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Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong
約翰 海利: 你對上癮的所有認知都是錯的
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上癮的原因是什麼 － 包括從古柯鹼到智慧型手機之類的一切，我們該怎麼克服它？約翰海利從他最愛的人身上，觀察到現有的方式為何會失敗。他開始思考為什麼我們這麼對待癮君子，同時也開始思考另一種更好的方法。在這個深刻私人的演講中，他的疑問帶領著他走遍了世界，並且找到了一些令人驚喜並充滿希望的思考方式來面對這個古老的問題。
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of my earliest memories
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在我小時候的一個記憶
00:14
is of trying to wake up
one of my relatives and not being able to.
one of my relatives and not being able to.
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有次我想叫醒我的親人卻叫不醒
那時我只是個小孩不懂事
00:17
And I was just a little kid,
so I didn't really understand why,
so I didn't really understand why,
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但當我長大了
00:20
but as I got older,
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00:21
I realized we had
drug addiction in my family,
drug addiction in my family,
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我發現我的家族吸毒成癮
包括之後古柯鹼成癮
00:23
including later cocaine addiction.
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00:25
I'd been thinking about it a lot lately,
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
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於是我開始認真思考，
其中的一個理由是
其中的一個理由是
百年前美英兩國帶頭禁止毒品使用
00:30
since drugs were first banned
in the United States and Britain,
in the United States and Britain,
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00:33
and we then imposed that
on the rest of the world.
on the rest of the world.
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而且我們也在世界各地強制提倡反毒
我們已經反毒整整一個世紀了
00:36
It's a century since we made
this really fateful decision
this really fateful decision
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00:39
to take addicts and punish them
and make them suffer,
and make them suffer,
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不斷逼迫癮君子戒毒並施以峻罰
00:43
because we believed that would deter them;
it would give them an incentive to stop.
it would give them an incentive to stop.
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因為我們相信這些手段可以阻止他們
並且刺激他們戒毒
並且刺激他們戒毒
00:48
And a few years ago, I was looking at
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
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幾年前
我看著那些沾染上毒品的家人朋友
我看著那些沾染上毒品的家人朋友
00:53
and trying to figure out
if there was some way to help them.
if there was some way to help them.
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不斷思索著如何幫助他們
00:56
And I realized there were loads
of incredibly basic questions
of incredibly basic questions
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最後我發現有一堆難以置信的簡單問題
00:59
I just didn't know the answer to,
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是我根本無法解答的
01:01
like, what really causes addiction?
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例如, 是什麼使我們成癮
01:04
Why do we carry on with this approach
that doesn't seem to be working,
that doesn't seem to be working,
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為何要繼續這種無效的反毒手段呢?
01:07
and is there a better way out there
that we could try instead?
that we could try instead?
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是否有更好的解套方式呢?
為此我研究了大量的資料
01:10
So I read loads of stuff about it,
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仍然找不出我要的答案
01:12
and I couldn't really find
the answers I was looking for,
the answers I was looking for,
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所以我想說
好吧, 我親自去走訪世界各地的人
好吧, 我親自去走訪世界各地的人
01:14
so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit
with different people around the world
with different people around the world
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染過毒品的人或研究專家
01:18
who lived this and studied this
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與他們交談並嘗試得到答案
01:20
and talk to them and see
if I could learn from them.
if I could learn from them.
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誰也沒想到一走就四萬八千公里以上
01:22
And I didn't realize I would end up
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
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面訪無數個不同的人
01:26
but I ended up going and meeting
loads of different people,
loads of different people,
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從來自布魯克林的布朗斯維爾區
販毒的跨性別者
販毒的跨性別者
01:29
from a transgender crack dealer
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
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至餵食貓鼬吃幻覺劑的科學家
01:31
to a scientist who spends a lot of time
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
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研究牠們是否喜歡
01:35
to see if they like them --
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結果貓鼬真的喜歡
但只限於某種情況下
但只限於某種情況下
01:36
it turns out they do, but only
in very specific circumstances --
in very specific circumstances --
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一直走訪到唯一把毒品合法化的國家
01:39
to the only country that's ever
decriminalized all drugs,
decriminalized all drugs,
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01:42
from cannabis to crack, Portugal.
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從大麻至古柯鹼都合法的國家
葡萄牙
葡萄牙
01:45
And the thing I realized
that really blew my mind is,
that really blew my mind is,
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最讓我驚訝的一件事是
01:47
almost everything we think
we know about addiction is wrong,
we know about addiction is wrong,
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我們對成癮的認知幾乎不對
01:51
and if we start to absorb
the new evidence about addiction,
the new evidence about addiction,
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若我們開始吸收與成癮相關的新知
01:54
I think we're going to have to change
a lot more than our drug policies.
a lot more than our drug policies.
