige
04:57
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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no ovi bi komadići mogli sadržavati
jedinstven Arhimedov tekst.
jedinstven Arhimedov tekst.
05:00
So, tiny fragments
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Dakle, sićušne smo fragmente
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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doista uspjeli vratiti na njihovo pravo mjesto.
05:07
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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Nakon što smo to učinili,
počeli smo oslikavati rukopis.
počeli smo oslikavati rukopis.
05:11
And we imaged the manuscript
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Oslikali smo rukopis
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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s 14 različitih svjetlosnih frekvencija.
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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Zato što kad nešto pogledate u različitim
svjetlosnim frekvencijama,
svjetlosnim frekvencijama,
05:18
you see different things.
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vidite različite stvari.
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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Ovo je slika stranice
05:21
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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oslikane u 14 različitih svjetlosnih frekvencija.
05:24
But none of them worked.
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No ni jedna od njih nije funkcionirala.
05:26
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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Stoga smo slike obradili zajedno
05:30
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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i stavili dvije slike na jedan prazan zaslon.
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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Ovo su dvije različite slike Arhimedova rukopisa.
05:36
And the image on the left
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Slika s lijeve strane
05:38
is the normal red image.
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normalna je infracrvena slika.
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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Slika zdesna ultraljubičasta je slika.
05:41
And in the image on the right
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I na slici zdesna
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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mogli biste vidjeti nešto od Arhimedovih zapisa.
05:45
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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Ako ih spojite zajedno u jedno digitalno platno,
05:48
the parchment is bright in both images
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pergament je na obje slike svijetao
05:51
and it comes out bright.
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i ispada svijetao.
05:53
The prayer book is dark in both images
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Molitvenik je na obje slike taman
05:56
and it comes out dark.
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i ispada taman.
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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Arhimedov je tekst na jednoj slici taman, a na drugoj svijetao.
06:01
And it'll come out dark but red,
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I ispast će taman, ali crven
06:03
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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i onda ga možete prilično jasno čitati.
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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Ovako to izgleda.
06:08
Now that's a before and after image,
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Ovo je slika prije i poslije,
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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no ne čitate sliku ovako na zaslonu.
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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Zumirate i zumirate
06:17
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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pa zatim još zumirate i zumirate
06:21
and you can just read it now.
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i sada je možete čitati.
06:23
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:29
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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Ako dvije iste slike obradite na različite načine,
06:33
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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možete se riješiti teksta molitvenika.
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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To je jako važno,
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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jer dijagrami u rukopisu
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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jedinstven su izvor za dijagrame
06:42
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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koje je Arhimed crtao u pijesku u četvrtom stoljeću prije Krista.
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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I eto, mogu vam ih pokazati.
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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Pomoću ovakvog oslikavanja -
06:50
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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ovakvog oslikavanja pomoću infracrvene, ultraljubičaste, nevidljive svjetlosti -
06:53
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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nikad nećemo moći oslikavati kroz pozlaćene krivotvorine.
06:55
How were we going to do that?
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Kako smo to kanili učiniti?
06:57
Well we took the manuscript,
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Pa, uzeli smo rukopis
06:59
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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i odlučili ga oslikati pomoću rendgenskog fluorescentnog oslikavanja.
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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Rendgenska zraka stiže na dijagram slijeva
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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i izbacuje elektron iz unutrašnje ljuske atoma.
07:10
And that electron disappears.
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Taj elektron nestaje.
07:12
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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Dok on nestaje, elektron iz udaljenije vanjske ljuske
07:16
jumps in and takes its place.
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uskače i zauzima njegovo mjesto.
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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A kad preuzme njegovo mjesto
07:20
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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ispušta elektromagnetsko zračenje.
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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Ispušta rendgensku zraku.
07:24
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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Ta je rendgenska zraka specifična po svojoj valnoj dužini
07:27
to the atom that it hits.
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prema atomu koji pogađa.
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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Ono što smo zapravo htjeli dobiti
07:31
was the iron.
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bilo je željezo.
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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Zato što je tinta pisana željezom.
