Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong
요한 하리 (Johann Hari): 당신이 중독에 관해 안다고 생각하는 모든 것은 잘못되었습니다
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
one of my relatives and not being able to.
그 까닭을 몰랐습니다.
so I didn't really understand why,
drug addiction in my family,
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
in the United States and Britain,
전세계에서 금지가 된지
on the rest of the world.
this really fateful decision
and make them suffer,
1세기가 되었습니다.
it would give them an incentive to stop.
거라고 믿었기 때문이죠.
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
중독자들을 보면서
if there was some way to help them.
찾으려 했어요.
of incredibly basic questions
기본적인 질문들이 많았는데
that doesn't seem to be working,
왜 우리는 계속하고 있는가?
that we could try instead?
더 나은 방법이 있는가?
the answers I was looking for,
찾을 수 없었죠.
이것을 경험하고 연구한
with different people around the world
if I could learn from them.
그들로부터 배울 수 있는지 보자.
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
여행할 줄 몰랐지만
loads of different people,
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
성전환한 마약 밀매자부터
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
좋아하는지 보려고
아주 제한적인 상황에서만 그렇습니다.
in very specific circumstances --
decriminalized all drugs,
모든 마약을 합법화한
that really blew my mind is,
we know about addiction is wrong,
거의 모든 것이 틀렸다는 점이고
the new evidence about addiction,
받아들이기 시작하면
a lot more than our drug policies.
많이 바꿔야 한다고 생각합니다.
we know, what I thought I knew.
알았다고 생각했던 것부터 시작하죠.
off and used heroin three times a day.
헤로인을 사용한다고 상상해 보세요.
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
그냥 사고 실험이에요.
it's just a thought experiment.
한 세기동안 들어온 이야기가 있습니다.
happen that we've been told for a century.
chemical hooks in heroin,
dependent on those hooks,
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
헤로인 중독자가 될 것이라구요. 맞죠?
알아차리게 된 것은
that something's not right with this story
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
차에 치여 엉덩이를 부러뜨린다면
상당량의 다이어몰핀을 맞을 것입니다.
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
than you're going to buy on the streets,
훨씬 고품질이에요.
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
오염되어 있어서
의료용이므로 순수합니다.
from the doctor is medically pure.
a long period of time.
꽤 많이 맞으셨어요.
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
그곳에서도 그래요.
about addiction is right --
믿고 있는 게 옳다면
to all those chemical hooks --
모두 중독자가 되어야 합니다.
They should become addicts.
고관절 치환술을 받고 나오실 때
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
(웃음)
(Laughter)
이러한 사실이 너무 이상했고,
it seemed so weird to me,
everything I thought I knew,
모든 것에 어긋나는 이야기라
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
브루스 알렉산더를 만날 때까지 말이죠.
of psychology in Vancouver
도움을 준다고 생각해요.
to understand this issue.
got in our heads, that story,
in the 20th century.
if you feel a little sadistic.
오늘 저녁에 집에서 실험해보세요.
and you give it two water bottles:
물병 두 개를 줍니다.
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
헤로인이나 코카인이 든 물이죠.
마약이 든 물을 선택하고
prefer the drug water
kill itself quite quickly.
일맥상통합니다.
That's how we think it works.
이러한 연구 결과들을 살펴보다가
along and he looks at this experiment
빈 우리에 쥐를 넣었는데
the rat in an empty cage.
except use these drugs.
우리를 만들었어요.
that he called "Rat Park,"
만들어 주는거죠.
they've got loads of colored balls,
가지고 놀만한 색색깔의 공들과
짝짓기를 많이 할 수 있어요.
They can have loads of sex.
일반 물과 마약이 든 물.
the normal water and the drugged water.
흥미로운 일이 벌어집니다.
like the drug water.
마약이 든 물을 좋아하지 않습니다.
한마리도 없었습니다.
when they're isolated
거의 100%의 남용률을 보였다가
have happy and connected lives.
0%로 떨어진 것입니다.
Professor Alexander thought,
처음 접했을 때
they're quite different to us.
생각했습니다. 사람과 다르니까요.
but, you know --
a human experiment
at the exact same time.
생체실험이 진행되었습니다.
troops were using loads of heroin,
20%가 헤로인을 복용하고 있었고
reports from the time,
매우 걱정하고 있었습니다.
they thought, my God, we're going to have
on the streets of the United States
미국의 거리에 넘쳐나겠구나"
loads of heroin were followed home.
집으로 따라갔습니다.
정말 정밀한 연구를 했는데
did a really detailed study,
They didn't go into withdrawal.
금단 증상도 겪지 않았어요.
about chemical hooks,
이야기를 믿고 있다면
but Professor Alexander began to think
알렉산더 교수는 이렇게 생각했죠.
story about addiction.
about your chemical hooks?
무관하다면 어떨까?
연관되어 있다면?
to your environment?
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
even call it addiction.
and innate need to bond,
타고난 자연스런 욕구가 있고
we'll bond and connect with each other,
서로 결속하고 관계를 맺습니다.
고립되거나,
or beaten down by life,
교류를 할 수 없을 때
that will give you some sense of relief.
어떤 것을 갈구하게 됩니다.
that might be pornography,
성인물이 될 수도 있고,
that might be cannabis,
뭔가와 결속하고 교류합니다.
with something because that's our nature.
a difficult thing to get my head around,
쉽지 않았습니다.
to think about it is,
쉽게 다가오더라구요.
a bottle of water, right?
of you have bottles of water with you.
지니고 계신 것이 보이네요.
잠시 잊으세요.
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
물병들이 모두 보드카일 수도 있겠죠?