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我們要改變的事
恐怕比現有的毒品政策還多
恐怕比現有的毒品政策還多
01:58
But let's start with what we think
we know, what I thought I knew.
we know, what I thought I knew.
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但我們從我們所知道的開始吧
02:01
Let's think about this middle row here.
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想像一下中間這排的觀眾
02:03
Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went
off and used heroin three times a day.
off and used heroin three times a day.
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想像從今天開始的二十天
你們每天使用海洛因三次
你們每天使用海洛因三次
02:07
Some of you look a little more
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
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有些人看起來很興奮喔!
02:10
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑聲)
別擔心
這只不過是個假想的實驗
這只不過是個假想的實驗
02:11
Don't worry,
it's just a thought experiment.
it's just a thought experiment.
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02:14
Imagine you did that, right?
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假想你們已經做了
會發生什麼事呢?
02:16
What would happen?
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我們都知道事情的發展
畢竟我們都學了一世紀了
畢竟我們都學了一世紀了
02:17
Now, we have a story about what would
happen that we've been told for a century.
happen that we've been told for a century.
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我們都知道
因為海洛因裡化學物質的勾引
因為海洛因裡化學物質的勾引
02:21
We think, because there are
chemical hooks in heroin,
chemical hooks in heroin,
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02:23
as you took it for a while,
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當你使用了一段時間
02:25
your body would become
dependent on those hooks,
dependent on those hooks,
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你的身體便開始依賴這些化學物質的勾引
所以你自然就會需要它
02:28
you'd start to physically need them,
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02:29
and at the end of those 20 days,
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
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二十天後你們都染上海洛因了吧
02:33
That's what I thought.
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我那時候也是這樣想的
我開始發現事情不太對勁
02:34
First thing that alerted me to the fact
that something's not right with this story
that something's not right with this story
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02:38
is when it was explained to me.
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讓我這麼解釋好了
02:40
If I step out of this TED Talk today
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
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如果我今天走出TED演講會場
不幸遭遇車禍並斷了腿
不幸遭遇車禍並斷了腿
我即被送往醫院
並且注射大量的二乙酰嗎啡
並且注射大量的二乙酰嗎啡
02:43
I'll be taken to hospital
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
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02:47
Diamorphine is heroin.
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二乙酰嗎啡就是海洛因
02:48
It's actually much better heroin
than you're going to buy on the streets,
than you're going to buy on the streets,
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其純度比街上賣的海洛因更純
因為毒販賣的貨是被汙染的
02:52
because the stuff you buy
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
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事實上, 其海洛因的成份微乎其微
02:55
Actually, very little of it is heroin,
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因此醫生提供的藥品是純度最高的
02:57
whereas the stuff you get
from the doctor is medically pure.
from the doctor is medically pure.
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而且你會長期接受這種藥物治療
02:59
And you'll be given it for quite
a long period of time.
a long period of time.
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現場有非常多的人
你們也許都沒發現
你們已經用過大量的海洛因了
你們已經用過大量的海洛因了
03:02
There are loads of people in this room,
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03:04
you may not realize it,
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
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而你們正在聽這場演講的同時
這件事也正在發生
這件事也正在發生
03:07
And anyone who is watching this
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
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假設我們對成癮的認知是對的
那些人也暴露在化學物質的勾引下吧
03:10
And if what we believe
about addiction is right --
about addiction is right --
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03:13
those people are exposed
to all those chemical hooks --
to all those chemical hooks --
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結果會如何呢?
他們應該也會變成癮君子
他們應該也會變成癮君子
03:15
What should happen?
They should become addicts.
They should become addicts.
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我們仔細的研究過這個問題
03:18
This has been studied really carefully.
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結果是否定的
若您的祖母做了髖關節置換手術
若您的祖母做了髖關節置換手術
03:20
It doesn't happen; you will have noticed
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
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她不會出院後就成了癮君子吧
03:23
she didn't come out as a junkie.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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我了解之後
一切似乎很怪異
一切似乎很怪異
03:26
And when I learned this,
it seemed so weird to me,
it seemed so weird to me,
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所有我所學的跟我所以為的
其實都相反
其實都相反
03:29
so contrary to everything I'd been told,
everything I thought I knew,
everything I thought I knew,
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這整件事都怪怪的
直到我見到布魯斯‧亞歷山大
直到我見到布魯斯‧亞歷山大
03:33
I just thought it couldn't be right,
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
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他是溫哥華的心理學教授
他做過一次不可思議的實驗
03:36
He's a professor
of psychology in Vancouver
of psychology in Vancouver
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我真的認為這實驗幫助我了解此議題
03:39
who carried out an incredible experiment
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亞歷山大教授跟我解釋說
03:41
I think really helps us
to understand this issue.
to understand this issue.
