ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.

Why you should listen

British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.

He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.

Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.

More profile about the speaker
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobalLondon

Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong

约翰·哈里: 那些你所知道的有关上瘾的事都是错的

Filmed:
15,145,979 views

什么会导致上瘾--所有的一切,从可卡因到智慧型手机?那我们要如何克服呢?约翰·哈里亲眼看到我们当今使用的方法失败了,他看着他的亲人朋友们挣扎着想要遏制自己的上瘾。他想,为什么要选择现在的方法--也许还有更好的方式。他分享了这个令人深思的演讲,他的问题带领他环游世界并发觉那些带来希望的奇特方法去思考,上瘾这个由来已久的问题。
- Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
One of my earliest最早 memories回忆
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我早年间的一个回忆
00:14
is of trying to wake唤醒 up
one of my relatives亲戚们 and not being存在 able能够 to.
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就是试图去叫醒一个亲戚,但却叫不醒他
我当时只是一个小孩,并不知道为什么
00:17
And I was just a little kid孩子,
so I didn't really understand理解 why,
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当我长大了后
00:20
but as I got older旧的,
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00:21
I realized实现 we had
drug药物 addiction in my family家庭,
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我意识到我们家里有人吸毒上瘾了
到后来吸可卡因上瘾了
00:23
including包含 later后来 cocaine可卡因 addiction.
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00:25
I'd been thinking思维 about it a lot lately最近,
partly部分地 because it's now exactly究竟 100 years年份
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我最近常常想这个问题,可能是因为现在是
毒品第一次在美国和英国被禁止的第100年
00:30
since以来 drugs毒品 were first banned取缔
in the United联合的 States状态 and Britain英国,
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00:33
and we then imposed征收 that
on the rest休息 of the world世界.
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我们接下来将这一项禁令推广到了全世界
我们做这一项生死攸关的决定已经有一个世纪了
00:36
It's a century世纪 since以来 we made制作
this really fateful决定命运 decision决定
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00:39
to take addicts瘾君子 and punish惩治 them
and make them suffer遭受,
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对上瘾者进行惩罚,使他们痛苦
00:43
because we believed相信 that would deter阻止 them;
it would give them an incentive激励 to stop.
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因为我们认为这样能够阻止他们,给他们一个停下来的激励
00:48
And a few少数 years年份 ago, I was looking at
some of the addicts瘾君子 in my life who I love,
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几年之前,我看着那些在我身边的至亲,饱受毒瘾困扰
00:53
and trying to figure数字 out
if there was some way to help them.
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想找到一些能够帮助他们的方法
00:56
And I realized实现 there were loads负载
of incredibly令人难以置信 basic基本 questions问题
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然后发现,有许多难以置信的问题
00:59
I just didn't know the answer回答 to,
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我不知道如何回答
01:01
like, what really causes原因 addiction?
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比如,什么造成了上瘾
01:04
Why do we carry携带 on with this approach途径
that doesn't seem似乎 to be working加工,
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为什么我们仍在使用这种看起来并不管用的方法
01:07
and is there a better way out there
that we could try instead代替?
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是否还有一种更好的方法值得我们尝试?
我读了很多相关资料,
01:10
So I read loads负载 of stuff东东 about it,
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01:12
and I couldn't不能 really find
the answers答案 I was looking for,
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然而却不能找到我想要的答案
所以我想,好吧,就去见见那些世界上各种
01:14
so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit
with different不同 people around the world世界
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以此为生的人和研究这些问题的专家
01:18
who lived生活 this and studied研究 this
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和他们聊聊看是否能够从他们中找到答案
01:20
and talk to them and see
if I could learn学习 from them.
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我一开始没想到自己最后竟然一走就是30,000多英里
01:22
And I didn't realize实现 I would end结束 up
going over 30,000 miles英里 at the start开始,
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遇见了许多不同的人
01:26
but I ended结束 up going and meeting会议
loads负载 of different不同 people,
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从布鲁克林区布朗斯维尔的变性毒贩
01:29
from a transgender变性 crack裂纹 dealer零售商
in Brownsville布朗斯维尔, Brooklyn布鲁克林,
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到花了许多时间喂猫鼬致幻剂,
01:31
to a scientist科学家 who spends a lot of time
feeding馈送 hallucinogens致幻剂 to mongooses猫鼬
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看它们是否对此感兴趣的科学家
01:35
to see if they like them --
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结果是它们确实对此感兴趣,但只在特定的情况下
01:36
it turns out they do, but only
in very specific具体 circumstances情况 --
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我也去了唯一一个对所有毒品合法化的国家,葡萄牙
01:39
to the only country国家 that's ever
decriminalized合法化 all drugs毒品,
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在那从毒品到大麻都无罪
01:42
from cannabis to crack裂纹, Portugal葡萄牙.