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
전 이 생각에 찬성합니다. (웃음)
the approximately gazillion pounds
경제적으로 넉넉하기 때문에
I'm guessing you guys could afford
마실 수 있을 거에요.
for the next six months.
and the reason you're not going to do that
그렇게 하지 않는 이유는
bonds and connections
사랑하는 사람이 있고
You've got people you love.
the evidence suggests,
그리고 증거가 제시하듯이,
어려울 때 발생합니다.
to be present in your life.
significant implications.
are for the War on Drugs.
너무나도 분명한 의미가 있어요.
with a group of women
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
티셔츠를 입은 한 무리의 여성들과
while members of the public jeer at them,
강제노역에 동참했습니다.
they're going to have criminal records
그들은 범죄 기록이 남아
in the legal economy again.
평생 일하지 못하게 됩니다.
아주 극단적인 예입니다.
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
everywhere in the world
그들에게 범죄 기록을 남깁니다.
We give them criminal records.
장벽을 칩니다.
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
가르보 마테 박사는 제게 말했죠.
a system that would make addiction worse,
시스템을 만들고 싶다면
to do the exact opposite,
채택한 곳이 있습니다.
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
마약 문제가 최악이었습니다.
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
헤로인 중독자였습니다.
the American way more and more.
점점 더 시도했습니다.
and shamed them more,
더욱 부끄럽게 했고,
the leader of the opposition got together,
야당 대표가 회동해서
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
of scientists and doctors
대책을 찾아보자.
genuinely solve the problem.
지휘아래 소집된 패널은
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
모든 마약을 합법화하세요, 다만"
from cannabis to crack, but" --
on cutting addicts off,
차단하기 위해
on reconnecting them with society."
as drug treatment
생각하는 것과는
that does have some value.
이는 상당한 가치가 있었습니다.
was the complete opposite of what we do:
정반대의 것이었습니다.
of job creation for addicts,
to set up small businesses.
to a garage, and they'll say,
정비소에 데려가서 이렇게 말하죠.
we'll pay half his wages.
국가가 임금의 반을 부담한다고.
that every addict in Portugal
포르투갈의 모든 중독자들이
of bed for in the morning.
있게 해주는 것이었죠.
중독자들을 만났을 때
in Portugal,
as they rediscovered purpose,
and relationships with the wider society.
관계를 재발견했다고 말했습니다.
since that experiment began,
Journal of Criminology,
HIV is massively down among addicts.
HIV도 급감했습니다.
is significantly down.
현저히 감소했음을 보여줍니다.
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
포르투갈에서 아무도 과거 방식으로
of implications
feel really increasingly vulnerable
문화권에 살고 있습니다.
whether it's to their smartphones
아시다시피
you guys know this --
to have our smartphones on,
앞으로 몇 시간 동안
looked an awful lot like
was going to be unavailable
좀 이상하게 들릴지 모르지만
and it might sound weird to say,
중독의 주된 요인이라고 말했는데
is a major driver of addiction
잘 연결된 사회에서살고 있기 때문이죠.
society that's ever been, surely.
that the connections we have
of parody of human connection.
알아차릴거에요.
you'll notice something.
여러분을 보러 오지 않을 것입니다.
who come to sit with you.
돕지는 않겠죠.
who help you turn it round.
깊게 교류하고 미묘한 차이를 알고
who you have deep and nuanced
여러분을 도울 것입니다.
relationships with,
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
많은 것을 시사합니다.
the average American believes
도움을 요청할 수 있는
steadily since the 1950s.
천천히 감소했습니다.
an individual has in their home
물질과 교류를 맞바꾸고,
we've traded stuff for connections,
loneliest societies there has ever been.
외로운 사회에서 살고 있습니다.
the Rat Park experiment, says,
알렉산더 교수는
about individual recovery,
개인의 회복을 이야기하고
about social recovery.
한다고 말합니다.
not just with individuals but as a group,
무언가가 잘못되었습니다.
for a lot of us,
가깝기 보다는
like that isolated cage
why I went into it.
제가 처음에 이 분야에 뛰어들었을 땐
the political stuff, the social stuff.
마주할거라고 생각하지 못했습니다.
the people I love.
찾고 있었습니다.
long journey and I'd learned all this,
이 모든 것들을 배운 뒤
돌아보았습니다.
it's hard loving an addict,
쉬운 일이 아닙니다.
who know in this room.
화가 나셨을지도 몰라요.
why this debate is so charged
뜨거운 이유중 하나는
of each of us, right?
와닿기 때문일거에요. 그렇죠?
that looks at an addict and thinks,
이렇게 생각하죠.
to deal with the addicts in our lives
if you guys have ever seen it.
TV쇼가 규정한다고 생각하는데
is defined by reality TV,
the show "Intervention,"
in their life, gather them together,
모조리 데려다 모아놓고
노력하지 않으면 프로그램에서
and they say, if you don't shape up,
the connection to the addict,
교류관계를 만들어준 뒤
they make it contingent
why that approach doesn't work,
왜 효과가 없는지 깨닫기 시작했고
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
약물에 대한 투쟁논리를
how could I be Portuguese?
어떻게 포루트갈인처럼 할 수 있을까?
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
늘 하고 있다거나
the connection with them,
whether you're using or you're not.
사랑한다고 말해주는 것입니다.
I'll come and sit with you
내가 가서 함께 하겠다고
want you to be alone
당신이 외롭다거나
하고 싶지 않기 때문에.
우린 당신을 사랑해요"는
of how we respond to addicts,
사회적, 정치적, 개인적인
한다고 생각합니다.
war songs about addicts.
투쟁의 노래를 불렀습니다.
singing love songs to them,
불러야 했다고 생각합니다.
is not sobriety.
단지 맑은 정신이 아니기 때문입니다.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com