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我們腦子裡所想的成癮這件事
03:43
Professor Alexander explained to me,
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03:45
the idea of addiction we've all
got in our heads, that story,
got in our heads, that story,
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有部分原因來自於一系列的實驗結果
於二十世紀早期所完成的實驗
03:48
comes partly from a series of experiments
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都是很簡單的實驗
03:50
that were done earlier
in the 20th century.
in the 20th century.
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如果你有點虐待傾向
今晚你可以在家實驗
今晚你可以在家實驗
03:52
They're really simple.
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03:54
You can do them tonight at home
if you feel a little sadistic.
if you feel a little sadistic.
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你把一隻老鼠放進籠子裡
並放置兩瓶水在裡面
並放置兩瓶水在裡面
03:57
You get a rat and you put it in a cage,
and you give it two water bottles:
and you give it two water bottles:
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一瓶是純水
另一瓶水添加少許的海洛因或古柯鹼
另一瓶水添加少許的海洛因或古柯鹼
04:00
One is just water, and the other is water
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
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你會發現
老鼠總是喜歡有毒的水
老鼠總是喜歡有毒的水
04:04
If you do that, the rat will almost always
prefer the drug water
prefer the drug water
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總是死得特別快
04:07
and almost always
kill itself quite quickly.
kill itself quite quickly.
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你看吧
這就是我們知道的結果
這就是我們知道的結果
04:09
So there you go, right?
That's how we think it works.
That's how we think it works.
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在1970年代
亞歷山大教授在過程中觀察此實驗
亞歷山大教授在過程中觀察此實驗
04:12
In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes
along and he looks at this experiment
along and he looks at this experiment
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然後他發現一個狀況
04:15
and he noticed something.
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他說我們把老鼠放在空籠子裡
04:17
He said ah, we're putting
the rat in an empty cage.
the rat in an empty cage.
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牠們無所事事當然只能吸毒
04:19
It's got nothing to do
except use these drugs.
except use these drugs.
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我們嘗試不同的方法吧
04:21
Let's try something different.
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所以亞歷山大教授製作一個籠子
叫做"老鼠樂園"
叫做"老鼠樂園"
04:23
So Professor Alexander built a cage
that he called "Rat Park,"
that he called "Rat Park,"
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基本上是老鼠玩樂的天堂
04:26
which is basically heaven for rats.
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04:28
They've got loads of cheese,
they've got loads of colored balls,
they've got loads of colored balls,
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牠們有大量的起司吃
也有很多顏色的鼠球可玩
也有很多顏色的鼠球可玩
還有無數條小隧道
04:31
they've got loads of tunnels.
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最重要的是牠們有很多朋友
可以一直交配
可以一直交配
04:33
Crucially, they've got loads of friends.
They can have loads of sex.
They can have loads of sex.
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然而我們同樣提供牠們自來水和毒水
04:36
And they've got both the water bottles,
the normal water and the drugged water.
the normal water and the drugged water.
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04:41
But here's the fascinating thing:
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令人訝異的是
04:44
In Rat Park, they don't
like the drug water.
like the drug water.
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在老鼠樂園中
牠們不喜歡喝毒水
牠們不喜歡喝毒水
04:47
They almost never use it.
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幾乎從不使用
04:49
None of them ever use it compulsively.
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沒有一隻因為忍不住而飲用
04:51
None of them ever overdose.
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沒有一隻服藥過量
04:53
You go from almost 100 percent overdose
when they're isolated
when they're isolated
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這數字從它們遭隔離
而百分百引用毒水
而百分百引用毒水
04:56
to zero percent overdose when they
have happy and connected lives.
have happy and connected lives.
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到它們擁有快樂和生命的聯繫後
掉到零用量
掉到零用量
04:59
Now, when he first saw this,
Professor Alexander thought,
Professor Alexander thought,
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第一次看到這個情況
亞歷山大教授認為
亞歷山大教授認為
05:03
maybe this is just a thing about rats,
they're quite different to us.
they're quite different to us.
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也許這只是有關老鼠的事
它們與我們不同
它們與我們不同
也許牠們不同於我們所愛來的多元
但你知道的
但你知道的
05:06
Maybe not as different as we'd like,
but, you know --
but, you know --
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慶幸的是, 這有做過人體實驗
05:09
But fortunately, there was
a human experiment
a human experiment
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05:11
into the exact same principle happening
at the exact same time.
at the exact same time.
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發生在同個原則同個時間
05:14
It was called the Vietnam War.