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真正让我震惊的事情是
01:45
And the thing I realized实现
that really blew自爆 my mind心神 is,
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01:47
almost几乎 everything we think
we know about addiction is wrong错误,
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我们对毒瘾的认知几乎是全部错误的
01:51
and if we start开始 to absorb吸收
the new evidence证据 about addiction,
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如果我们开始吸纳关于毒瘾的新的证据
01:54
I think we're going to have to change更改
a lot more than our drug药物 policies政策.
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我认为我们得改变包括毒品政策在内的许多东西
01:58
But let's start开始 with what we think
we know, what I thought I knew知道.
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但让我们先从我们认识的,我之前所以为的开始
02:01
Let's think about this middle中间 row here.
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想象中间这一排
02:03
Imagine想像 all of you, for 20 days now, went
off and used heroin海洛因 three times a day.
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想象你们从今天开始的20天,每天吸食海洛因三次
02:07
Some of you look a little more
enthusiastic热情 than others其他 at this prospect展望.
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有些人听到这看起来比较兴奋啊
02:10
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
别担心,这只是假想试验
02:11
Don't worry担心,
it's just a thought experiment实验.
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02:14
Imagine想像 you did that, right?
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想象你们这么做,好吗?
02:16
What would happen发生?
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会发生什么?
这样的后果——过去的一百年我们都是如此被告知的
02:17
Now, we have a story故事 about what would
happen发生 that we've我们已经 been told for a century世纪.
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我们认为由于海洛因包含了化学致瘾剂
02:21
We think, because there are
chemical化学 hooks挂钩 in heroin海洛因,
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02:23
as you took it for a while,
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当你服用了一段时间之后
02:25
your body身体 would become成为
dependent依赖的 on those hooks挂钩,
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你的身体就会对它形成依赖
02:28
you'd start开始 to physically物理 need them,
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你开始从生理上需要它
02:29
and at the end结束 of those 20 days,
you'd all be heroin海洛因 addicts瘾君子. Right?
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20天后,你们所有人都会海洛因上瘾。对吗?
这是我过去认为的
02:33
That's what I thought.
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第一件事,让我想到
02:34
First thing that alerted惊动 me to the fact事实
that something's什么是 not right with this story故事
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我们过去一直认为的后果其实是错误的
02:38
is when it was explained解释 to me.
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如果我今天走出TED Talk剧场,被车撞了,摔坏了髋关节
02:40
If I step out of this TEDTED Talk today今天
and I get hit击中 by a car汽车 and I break打破 my hip臀部,
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我会被送到医院,注射很多的二乙酰吗啡
02:43
I'll be taken采取 to hospital醫院
and I'll be given特定 loads负载 of diamorphine二乙酰吗啡.
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02:47
Diamorphine二乙酰吗啡 is heroin海洛因.
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二乙酰吗啡就是海洛因
02:48
It's actually其实 much better heroin海洛因
than you're going to buy购买 on the streets街道,
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甚至比你在街上买的品质更好
02:52
because the stuff东东 you buy购买
from a drug药物 dealer零售商 is contaminated污染.
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因为你从毒贩那买的已经被污染了
事实上,只有一小部分是海洛因
02:55
Actually其实, very little of it is heroin海洛因,
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然而你从医生那拿的是医用纯度的
02:57
whereas the stuff东东 you get
from the doctor医生 is medically医疗 pure.
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而且你还需要用上很长一段时间
02:59
And you'll你会 be given特定 it for quite相当
a long period of time.
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这间房里有许多的人
03:02
There are loads负载 of people in this room房间,
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你们可能没有意识到你们已经摄入了很多的海洛因
03:04
you may可能 not realize实现 it,
you've taken采取 quite相当 a lot of heroin海洛因.
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屏幕前面的各位也是一样,这已经发生了
03:07
And anyone任何人 who is watching观看 this
anywhere随地 in the world世界, this is happening事件.
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如果我们对毒瘾的想法是对的
03:10
And if what we believe
about addiction is right --
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那些人都暴露在化学致瘾剂前
03:13
those people are exposed裸露
to all those chemical化学 hooks挂钩 --
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会发生什么呢?他们应该成为瘾君子
03:15
What should happen发生?
They should become成为 addicts瘾君子.
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这项研究非常谨慎
03:18
This has been studied研究 really carefully小心.
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你不会发现,当你的祖母换了一个髋关节后
03:20
It doesn't happen发生; you will have noticed注意到
if your grandmother祖母 had a hip臀部 replacement替代,
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就成为了瘾君子(笑声)
03:23
she didn't come out as a junkie.
(Laughter笑声)
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当我知道这一点之后,我觉得很奇怪
03:26
And when I learned学到了 this,
it seemed似乎 so weird奇怪的 to me,
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与我之前所听的,所知道的都相反
03:29
so contrary相反 to everything I'd been told,
everything I thought I knew知道,
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我认为这不可能,直到我遇到一个叫布鲁斯·亚历山大的人
03:33
I just thought it couldn't不能 be right,
until直到 I met会见 a man called Bruce布鲁斯 Alexander亚历山大.