07:34
And if we can map
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I ako bismo mogli mapirati
07:36
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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mjesto gdje ta rendgenska zraka izlazi i odakle dolazi,
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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mogli bismo mapirati svo željezo na stranici,
07:41
then theoretically we can read the image.
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i zatim bismo teoretski mogli čitati sliku.
07:43
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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Problem je što vam treba jako snažan izvor svjetlosti da biste to mogli učiniti.
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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Tako da smo ga odnijeli u Laboratorij sinkrotronskog zračenja na Stanfordu
07:51
in California,
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u Kaliforniji,
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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što je čestični akcelerator.
07:54
Electrons go around one way,
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Elektroni kruže na jednu stranu,
07:56
positrons go around the other.
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pozitroni na drugu.
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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Susreću se u sredini,
07:59
and they create subatomic particles
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i stvaraju subatomske čestice
08:01
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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poput čarobnih kvarkova ili tau leptona.
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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Nismo doista kanili staviti Arhimeda u tu zraku.
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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No kako elektroni kruže brzinom svjetlosti,
08:10
they shed X-rays.
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oni ispuštaju rendgenske zrake.
08:11
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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To je najsnažniji izvor svjetlosti u Sunčevu sustavu.
08:14
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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To se naziva sinkrotronskim zračenjem
08:16
and it's normally used to look at things
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i obično se koristi da bi se nešto gledalo,
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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poput bjelančevina i tome sličnog.
08:19
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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No mi smo željeli gledati atome, atome željeza,
08:23
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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da bismo mogli čitati stranicu prije i poslije.
08:26
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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I gle čuda, otkrili smo da to možemo učiniti.
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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Bilo je potrebno oko 17 minuta da bi se obradila jedna jedina stranica.
08:32
So what did we discover?
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Što smo dakle otkrili?
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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Pa, jedan od jedinstvenih tekstova u Arhimedovu rukopisu
08:37
is called "The Stomachion."
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naziva se "Stomachion".
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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On nije postojao u Kodeksima A i B.
08:41
And we knew that it involved this square.
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Znali smo da on sadrži ovaj kvadrat.
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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To je savršen kvadrat,
08:45
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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i podijeljen je na 14 djelića.
08:47
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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No nitko nije znao što je Arhimed radio s tih 14 djelića.
08:50
And now we think we know.
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Sad mislimo da znamo.
08:52
He was trying to work out
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Pokušavao je shvatiti
08:54
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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na koliko je načina moguće rekombinirati tih 14 djelića
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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i još uvijek dobiti savršeni kvadrat.
08:59
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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Želi li itko pogađati odgovor?
09:02
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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Riječ je o 17.152 podijeljenih na 536 porodica.
09:07
And the important point about this
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Pritom je važno
09:10
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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to da je riječ o najranijem proučavanju matematičke kombinatorike.
09:14
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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A kombinatorika je čudesna i zanimljiva grana matematike.
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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No ono što doista zapanjuje kod ovog rukopisa
09:21
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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jest to da smo razgledali ostale rukopise
09:23
that the palimpsester had made,
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koje je izrađivač palimpsesta izradio,
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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od kojih je pisar načinio svoju knjigu,
09:27
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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i jedan je od njih bio rukopis koji je sadržavao Hiperidov tekst.
09:30
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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Hiperid je bio atenski govornik iz četvrtog stoljeća prije Krista.
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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Bio je Demostenov izravni suvremenik.
09:37
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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I 338. pr. Kr. on i Demosten su zajednički
09:41
decided that they wanted to stand up
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odlučili da se žele suprotstaviti
09:43
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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vojnoj moći Filipa Makedonskog.
09:45
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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I tako su Atena i Teba započele borbu protiv Filipa Makedonskog.
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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Bila je to loša ideja
09:50
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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jer je Filip Makedonski imao sina zvanog Aleksandar Veliki
09:53
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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i izgubili su bitku kod Heroneje.
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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Aleksandar Veliki zatim je osvojio tada poznati svijet,
09:58
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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a Hiperid se našao optužen za izdaju.
10:01
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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Ovo je govor koji je održao na suđenju
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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i to je odličan govor:
10:06
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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"Najbolje je od svega", kaže on, "pobijediti.