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那就是越戰
05:16
In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American
troops were using loads of heroin,
troops were using loads of heroin,
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在越南
有百分之二十的美軍使用大量的海洛因
有百分之二十的美軍使用大量的海洛因
05:20
and if you look at the news
reports from the time,
reports from the time,
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若你看那時候的新聞會發現
05:23
they were really worried, because
they thought, my God, we're going to have
they thought, my God, we're going to have
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大家都擔心得要命
因為我們可能會有成千上萬的吸毒犯
在美國的街上遊蕩
在美國的街上遊蕩
05:27
hundreds of thousands of junkies
on the streets of the United States
on the streets of the United States
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當戰爭結束後證明了實驗的結果
05:30
when the war ends; it made total sense.
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那些使用大量海洛因的軍人回鄉後
05:32
Now, those soldiers who were using
loads of heroin were followed home.
loads of heroin were followed home.
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普通精神病學文獻做了詳細的調查
05:35
The Archives of General Psychiatry
did a really detailed study,
did a really detailed study,
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他們最後怎麼了呢?
05:38
and what happened to them?
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最後他們竟然沒有去戒毒所
他們也沒有染上毒癮
他們也沒有染上毒癮
05:40
It turns out they didn't go to rehab.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
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05:44
Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.
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百分之九十五的人直接停止使用
05:47
Now, if you believe the story
about chemical hooks,
about chemical hooks,
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現在您若相信有關化學掛勾的事
05:49
that makes absolutely no sense,
but Professor Alexander began to think
but Professor Alexander began to think
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您會覺得那根本是無稽之談
但亞歷山大教授便開始去想
但亞歷山大教授便開始去想
05:53
there might be a different
story about addiction.
story about addiction.
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或許成癮有另外的解讀
05:55
He said, what if addiction isn't
about your chemical hooks?
about your chemical hooks?
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他提到
如果成癮跟化學掛勾也許無關呢?
如果成癮跟化學掛勾也許無關呢?
05:58
What if addiction is about your cage?
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而是跟你所處的環境有關呢?
06:01
What if addiction is an adaptation
to your environment?
to your environment?
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或許上癮和嘗試適應你的環境有關？
06:04
Looking at this,
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有了以上觀點
另一位來自荷蘭的教授彼得‧寇恩
06:05
there was another professor
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
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他說也許我們根本不應該用"成癮"一詞
06:08
who said, maybe we shouldn't
even call it addiction.
even call it addiction.
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或許我們應該稱之為"連結"
06:11
Maybe we should call it bonding.
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06:12
Human beings have a natural
and innate need to bond,
and innate need to bond,
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人類天生最原始的需求便是連結彼此
06:15
and when we're happy and healthy,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
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而當我們開心又健康時
我們會去連結彼此的關係
我們會去連結彼此的關係
06:19
but if you can't do that,
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但如果你無法這麼做的話
06:22
because you're traumatized or isolated
or beaten down by life,
or beaten down by life,
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是因為你心裡有創傷或受孤立
或是遭生活壓力擊敗所致
或是遭生活壓力擊敗所致
06:25
you will bond with something
that will give you some sense of relief.
that will give you some sense of relief.
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你需要跟某物做連結
以幫助你舒緩壓力
以幫助你舒緩壓力
06:29
Now, that might be gambling,
that might be pornography,
that might be pornography,
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而這東西也許是賭博
也許是色情書刊
也許是色情書刊
也許是古柯鹼
也許是大麻煙
也許是大麻煙
06:31
that might be cocaine,
that might be cannabis,
that might be cannabis,
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但你會需要一個連結在
因為這是我們人類的本性
因為這是我們人類的本性
06:33
but you will bond and connect
with something because that's our nature.
with something because that's our nature.
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06:37
That's what we want as human beings.
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也是我們人類的基本需求
06:40
And at first, I found this quite
a difficult thing to get my head around,
a difficult thing to get my head around,
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最初我覺得這件事難以理解
06:43
but one way that helped me
to think about it is,
to think about it is,
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但有個方法幫助我去思考
06:46
I can see, I've got over by my seat
a bottle of water, right?
a bottle of water, right?
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我看到我座位旁有一罐水
06:49
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots
of you have bottles of water with you.
of you have bottles of water with you.
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我看到你們很多人也有水
忘掉毒品, 忘掉反毒戰爭
06:53
Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.
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06:55
Totally legally, all of those bottles
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
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在完全合法情況下
這些水可能都是伏特加吧?
這些水可能都是伏特加吧?
06:59
We could all be getting drunk --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
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我們可能都會醉倒在一起
或許演講之後我會 －
或許演講之後我會 －
07:03
but we're not.
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但我們沒醉呀
因為你們都有接近海量的酒量
07:04
Now, because you've been able to afford
the approximately gazillion pounds
the approximately gazillion pounds
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這是參加TED演講的成果
我猜你們都可以承受
我猜你們都可以承受
07:08
that it costs to get into a TED Talk,
I'm guessing you guys could afford
I'm guessing you guys could afford
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未來六個月每天喝伏特加
07:11
to be drinking vodka
for the next six months.
for the next six months.