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他是一个温哥华的心理学教授
正在进行一项不可思议的实验
03:36
He's a professor教授
of psychology心理学 in Vancouver温哥华
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这项实验可能帮助我们理解这个问题
03:39
who carried携带的 out an incredible难以置信 experiment实验
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亚历山大教授向我解释道,
03:41
I think really helps帮助 us
to understand理解 this issue问题.
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我们过去对毒瘾的了解
03:43
Professor教授 Alexander亚历山大 explained解释 to me,
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03:45
the idea理念 of addiction we've我们已经 all
got in our heads, that story故事,
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很多时候是因为在20世纪早期
做的一系列实验
03:48
comes partly部分地 from a series系列 of experiments实验
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实验都很简单
03:50
that were doneDONE earlier
in the 20th century世纪.
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你回家后今晚就可以做,如果你有一点虐待狂的话
03:52
They're really simple简单.
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03:54
You can do them tonight今晚 at home
if you feel a little sadistic虐待狂.
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你把老鼠放到笼子里,给它两个水杯
03:57
You get a rat and you put it in a cage,
and you give it two water bottles瓶子:
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一杯放水,另一杯添加海洛因或可卡因
04:00
One is just water, and the other is water
laced花边 with either heroin海洛因 or cocaine可卡因.
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如果你这么做,老鼠总是会选择有毒品的那一杯
04:04
If you do that, the rat will almost几乎 always
prefer比较喜欢 the drug药物 water
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常常会导致自己死亡
04:07
and almost几乎 always
kill itself本身 quite相当 quickly很快.
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对吧,这就是我们如何上瘾的
04:09
So there you go, right?
That's how we think it works作品.
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在70年代,亚历山大教授开始注意这些实验
04:12
In the '70s, Professor教授 Alexander亚历山大 comes
along沿 and he looks容貌 at this experiment实验
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他发现了一些问题
04:15
and he noticed注意到 something.
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他说,我们把老鼠放在了一个空的笼子里
04:17
He said ah, we're putting
the rat in an empty cage.
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它们除了毒品做不了别的事情
04:19
It's got nothing to do
except use these drugs毒品.
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让我试一试其它的事情
04:21
Let's try something different不同.
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所以亚历山大教授建造了一个笼子,他称之为“老鼠公园”
04:23
So Professor教授 Alexander亚历山大 built内置 a cage
that he called "Rat Park公园,"
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那是一个老鼠的天堂
04:26
which哪一个 is basically基本上 heaven天堂 for rats大鼠.
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04:28
They've他们已经 got loads负载 of cheese起司,
they've他们已经 got loads负载 of colored有色 balls,
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在那有很多的奶酪、彩球
还有很多的隧道
04:31
they've他们已经 got loads负载 of tunnels隧道.
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最重要的是,它们在那又很多的同伴,方便交配
04:33
Crucially最重要的是, they've他们已经 got loads负载 of friends朋友.
They can have loads负载 of sex性别.
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它们也有两个杯子,装着普通的水和有毒品的水
04:36
And they've他们已经 got both the water bottles瓶子,
the normal正常 water and the drugged迷药 water.
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04:41
But here's这里的 the fascinating迷人 thing:
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但有趣的事情是
04:44
In Rat Park公园, they don't
like the drug药物 water.
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在老鼠公园,它们并不喜欢有毒品的水
04:47
They almost几乎 never use it.
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它们基本上不喝
04:49
None没有 of them ever use it compulsively强制.
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它们中没有出现不得不喝的老鼠
04:51
None没有 of them ever overdose过量.
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也没有过量服用的
04:53
You go from almost几乎 100 percent百分 overdose过量
when they're isolated孤立
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当他们被隔离时,百分之百的都过量服用了毒品
04:56
to zero percent百分 overdose过量 when they
have happy快乐 and connected连接的 lives生活.
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而当它们过着开心并与外界交往的生活时,比例是零
04:59
Now, when he first saw this,
Professor教授 Alexander亚历山大 thought,
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当亚历山大教授第一眼看到这个现象的时候想
也许这个只是老鼠的情况,与我们的不同
05:03
maybe this is just a thing about rats大鼠,
they're quite相当 different不同 to us.
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但也许并不是与我们想象的那样不同
05:06
Maybe not as different不同 as we'd星期三 like,
but, you know --
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但幸运的是,有一个人类实验
05:09
But fortunately幸好, there was
a human人的 experiment实验
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05:11
into the exact精确 same相同 principle原理 happening事件
at the exact精确 same相同 time.
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基于同样的原则,在同一个时间
05:14
It was called the Vietnam越南 War战争.