10:08
But if you can't win,
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No ako ne možeš pobijediti,
10:10
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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tada bi se trebao boriti za plemenit cilj,
10:12
because then you'll be remembered.
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jer u tom će te se slučaju sjećati.
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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Imajte na umu Spartance.
10:15
They won enumerable victories,
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Ostvarili su bezbrojne pobjede,
10:17
but no one remembers what they are
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no nitko se ne sjeća koje su
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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jer za sve su se borili iz sebičnih razloga.
10:21
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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Jedina bitka u kojoj su se Spartanci borili, a koje se svi sjećaju
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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jest bitka kod Termopila
10:26
where they were butchered to a man,
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gdje su poklani do posljednjeg čovjeka,
10:28
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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no gdje su se borili za slobodu Grčke."
10:30
It was such a great speech
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Bio je to tako dobar govor
10:32
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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da su ga atenski sudovi oslobodili.
10:36
He lived for another 10 years,
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Živio je još 10 godina,
10:38
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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kada ga je sustigla makedonska frakcija.
10:41
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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Odrezali su mu jezik kao ismijavanje njegova govorništva
10:43
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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i nitko ne zna što su učinili s njegovim tijelom.
10:47
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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Tako da je ovo otkriće izgubljenog glasa iz antike,
10:50
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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koji nam se obraća, ne iz groba,
10:52
because his grave doesn't exist,
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jer njegov grob ne postoji,
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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nego s atenskih sudova.
10:55
Now I should say at this point
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Sada bih trebao reći
10:57
that normally when you're looking
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da inače kad proučavate
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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1996
srednjovjekovne rukopise koji su sastrugani
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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ne pronalazite jedinstvene tekstove.
11:03
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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Tako da je pronalazak dvaju njih u jednome rukopisu doista značajan.
11:06
To find three is completely weird.
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No pronalazak triju takvih tekstova je totalno čudan.
11:09
And we found three.
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A mi smo pronašli tri.
11:11
Aristotle's "Categories"
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Aristotelove "Kategorije"
11:12
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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jedan su od temeljnih tekstova zapadne filozofije.
11:15
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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Pronašli smo komentare na njega iz trećeg stoljeća naše ere
11:19
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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čiji je autori su možda Galen, a vjerojatno Porfirije.
11:22
Now all this data that we collected,
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Svi ti podaci koje smo prikupili,
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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sve slike, sve neobrađene slike,
11:27
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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svi prijepisi koje smo načinili i tome slično
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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stavljeni su na internet pod licencom Creative Commons
11:33
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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da ih može koristiti bilo tko za bilo koju komercijalnu svrhu.
11:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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Zašto je to vlasnik rukopisa učinio?
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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Učinio je to jer razumije podatke jednako dobro kao i knjige.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
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Što se tiče knjiga,
11:51
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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ako želite osigurati njihovu dugotrajnu upotrebljivost,
11:53
is to hide them away in closets
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morate ih sakriti u ormare
11:55
and let very few people look at them.
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i dopustiti vrlo malom broju ljudi da ih gleda.
11:57
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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Što se tiče podataka, ako želite da oni prežive,
11:59
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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morate ih objaviti i pobrinuti se da ih svi imaju,
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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uz što je manje moguće kontrole nad podacima.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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On je učinio upravo to.
12:07
And institutions can learn from this.
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Institucije bi trebale učiti iz toga.
12:10
Because institutions at the moment
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Jer u ovom trenutku institucije
12:13
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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ograničavaju svoje podatke pomoću ograničenja autorskih prava i tome sličnog.
12:16
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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Ako želite proučavati srednjovjekovne rukopise na internetu,
12:18
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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u ovom trenutku morate otići na stranicu neke Nacionalne knjižnice
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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ili stranicu neke Sveučilišne knjižnice,
12:24
which is about the most boring way
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što je manje-više najdosadniji način
12:26
in which you can deal with digital data.
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na koji se možete baviti digitalnim podacima.
12:28
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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Zapravo ih želite sve skupiti zajedno.
12:31
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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Jer buduću mrežu drevnih rukopisa za budućnost
12:34
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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neće izgraditi institucije.