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07:13
You wouldn't end up homeless.
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而你最後卻不會成為遊民
07:15
You're not going to do that,
and the reason you're not going to do that
and the reason you're not going to do that
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你不會這麼做的原因是
07:19
is not because anyone's stopping you.
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不是因為有人阻止你
07:21
It's because you've got
bonds and connections
bonds and connections
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而是因為你有很多的連結在
這些連結是你希望能參與的
07:23
that you want to be present for.
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你有你愛的工作
你有你愛的人
你有你愛的人
07:25
You've got work you love.
You've got people you love.
You've got people you love.
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你有健康的關係
07:27
You've got healthy relationships.
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07:29
And a core part of addiction,
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然而成癮最核心的關鍵
07:32
I came to think, and I believe
the evidence suggests,
the evidence suggests,
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我了解後,相信證據所建議的方式
是有關你無法忍受在生活中扮演的角色
07:34
is about not being able to bear
to be present in your life.
to be present in your life.
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07:38
Now, this has really
significant implications.
significant implications.
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這件事有個顯著的涵義在
07:41
The most obvious implications
are for the War on Drugs.
are for the War on Drugs.
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最顯著的例子是在"反毒之戰"裡
07:44
In Arizona, I went out
with a group of women
with a group of women
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在亞利桑那州, 我跟一群婦女出去
07:47
who were made to wear t-shirts
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
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她們受迫穿上"我是吸毒犯"的衣服
07:51
and go out on chain gangs and dig graves
while members of the public jeer at them,
while members of the public jeer at them,
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用鍊子栓成串的囚犯挖墳墓
人們看到都嘲笑她們
人們看到都嘲笑她們
07:56
and when those women get out of prison,
they're going to have criminal records
they're going to have criminal records
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當那些婦女出獄後
她們便留下了犯罪紀錄
她們便留下了犯罪紀錄
08:00
that mean they'll never work
in the legal economy again.
in the legal economy again.
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代表她們永遠無法在合法的經濟體制工作
顯然這個鍊子栓成串的囚犯的例子
太過極端了
太過極端了
08:02
Now, that's a very extreme example,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
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08:06
but actually almost
everywhere in the world
everywhere in the world
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但事實上世界各地都有類似的情形
08:08
we treat addicts to some degree like that.
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我們對待染毒者的方式也差不多
我們懲罰她們, 讓他們羞愧
也留下犯罪紀錄
也留下犯罪紀錄
08:10
We punish them. We shame them.
We give them criminal records.
We give them criminal records.
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我們阻止她們擁有再次連結的機會
08:13
We put barriers between them reconnecting.
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08:16
There was a doctor in Canada,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
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加拿大有位醫生叫嘉柏‧馬鐵
他非常傑出
他非常傑出
08:19
who said to me, if you wanted to design
a system that would make addiction worse,
a system that would make addiction worse,
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他告訴我
若你想設計一個使上癮問題更糟的系統
若你想設計一個使上癮問題更糟的系統
這就是那個系統
08:23
you would design that system.
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08:24
Now, there's a place that decided
to do the exact opposite,
to do the exact opposite,
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現在有一個地方決定去執行相反的模式
08:27
and I went there to see how it worked.
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而我觀察了它們的運作方法
08:29
In the year 2000, Portugal had
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
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西元兩千年的時候
葡萄牙是歐洲毒品最氾濫的國家
葡萄牙是歐洲毒品最氾濫的國家
08:33
One percent of the population was addicted
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
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百分之一的人口都有吸食海洛因
真的無法想像
真的無法想像
08:36
and every year, they tried
the American way more and more.
the American way more and more.
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每年他們都大量效法美國的方式
08:39
They punished people and stigmatized them
and shamed them more,
and shamed them more,
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懲罰, 汙辱並羞辱他們
年復一年, 問題每下愈況
08:42
and every year, the problem got worse.
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某日, 葡萄牙總理和反對派的主席開會
08:44
And one day, the Prime Minister and
the leader of the opposition got together,
the leader of the opposition got together,
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基本上是說"我們不能再這樣下去了"
08:48
and basically said, look, we can't go on
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"沒看過一個國家吸海洛因的人這麼多"
08:50
with a country where we're having
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
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我們找科學家和醫生成立小組
08:53
Let's set up a panel
of scientists and doctors
of scientists and doctors
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去找出問題根絕的方法
08:56
to figure out what would
genuinely solve the problem.
genuinely solve the problem.