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那就是越南战争
05:16
In Vietnam越南, 20 percent百分 of all American美国
troops军队 were using运用 loads负载 of heroin海洛因,
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在越南,20%的美国军队使用了许多的海洛因
05:20
and if you look at the news新闻
reports报告 from the time,
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如果你看看当时的新闻报道
05:23
they were really worried担心, because
they thought, my God, we're going to have
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他们非常的担心,因为他们觉得战争结束以后
会有成百上千的瘾君子出现在美国的街头
05:27
hundreds数以百计 of thousands数千 of junkies瘾君子
on the streets街道 of the United联合的 States状态
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这些担心都是符合常理的
05:30
when the war战争 ends结束; it made制作 total sense.
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05:32
Now, those soldiers士兵 who were using运用
loads负载 of heroin海洛因 were followed其次 home.
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如今这些当年服用海洛因的士兵回家
普通心理学杂志做了一个详细的研究
05:35
The Archives档案 of General一般 Psychiatry精神病学
did a really detailed详细 study研究,
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他们发生了什么?
05:38
and what happened发生 to them?
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结果是他们没有去戒毒中心
05:40
It turns out they didn't go to rehab康复.
They didn't go into withdrawal退出.
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05:44
Ninety-five九十五 percent百分 of them just stopped停止.
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95%的人就停止吸毒了
05:47
Now, if you believe the story故事
about chemical化学 hooks挂钩,
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如果你相信化学制瘾的解释,这根本讲不通
05:49
that makes品牌 absolutely绝对 no sense,
but Professor教授 Alexander亚历山大 began开始 to think
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但是亚历山大教授开始思考
也许上瘾可以有另一种解释
05:53
there might威力 be a different不同
story故事 about addiction.
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他说,如果上瘾与化学制瘾物无关呢?
05:55
He said, what if addiction isn't
about your chemical化学 hooks挂钩?
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05:58
What if addiction is about your cage?
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如果上瘾是因为你的笼子呢?
06:01
What if addiction is an adaptation适应
to your environment环境?
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如果上瘾其实是一种对环境的适应呢?
06:04
Looking at this,
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看看接下来这个案例
另一个叫作彼得·科恩的荷兰教授
06:05
there was another另一个 professor教授
called Peter彼得 Cohen科恩 in the Netherlands荷兰
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认为我们不应该称之为上瘾
06:08
who said, maybe we shouldn't不能
even call it addiction.
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也许我们应该称之为依赖
06:11
Maybe we should call it bonding结合.
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06:12
Human人的 beings众生 have a natural自然
and innate先天 need to bond,
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人类对于依赖有一种先天与自然的需要
06:15
and when we're happy快乐 and healthy健康,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
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当我们开心并健康的时候,我们会与其他人建立一种依赖关系
06:19
but if you can't do that,
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但是如果你做不到这一点
06:22
because you're traumatized创伤 or isolated孤立
or beaten殴打 down by life,
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由于生活的创伤和隔离
06:25
you will bond with something
that will give you some sense of relief浮雕.
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你会依赖其他给你安慰的东西
06:29
Now, that might威力 be gambling赌博,
that might威力 be pornography色情,
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这可能是赌博,可能是色情
可能是可卡因,可能是大麻
06:31
that might威力 be cocaine可卡因,
that might威力 be cannabis,
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但你会依赖一些事物,那是我们的天性
06:33
but you will bond and connect
with something because that's our nature性质.
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06:37
That's what we want as human人的 beings众生.
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这是作为人类,我们所需要的
06:40
And at first, I found发现 this quite相当
a difficult thing to get my head around,
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开始的时候,我很难想通这件事
06:43
but one way that helped帮助 me
to think about it is,
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但一个让我理解这件事的方法是
06:46
I can see, I've got over by my seat座位
a bottle瓶子 of water, right?
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我能看见,我座位上有一杯水,对吧
06:49
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots
of you have bottles瓶子 of water with you.
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我看见很多人都有一杯水
忘了毒品,忘了毒品战争
06:53
Forget忘记 the drugs毒品. Forget忘记 the drug药物 war战争.
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06:55
Totally完全 legally法律上, all of those bottles瓶子
of water could be bottles瓶子 of vodka伏特加, right?
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假设一种合法的情况,这些杯子里装的可能是伏特加,对吧?
06:59
We could all be getting得到 drunk --
I might威力 after this -- (Laughter笑声) --
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我们都可能会喝醉,节目结束了我可能就会去(笑声)
07:03
but we're not.
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但我们没有
但由于你们能负担得起很贵的TED门票
07:04
Now, because you've been able能够 to afford给予
the approximately gazillion极大数 pounds英镑
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07:08
that it costs成本 to get into a TEDTED Talk,
I'm guessing揣测 you guys could afford给予
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我猜你们能够付得起
喝6个月的伏特加
07:11
to be drinking vodka伏特加
for the next下一个 six months个月.
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07:13
You wouldn't不会 end结束 up homeless无家可归.