12:36
It's going to be built by users,
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Izgradit će je korisnici,
12:39
by people who get this data together,
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ljudi koji prikupljaju te podatke,
12:41
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
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ljudi koji žele skupiti sve vrste karata
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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1632
odakle god dolazile,
12:46
all sorts of medieval romances
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1800
sve vrste srednjovjekovnih romanci,
12:48
from wherever they come from,
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odakle god dolazile,
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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ljudi koji žele biti kustosi vlastite veličanstvene selekcije
12:53
of beautiful things.
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prekrasnih stvari.
12:55
And that is the future of the Web.
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To je budućnost interneta.
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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To je privlačna i prekrasna budućnost,
13:00
if only we can make it happen.
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kad bismo je samo mogli ostvariti.
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
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Mi u Walters Art Museuma slijedili smo ovaj primjer
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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i postavili sve naše rukopise na internet
13:08
for people to enjoy --
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da bi ljudi mogli uživati u njima -
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
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sve neobrađene podatke, sve opise, sve metapodatke,
13:12
under a Creative Commons license.
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pod licencom Creative Commons.
13:15
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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Walters Art Museum je maleni muzej
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
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i ima prekrasne rukopise,
13:18
but the data is fantastic.
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no podaci su fantastični.
13:20
And the result of this
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Rezultat je toga
13:22
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
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to da ako sada izvršite pretragu slika na Googleu
13:25
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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i utipkate, na primjer, "Iluminirani rukopis Kur'ana",
13:28
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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24 od 28 slika koje ćete pronaći doći će iz moje institucije.
13:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
13:38
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
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Razmislimo o tome na trenutak.
13:43
What's in it for the institution?
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Što institucija time dobiva?
13:45
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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Institucija time dobiva mnogo toga.
13:48
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
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Možete govoriti o humanističkim znanostima i tome sličnom,
13:50
but let's talk about selfish things.
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no razgovarajmo o sebičnim stvarima.
13:52
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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Jer institucija time doista dobiva ovo:
13:56
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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zašto ljudi idu u Louvre?
13:59
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
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Idu vidjeti Mona Lisu.
14:02
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
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Zašto idu vidjeti Mona Lisu?
14:05
Because they already know what she looks like.
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Zato što već znaju kako ona izgleda.
14:07
And they know what she looks like
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A znaju kako ona izgleda
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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zato što su posvuda vidjeli njezine slike.
14:14
Now, there is no need
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Uopće nema potrebe
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
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za tim ograničenjima.
14:21
And I think that institutions should stand up
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Mislim da bi institucije trebale ustati
14:23
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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i objaviti sve svoje podatke pod neograničenim licencama,
14:26
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
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i svi bi od toga imali velike koristi.
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
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Zašto ne bismo svima dopustili pristup tim podacima
14:31
and curate their own collection
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da budu kustosti vlastite kolekcije
14:34
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
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drevnog znanja i čudesnih i predivnih stvari
14:36
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
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te time povećali ljepotu i kulturnu važnost
14:39
of the Internet.
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interneta?
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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Doista vam mnogo hvala.
14:42
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
William Noel - Curator, rare book scholarWilliam Noel is a curator who believes museums should make their collections free and available on the Internet.
Why you should listen
William Noel is the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books at the Walters Art Museum. But for someone who spends the majority of his time analyzing ancient and medieval artifacts, he also embraces social media and stresses its value even for the oldest, most established academic and cultural institutions. Noel believes passionately that institutions should free their digital data.
Since 1999 Noel has spearheaded the conservation of a manuscript known as the Archimedes Palimpsest. The palimpsest is a unique Byzantine prayer book made up of parchments which contain hidden writings from three original previously-unknown texts: treatises written by Archimedes; works by the 4th-century B.C. Attic Orator Hyperides; and 3rd-century commentary on Aristotle’s Categories, by an unknown author. Using a powerful particle accelerator Noel and his team were able to uncover the hidden texts and publish all their images and findings on the Internet, available to anyone for free under a Creative Commons license.
Noel currently lives in Baltimore, Maryland, where he curates at the Walters, working to ensure that the public has free digital access to his collection.
William Noel | Speaker | TED.com