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於是他們成立了小組
組長是優秀的華‧谷勞醫生
組長是優秀的華‧谷勞醫生
08:58
And they set up a panel led by
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
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來探究這個新的事實
09:01
to look at all this new evidence,
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研究完之後他們說
09:03
and they came back and they said,
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"毒品除罪化
從大麻到古柯鹼"
從大麻到古柯鹼"
09:05
"Decriminalize all drugs
from cannabis to crack, but" --
from cannabis to crack, but" --
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09:09
and this is the crucial next step --
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"但最關鍵的步驟是"
09:11
"take all the money we used to spend
on cutting addicts off,
on cutting addicts off,
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"使用那些我們曾經拿來對抗他們的錢"
"曾經使他們脫離社會的錢"
09:15
on disconnecting them,
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09:16
and spend it instead
on reconnecting them with society."
on reconnecting them with society."
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用於幫助他們重新融入這個社會
09:20
And that's not really what we think of
as drug treatment
as drug treatment
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此種毒品療法和我們想像的差異很大
09:25
in the United States and Britain.
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尤其是在是在美國和英國
09:26
So they do do residential rehab,
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他們的確也有戒毒中心
09:28
they do psychological therapy,
that does have some value.
that does have some value.
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也做心理治療
多少都有些價值在
多少都有些價值在
09:31
But the biggest thing they did
was the complete opposite of what we do:
was the complete opposite of what we do:
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然而跟我們的作法完全不同在於
他們提供染毒者大量不同的職缺
09:34
a massive program
of job creation for addicts,
of job creation for addicts,
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提供微型貸款給他們創業
09:37
and microloans for addicts
to set up small businesses.
to set up small businesses.
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09:39
So say you used to be a mechanic.
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你如果曾經是一位技工
09:41
When you're ready, they'll go
to a garage, and they'll say,
to a garage, and they'll say,
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當你準備好了, 政府會去車廠幫你說話
"你們如果雇用他工作一年,
我們將會支付一半的薪資"
我們將會支付一半的薪資"
09:44
if you employ this guy for a year,
we'll pay half his wages.
we'll pay half his wages.
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目的是讓每位葡萄牙的染毒者
09:47
The goal was to make sure
that every addict in Portugal
that every addict in Portugal
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每天早上能夠有一個起床的動力
09:50
had something to get out
of bed for in the morning.
of bed for in the morning.
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而當我去拜訪葡萄牙的染毒者時
09:52
And when I went and met the addicts
in Portugal,
in Portugal,
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他們表示
重新找到生活的目的時
重新找到生活的目的時
09:55
what they said is,
as they rediscovered purpose,
as they rediscovered purpose,
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他們也重新找回了生活連結
並與廣大的社會有了關係
並與廣大的社會有了關係
09:57
they rediscovered bonds
and relationships with the wider society.
and relationships with the wider society.
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實驗至今已經實施了十五年了
10:01
It'll be 15 years this year
since that experiment began,
since that experiment began,
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得到的結果是
10:03
and the results are in:
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10:05
injecting drug use is down in Portugal,
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葡萄牙的注射性毒物使用量下降
根據英國犯罪學雜誌
10:07
according to the British
Journal of Criminology,
Journal of Criminology,
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10:09
by 50 percent, five-zero percent.
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下降了百分之五十
10:12
Overdose is massively down,
HIV is massively down among addicts.
HIV is massively down among addicts.
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吸毒過量的數據明顯下降
染毒者得愛滋病機率也大幅下降
染毒者得愛滋病機率也大幅下降
10:16
Addiction in every study
is significantly down.
is significantly down.
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每份毒品用量的報告皆大幅下降
10:18
One of the ways you know it's worked
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
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其中一項結果讓你知道方法成功就是
沒有任何一位葡萄牙人想回舊制
10:22
wants to go back to the old system.
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1681
10:24
Now, that's the political implications.
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而這就是政治意涵
10:26
I actually think there's a layer
of implications
of implications
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事實上, 我認為在這個研究下
有分好幾個層面的意涵
10:29
to all this research below that.
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在我們所處的文化中
人們感到越來越脆弱
人們感到越來越脆弱
10:30
We live in a culture where people
feel really increasingly vulnerable
feel really increasingly vulnerable
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對於不同種類的成癮,
無論是他們的智慧型手機
無論是他們的智慧型手機
10:33
to all sorts of addictions,
whether it's to their smartphones
whether it's to their smartphones
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消費或是飲食
10:36
or to shopping or to eating.
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在這場演講前
你們都知道
你們都知道
10:38
Before these talks began --
you guys know this --
you guys know this --
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10:40
we were told we weren't allowed
to have our smartphones on,
to have our smartphones on,
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2840
我們被告知要把手機關機
然而我必須說
你們的臉色都很難看
你們的臉色都很難看
10:43
and I have to say, a lot of you
looked an awful lot like
looked an awful lot like
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2621
手機上癮者得知在未來的幾小時
10:46
addicts who were told their dealer
was going to be unavailable
was going to be unavailable
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2985
他們的毒販不在提供任何毒品了
10:49
for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)
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很多人都有這種感覺
而且這或許聽起來很怪
而且這或許聽起來很怪
10:51
A lot of us feel like that,
and it might sound weird to say,
and it might sound weird to say,
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我一直強調失連是成癮最大的主因
10:53
I've been talking about how disconnection
is a major driver of addiction
is a major driver of addiction
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說來奇怪. 這問題日益嚴重
10:57
and weird to say it's growing,
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因為你認為我們是有史以來
連結最緊密的社會體, 的確如此!