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你不会因此无家可归
07:15
You're not going to do that,
and the reason原因 you're not going to do that
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你不会这么做,这样的原因
不是因为有人阻止你
07:19
is not because anyone's任何人的 stopping停止 you.
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07:21
It's because you've got
bonds债券 and connections连接
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这是因为你有着依赖和联系
那些你不希望错过的东西
07:23
that you want to be present当下 for.
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你有你热爱的工作,有你喜欢的人
07:25
You've got work you love.
You've got people you love.
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你有着健康的人际关系
07:27
You've got healthy健康 relationships关系.
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07:29
And a core核心 part部分 of addiction,
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而上瘾的核心
07:32
I came来了 to think, and I believe
the evidence证据 suggests提示,
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我认为,也是我坚信证据显示的
是对于现实生活的无奈
07:34
is about not being存在 able能够 to bear
to be present当下 in your life.
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07:38
Now, this has really
significant重大 implications启示.
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这对我们有着深远的启发
07:41
The most obvious明显 implications启示
are for the War战争 on Drugs毒品.
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在对毒品的斗争中最为明显
07:44
In Arizona亚利桑那, I went out
with a group of women妇女
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在亚利桑那,我与一个女性团体出游
07:47
who were made制作 to wear穿 t-shirtsT恤
saying, "I was a drug药物 addict瘾君子,"
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她们被要求穿着T恤,写着“我是瘾君子”
07:51
and go out on chain gangs帮派 and dig graves坟墓
while members会员 of the public上市 jeer嘲笑 at them,
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排着队,被链子拴着,挖坟墓。而人们都取笑她们
07:56
and when those women妇女 get out of prison监狱,
they're going to have criminal刑事 records记录
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当这些女性从监狱出来,她们会有犯罪记录
08:00
that mean they'll他们会 never work
in the legal法律 economy经济 again.
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这意味着她们再也不能从事合法经济活动
当然,被铁链拴在一起使得这个例子有点极端
08:02
Now, that's a very extreme极端 example,
obviously明显, in the case案件 of the chain gang结伙,
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但事实上,几乎在世界的任何一个角落
08:06
but actually其实 almost几乎
everywhere到处 in the world世界
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我们对瘾君子多少都是这样的
08:08
we treat对待 addicts瘾君子 to some degree like that.
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我们惩罚他们,污辱他们,给他们犯罪记录
08:10
We punish惩治 them. We shame耻辱 them.
We give them criminal刑事 records记录.
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我们在他们重新与外界建立联系时施加阻碍
08:13
We put barriers障碍 between之间 them reconnecting重新连接.
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08:16
There was a doctor医生 in Canada加拿大,
Dr博士. Gabor的Gabor Maté, an amazing惊人 man,
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加拿大有一个教授,贾博.马特
他告诉我,如果你想要建立一个系统让上瘾变得更糕
08:19
who said to me, if you wanted to design设计
a system系统 that would make addiction worse更差,
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你就应该建议一个这样的系统
08:23
you would design设计 that system系统.
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而有一个地方决定建立一个完全相反的系统
08:24
Now, there's a place地点 that decided决定
to do the exact精确 opposite对面,
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08:27
and I went there to see how it worked工作.
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我去那边看了下那是否有用
在2000年的时候,葡萄牙有着欧洲最严重的毒品问题
08:29
In the year 2000, Portugal葡萄牙 had
one of the worst最差 drug药物 problems问题 in Europe欧洲.
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08:33
One percent百分 of the population人口 was addicted上瘾
to heroin海洛因, which哪一个 is kind of mind-blowing令人兴奋,
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百分之一的人海洛因上瘾,令人震惊
每年他们都尝试使用更加强硬的美国的方法
08:36
and every一切 year, they tried试着
the American美国 way more and more.
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他们不断惩罚瘾君子,诬蔑并羞辱他们
08:39
They punished处罚 people and stigmatized污名化 them
and shamed羞愧 them more,
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但是每年这个问题都变得更加严重
08:42
and every一切 year, the problem问题 got worse更差.
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有一天,首相和反对党领袖坐在一起
08:44
And one day, the Prime主要 Minister部长 and
the leader领导 of the opposition反对 got together一起,
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大概是说,我们再也不能这样继续下去了
08:48
and basically基本上 said, look, we can't go on
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那样全国会有越来越多的人海洛因上瘾
08:50
with a country国家 where we're having
ever more people becoming变得 heroin海洛因 addicts瘾君子.
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我们来建立一个由科学家和医生组成的小组
想一个能真正解决这个问题的办法
08:53
Let's set up a panel面板
of scientists科学家们 and doctors医生
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08:56
to figure数字 out what would
genuinely真正的 solve解决 the problem问题.