連結最緊密的社會體, 的確如此!
10:58
because you think we're the most connected
society that's ever been, surely.
society that's ever been, surely.
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但我一直在想我們所擁有的連結
11:02
But I increasingly began to think
that the connections we have
that the connections we have
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或我們認為有的,
都是有點可笑的人際關係
都是有點可笑的人際關係
11:05
or think we have, are like a kind
of parody of human connection.
of parody of human connection.
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若人生出現了危機你會發現
11:08
If you have a crisis in your life,
you'll notice something.
you'll notice something.
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坐在你身旁的不是你推特的朋友
11:11
It won't be your Twitter followers
who come to sit with you.
who come to sit with you.
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助你一臂之力的人不是臉書的朋友
11:14
It won't be your Facebook friends
who help you turn it round.
who help you turn it round.
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而是你那些有血有肉的朋友
11:17
It'll be your flesh and blood friends
who you have deep and nuanced
who you have deep and nuanced
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是與你有著深層且微妙的關係
他們有特徵且可以見面的
他們有特徵且可以見面的
11:20
and textured, face-to-face
relationships with,
relationships with,
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11:22
and there's a study I learned about from
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
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我從環境作家比爾‧麥吉本的研究發現
11:27
that I think tells us a lot about this.
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我認為跟這件事有很大的關係
11:29
He looked at the number of close friends
the average American believes
the average American believes
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他觀察了幾位
一般美國人所認定親密的朋友
一般美國人所認定親密的朋友
11:32
they can call on in a crisis.
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是在危機出現時可以依靠的人
11:34
That number has been declining
steadily since the 1950s.
steadily since the 1950s.
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自從1950年代開始
這個數字不停地往下掉
這個數字不停地往下掉
11:37
The amount of floor space
an individual has in their home
an individual has in their home
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每個人家裡的建坪大小
11:40
has been steadily increasing,
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穩定且持續地變大
11:42
and I think that's like a metaphor
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我覺得這個譬喻
11:44
for the choice we've made as a culture.
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是我們作為一個文化的所做的選擇
我們用建坪換朋友
用物質換取連結
用物質換取連結
11:46
We've traded floorspace for friends,
we've traded stuff for connections,
we've traded stuff for connections,
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11:51
and the result is we are one of the
loneliest societies there has ever been.
loneliest societies there has ever been.
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這樣的結果卻造成我們
成為了史上最孤立的社會體系
成為了史上最孤立的社會體系
11:54
And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did
the Rat Park experiment, says,
the Rat Park experiment, says,
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布魯斯‧亞歷山大
這位研究老鼠樂園的教授提到
這位研究老鼠樂園的教授提到
11:58
we talk all the time in addiction
about individual recovery,
about individual recovery,
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我們常常在討論每個人戒癮的治療
12:01
and it's right to talk about that,
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討論是對的
12:03
but we need to talk much more
about social recovery.
about social recovery.
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但是我們更需要的是社會的治療
12:06
Something's gone wrong with us,
not just with individuals but as a group,
not just with individuals but as a group,
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誰發生不好的事
這不只是他的問題而是整個群體
這不只是他的問題而是整個群體
12:09
and we've created a society where,
for a lot of us,
for a lot of us,
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我們所創造出的社會體系
對大部分人來說
對大部分人來說
12:12
life looks a whole lot more
like that isolated cage
like that isolated cage
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這個社會就像是一個獨立的牢籠
12:14
and a whole lot less like Rat Park.
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完全不像個老鼠樂園
12:16
If I'm honest, this isn't
why I went into it.
why I went into it.
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老實說, 這並不是我要研究的事
12:19
I didn't go in to the discover
the political stuff, the social stuff.
the political stuff, the social stuff.
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我並不是要去揭發政治或社會的弊端
12:23
I wanted to know how to help
the people I love.
the people I love.
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我的出發點是為了幫助我所愛的人
12:25
And when I came back from this
long journey and I'd learned all this,
long journey and I'd learned all this,
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我從這個漫長的旅途回來後
我學到這些知識
我學到這些知識
我看著我身邊染上毒癮的人
12:28
I looked at the addicts in my life,
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12:31
and if you're really candid,
it's hard loving an addict,
it's hard loving an addict,
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若你真的有心,
關懷染毒者是很困難的
關懷染毒者是很困難的
12:36
and there's going to be lots of people
who know in this room.
who know in this room.
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在這個會場也會有很多人知道這件事
大多時候你都是生氣的
12:39
You are angry a lot of the time,
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12:41
and I think one of the reasons
why this debate is so charged
why this debate is so charged
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我想這個爭論會有如此劇烈的回應
12:45
is because it runs through the heart
of each of us, right?
of each of us, right?
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其中的原因是我們用心去體會
12:48
Everyone has a bit of them
that looks at an addict and thinks,
that looks at an addict and thinks,
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每個人心中都有著一點關懷
看著染上毒癮的人會想
看著染上毒癮的人會想
12:51
I wish someone would just stop you.
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我真希望有人可以阻止你
而我們所知的這種
如何治理染毒者的腳本
如何治理染毒者的腳本
12:52
And the kind of scripts we're told for how
to deal with the addicts in our lives
to deal with the addicts in our lives
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我想是一成不變的
12:56
is typified by, I think,
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如果你們有看過真人實境秀
"Intervention"
"Intervention"
12:57
the reality show "Intervention,"
if you guys have ever seen it.
if you guys have ever seen it.
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我想實境秀反映了我們生活大小事
13:00
I think everything in our lives
is defined by reality TV,
is defined by reality TV,
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但這是另外一個TED演講了
13:03
but that's another TED Talk.
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若你們曾經看過"Intervetion"
13:04
If you've ever seen
the show "Intervention,"
the show "Intervention,"
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它的內容很簡單
13:07
it's a pretty simple premise.
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找個癮君子，找到他生命中的所有人
把他們聚在一起
把他們聚在一起
13:08
Get an addict, all the people
in their life, gather them together,
in their life, gather them together,
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所有人告訴癮君子：
“如果你不能戒毒，
“如果你不能戒毒，
13:11
confront them with what they're doing,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
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我們唯有和你切斷關係。“
13:15
we're going to cut you off.
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他們把上癮者所有的關係人找出來
13:16
So what they do is they take
the connection to the addict,
the connection to the addict,
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要脅要切斷這些關係，
13:19
and they threaten it,
they make it contingent
they make it contingent
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依上癮者的表現而定。
13:21
on the addict behaving the way they want.
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我開始思考為什麼這種方式無效，
13:24
And I began to think, I began to see
why that approach doesn't work,
why that approach doesn't work,
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13:27
and I began to think that's almost like
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
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這幾乎就像毒品戰爭的思維
13:32
into our private lives.
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灌輸到我們的私生活中
13:34
So I was thinking,
how could I be Portuguese?
how could I be Portuguese?
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所以我就在想
要如何用葡萄牙人的方式呢?
要如何用葡萄牙人的方式呢?
13:37
And what I've tried to do now,
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
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我無法直接告訴你現在試著做的事
13:41
and I can't tell you it's easy,
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與其說這件事很簡單
13:43
is to say to the addicts in my life
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不如說我想對生命中染上毒癮的朋友
13:45
that I want to deepen
the connection with them,
the connection with them,
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加深我們彼此的關係
13:48
to say to them, I love you
whether you're using or you're not.
whether you're using or you're not.
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我要對他們說
我愛你, 無論你是否吸毒與否
我愛你, 無論你是否吸毒與否
13:51
I love you, whatever state you're in,
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我愛你, 無論你現在的狀況如何
13:54
and if you need me,
I'll come and sit with you
I'll come and sit with you
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如果你需要我,
我會陪在你身邊
我會陪在你身邊
13:57
because I love you and I don't
want you to be alone
want you to be alone
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因為我愛你,
我不想讓你孤單一個人
我不想讓你孤單一個人
13:59
or to feel alone.
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或獨自感受寂寞
14:01
And I think the core of that message --
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我想這些訊息的核心就是
14:03
you're not alone, we love you --
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你一點都不孤單,
因為我們都愛你
因為我們都愛你
14:06
has to be at every level
of how we respond to addicts,
of how we respond to addicts,
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我們傳達給染毒者的訊息
必須分層的
必須分層的
14:09
socially, politically and individually.
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社會層面, 政治層面和個人層面
14:12
For 100 years now, we've been singing
war songs about addicts.
war songs about addicts.
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過了一個世紀,
我們還在對毒癮者唱戰歌
我們還在對毒癮者唱戰歌
14:16
I think all along we should have been
singing love songs to them,
singing love songs to them,
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我想這一路以來
我們要對他們唱的是情歌才對
我們要對他們唱的是情歌才對
14:20
because the opposite of addiction
is not sobriety.
is not sobriety.
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因為成癮的反面不是戒斷
14:24
The opposite of addiction is connection.
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而是關係
14:28
Thank you.
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謝謝
14:30
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com