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他们建立了一个由约翰·华谷劳博士领导的小组
08:58
And they set up a panel面板 led by
an amazing惊人 man called Dr博士. João GoulGoulão,
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审视所有的新证据
09:01
to look at all this new evidence证据,
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最后他们说
09:03
and they came来了 back and they said,
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“将毒品合法化,不论是大麻还是毒品,但是
09:05
"Decriminalize合法化 all drugs毒品
from cannabis to crack裂纹, but" --
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09:09
and this is the crucial关键 next下一个 step --
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最重要的一点
09:11
"take all the money we used to spend
on cutting切割 addicts瘾君子 off,
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撤回我们过去用来对付毒瘾的费用
撤回我们用来隔离瘾君子的费用
09:15
on disconnecting断开 them,
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09:16
and spend it instead代替
on reconnecting重新连接 them with society社会."
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用这些钱来帮助他们回到社会”
09:20
And that's not really what we think of
as drug药物 treatment治疗
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这并不是我们认为的解决毒瘾的方法
09:25
in the United联合的 States状态 and Britain英国.
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不论是在美国还是英国
09:26
So they do do residential住宅 rehab康复,
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他们也确实在家里做康复治疗
09:28
they do psychological心理 therapy治疗,
that does have some value.
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他们也做心理指导,这有些帮助
09:31
But the biggest最大 thing they did
was the complete完成 opposite对面 of what we do:
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但最重要的事情与我们过去做的完全不同
就是为瘾君子创立大量就业机会
09:34
a massive大规模的 program程序
of job工作 creation创建 for addicts瘾君子,
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09:37
and microloans小额贷款 for addicts瘾君子
to set up small businesses企业.
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提供微型贷款以帮助他们做小本生意
09:39
So say you used to be a mechanic机械.
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假设你过去曾是一个机械工人
09:41
When you're ready准备, they'll他们会 go
to a garage车库, and they'll他们会 say,
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当你准备好了后,他们会去你工作的车库,说
如果你们雇佣这个人满一年,我们会付他一半的薪水
09:44
if you employ采用 this guy for a year,
we'll pay工资 half his wages工资.
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这个方法是为了确保葡萄牙的每一个瘾君子
09:47
The goal目标 was to make sure
that every一切 addict瘾君子 in Portugal葡萄牙
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在早上起床之后都有一些事情可做
09:50
had something to get out
of bed for in the morning早上.
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当我在葡萄牙去探访那些瘾君子时
09:52
And when I went and met会见 the addicts瘾君子
in Portugal葡萄牙,
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他们说的是,由于他们重新找到了目标,
09:55
what they said is,
as they rediscovered重新发现 purpose目的,
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他们重新找到了与外界社会的依赖和关系
09:57
they rediscovered重新发现 bonds债券
and relationships关系 with the wider更宽的 society社会.
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今年是这个实验开始的第15个年头
10:01
It'll它会 be 15 years年份 this year
since以来 that experiment实验 began开始,
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结果是
10:03
and the results结果 are in:
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10:05
injecting注射 drug药物 use is down in Portugal葡萄牙,
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注射毒品在葡萄牙的使用量降低了,
根据英国犯罪学杂志的统计
10:07
according根据 to the British英国的
Journal日志 of Criminology犯罪,
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10:09
by 50 percent百分, five-zero五零 percent百分.
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50%,也就是一半
10:12
Overdose过量 is massively大规模 down,
HIVHIV is massively大规模 down among其中 addicts瘾君子.
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过量服用毒品的案例大量减少,毒品导致的艾滋病毒传播减少
10:16
Addiction in every一切 study研究
is significantly显著 down.
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在每个研究中上瘾指标都大量下降
10:18
One of the ways方法 you know it's worked工作
so well is that almost几乎 nobody没有人 in Portugal葡萄牙
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一个比较令人信服的说明这很有用的事实就是
在葡萄要几乎没有人想要回到原来的系统里去
10:22
wants to go back to the old system系统.
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10:24
Now, that's the political政治 implications启示.
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这是一个政治上的影响
10:26
I actually其实 think there's a layer
of implications启示
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事实上,我开始思考又一个层面的影响
10:29
to all this research研究 below下面 that.
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所有的研究都会受之影响
10:30
We live生活 in a culture文化 where people
feel really increasingly日益 vulnerable弱势
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我们生活在这样一种文化之中,人们对各种上瘾源
10:33
to all sorts排序 of addictions成瘾,
whether是否 it's to their smartphones智能手机
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越来越脆弱,不管是智能手机
还是购物或者饮食
10:36
or to shopping购物 or to eating.
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10:38
Before these talks会谈 began开始 --
you guys know this --
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在这个演讲开始之前,你们知道
我们被告知关掉智能手机
10:40
we were told we weren't allowed允许
to have our smartphones智能手机 on,
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我得说,你们中的许多人看看起来很失落
10:43
and I have to say, a lot of you
looked看着 an awful可怕 lot like
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就好像瘾君子被告知在接下来的几个小时
10:46
addicts瘾君子 who were told their dealer零售商
was going to be unavailable不可用
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都不能见到毒贩了一样(笑声)
10:49
for the next下一个 couple一对 of hours小时. (Laughter笑声)
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许多的人觉得,听起来可能有点怪
10:51
A lot of us feel like that,
and it might威力 sound声音 weird奇怪的 to say,
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我一直在谈与外界的失联是导致上瘾的主要因素
10:53
I've been talking about how disconnection断开
is a major重大的 driver司机 of addiction
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非常奇怪的是这种现象正在增长
10:57
and weird奇怪的 to say it's growing生长,
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因为我们都以为自己正处于联系最紧密的社会
10:58
because you think we're the most connected连接的
society社会 that's ever been, surely一定.
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但我逐渐开始思考,我们拥有的这种联系
11:02
But I increasingly日益 began开始 to think
that the connections连接 we have
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或我们以为的联系,就像是对人际关系的一种拙劣的模仿
11:05
or think we have, are like a kind
of parody滑稽模仿 of human人的 connection连接.
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如果你在生活中遭遇了危机,你总会注意到一些事情
11:08
If you have a crisis危机 in your life,
you'll你会 notice注意 something.
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你推特上的粉丝不会坐在你身边
11:11
It won't惯于 be your Twitter推特 followers追随者
who come to sit with you.
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你脸书上的伙伴不会帮你走出困境
11:14
It won't惯于 be your FacebookFacebook的 friends朋友
who help you turn it round回合.
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只有你血肉相连的朋友,那些与你关系很深,细致入微
11:17
It'll它会 be your flesh and blood血液 friends朋友
who you have deep and nuanced细致入微
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那些与你有着藕断丝连,面对面关系的朋友才会来帮你
11:20
and textured纹理, face-to-face面对面
relationships关系 with,
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11:22
and there's a study研究 I learned学到了 about from
Bill法案 McKibben麦吉, the environmental环境的 writer作家,
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环境作家比尔·麦克有一个研究让我受益匪浅
11:27
that I think tells告诉 us a lot about this.
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它告诉我们很多相关的道理
11:29
He looked看着 at the number of close friends朋友
the average平均 American美国 believes相信
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他调查了美国人平均拥有的在危急时可以
11:32
they can call on in a crisis危机.
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电话求助的亲密朋友的数量
11:34
That number has been declining下降
steadily稳步 since以来 the 1950s.
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这个数量自从1950年就开始下降
11:37
The amount of floor地板 space空间
an individual个人 has in their home
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而每个人在家里的空间
11:40
has been steadily稳步 increasing增加,
248
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却一直稳定地增长
11:42
and I think that's like a metaphor隐喻
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我认为这更像一个隐喻
11:44
for the choice选择 we've我们已经 made制作 as a culture文化.
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就是做选择的文化
我们拿朋友交换房屋面积,拿联系交换物品
11:46
We've我们已经 traded交易 floorspace建筑面积 for friends朋友,
we've我们已经 traded交易 stuff东东 for connections连接,
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11:51
and the result结果 is we are one of the
loneliest孤独 societies社会 there has ever been.
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结果就是我们成为了最孤独的社会中人
11:54
And Bruce布鲁斯 Alexander亚历山大, the guy who did
the Rat Park公园 experiment实验, says,
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那个做了老鼠公园实验的布鲁斯·亚历山大说
11:58
we talk all the time in addiction
about individual个人 recovery复苏,
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我们一直在讨论个人层面的上瘾恢复
12:01
and it's right to talk about that,
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这是正确的
12:03
but we need to talk much more
about social社会 recovery复苏.
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但我们更应该讨论社会层面上的恢复
12:06
Something's出了点 gone走了 wrong错误 with us,
not just with individuals个人 but as a group,
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我们出问题了,不仅仅是个人,更是整个集体
12:09
and we've我们已经 created创建 a society社会 where,
for a lot of us,
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我们创造了一个社会,对于许多人来说
12:12
life looks容貌 a whole整个 lot more
like that isolated孤立 cage
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生活就像一个孤立的笼子
12:14
and a whole整个 lot less like Rat Park公园.
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远远不如老鼠公园
12:16
If I'm honest诚实, this isn't
why I went into it.
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诚实地说,这并不是我深入调查这些的原因
12:19
I didn't go in to the discover发现
the political政治 stuff东东, the social社会 stuff东东.
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我当时并未想去探索这些政治和社会相关的问题
12:23
I wanted to know how to help
the people I love.
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我只想知道如何去帮助那些我爱的人
12:25
And when I came来了 back from this
long journey旅程 and I'd learned学到了 all this,
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而当我结束了这段漫长的旅程,我却学到了这么多
我想着自己生命中的那些上瘾者
12:28
I looked看着 at the addicts瘾君子 in my life,
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12:31
and if you're really candid坦率,
it's hard loving爱心 an addict瘾君子,
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如果你真的够坦率,会承认爱一个上瘾者很困难
12:36
and there's going to be lots of people
who know in this room房间.
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这里会有很多人都知道这件事情
你常常生气
12:39
You are angry愤怒 a lot of the time,
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12:41
and I think one of the reasons原因
why this debate辩论 is so charged带电
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我认为,这个讨论如此热烈的原因之一在于
12:45
is because it runs运行 through通过 the heart
of each of us, right?
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因为我们每一个人都在心里思考过这个问题
12:48
Everyone大家 has a bit of them
that looks容貌 at an addict瘾君子 and thinks,
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每一个都多少会看着上瘾的人想
12:51
I wish希望 someone有人 would just stop you.
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我希望有人可以阻止你
我们被告知对待生活中上瘾者的办法,
12:52
And the kind of scripts脚本 we're told for how
to deal合同 with the addicts瘾君子 in our lives生活
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一种非常典型的办法其实来自,我认为
12:56
is typified代表 by, I think,
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真人秀“介入”,不知你们看过没有
12:57
the reality现实 show显示 "Intervention介入,"
if you guys have ever seen看到 it.
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我认为生活中任何事都能在真人秀中反映出来
13:00
I think everything in our lives生活
is defined定义 by reality现实 TV电视,
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不过这是另一个Ted演讲的内容了
13:03
but that's another另一个 TEDTED Talk.
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如果你曾经看过“介入”节目
13:04
If you've ever seen看到
the show显示 "Intervention介入,"
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一个非常简单的假定:
13:07
it's a pretty漂亮 simple简单 premise前提.
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找一个上瘾者,以及他们生活中的所有人,聚到一起
13:08
Get an addict瘾君子, all the people
in their life, gather收集 them together一起,
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就他上瘾的事情对他说,如果你不戒掉
13:11
confront面对 them with what they're doing,
and they say, if you don't shape形状 up,
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我们就疏离你
13:15
we're going to cut you off.
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他们所做的就是拿其与上瘾者的联系
13:16
So what they do is they take
the connection连接 to the addict瘾君子,
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来威胁他;结果取决于
13:19
and they threaten威胁 it,
they make it contingent队伍
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上瘾者会不会按他们想的去做
13:21
on the addict瘾君子 behaving行为 the way they want.
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13:24
And I began开始 to think, I began开始 to see
why that approach途径 doesn't work,
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我开始思考,意识到为什么这种方法不起作用
13:27
and I began开始 to think that's almost几乎 like
the importing输入 of the logic逻辑 of the Drug药物 War战争
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我想这就好像是引入了毒品战争中的逻辑
13:32
into our private私人的 lives生活.
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到我们的私人生活中来
13:34
So I was thinking思维,
how could I be Portuguese葡萄牙语?
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我当时想,我如何才能像葡萄牙人那么做?
13:37
And what I've tried试着 to do now,
and I can't tell you I do it consistently始终如一
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如今我已尝试过的,也不能说很好地坚持了
13:41
and I can't tell you it's easy简单,
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因为这一点也不简单
13:43
is to say to the addicts瘾君子 in my life
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是对那些在我生活中的瘾君子说
13:45
that I want to deepen深化
the connection连接 with them,
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我想要加深与他们的联系
13:48
to say to them, I love you
whether是否 you're using运用 or you're not.
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告诉他们,我爱你,不管你是否还在服毒
13:51
I love you, whatever随你 state you're in,
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我爱你,不管你在什么阶段
13:54
and if you need me,
I'll come and sit with you
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如果你需要的话,我可以随时来到你身边
13:57
because I love you and I don't
want you to be alone单独
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因为我爱你,不希望你独自一人
13:59
or to feel alone单独.
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或是感到孤单
14:01
And I think the core核心 of that message信息 --
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我认为这条讯息
14:03
you're not alone单独, we love you --
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“你并不是孤身一人,我们爱你”的核心
14:06
has to be at every一切 level水平
of how we respond响应 to addicts瘾君子,
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是它必须体现在我们对待瘾君子的每一个层面上
14:09
socially社交上, politically政治上 and individually个别地.
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社会层面、政治层面及个人层面
14:12
For 100 years年份 now, we've我们已经 been singing唱歌
war战争 songs歌曲 about addicts瘾君子.
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我们向瘾君子们宣战了100年
14:16
I think all along沿 we should have been
singing唱歌 love songs歌曲 to them,
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我认为从一开始我们就应该对瘾君子展示关怀
14:20
because the opposite对面 of addiction
is not sobriety清醒.
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因为上瘾的对立面,不是清醒
14:24
The opposite对面 of addiction is connection连接.
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而是联系
14:28
Thank you.
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谢谢
14:30
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Zhiting Chen
Reviewed by Deyue Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.

Why you should listen

British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.

He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.

Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.

More profile about the speaker
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com