Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong
Johans Hari: Viss, ko, jūsuprāt, zināt par atkarību no narkotikām, ir maldi
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
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one of my relatives and not being able to.
un viņš nemostas.
so I didn't really understand why,
tāpēc nesapratu kāpēc,
pastāv atkarība no narkotikām,
drug addiction in my family,
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
daļēji tādēļ ka ir pagājuši 100 gadi,
in the United States and Britain,
ASV un Lielbritānijā,
visai pārējai pasaulei.
on the rest of the world.
this really fateful decision
and make them suffer,
it would give them an incentive to stop.
dos tiem iemeslu pārstāt.
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
dažus atkarīgos, kas man ir dārgi,
if there was some way to help them.
vai varu viņiem kā palīdzēt.
of incredibly basic questions
pavisam vienkāršu pamatjautājumu,
that doesn't seem to be working,
kas acīmredzami nedarbojas,
that we could try instead?
ko mēs varētu pamēģināt?
the answers I was looking for,
es tikšos ar cilvēkiem visā pasaulē,
with different people around the world
vai varu no viņiem mācīties.
if I could learn from them.
ka nobraukšu ap 50 000 km,
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
ar daudz un dažādiem cilvēkiem,
loads of different people,
Bruklinas Braunsvilā
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
barojot halucinogēnus mangustiem,
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
bet tikai ļoti specifiskos apstākļos.
in very specific circumstances --
decriminalized all drugs,
no marihuānas līdz krekam, –
that really blew my mind is,
kas mani ārkārtīgi pārsteidza:
we know about addiction is wrong,
zinām par atkarību, ir maldi.
the new evidence about addiction,
jaunos pierādījumus par atkarībām,
a lot more than our drug policies.
daudz vairāk nekā narkotiku politiku.
we know, what I thought I knew.
ko, manuprāt, zināju es.
off and used heroin three times a day.
trīsreiz dienā lietotu heroīnu.
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
tīri priecīgi par šo domu. (Smiekli)
it's just a thought experiment.
tas ir tikai domu eksperiments.
ko mums ir stāstījuši gadsimta garumā.
happen that we've been told for a century.
ir ķīmiski atkarības izraisītāji,
chemical hooks in heroin,
no šiem atkarības izraisītājiem,
dependent on those hooks,
būsiet atkarīgi no heroīna, vai ne?
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
that something's not right with this story
par šī stāsta patiesumu,
uzbrauktu mašīna un salauztu gurnu,
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
un dotu daudz diamorfīna.
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
than you're going to buy on the streets,
nekā uz ielas nopērkamais,
to sajauc ar citām vielām,
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
ir medicīniski tīrs.
from the doctor is medically pure.
a long period of time.
ka ir lietojuši diezgan daudz heroīna.
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
tas notiek ik brīdi.
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
about addiction is right --
to all those chemical hooks --
Viņiem būtu jākļūst par narkomāniem.
They should become addicts.
ja jūsu vecmāmiņai veic gurna operāciju,
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
(Laughter)
man tas šķita tik dīvaini,
it seemed so weird to me,
visam, ko, manuprāt, zināju.
everything I thought I knew,
līdz satiku Brūsu Aleksanderu.
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
of psychology in Vancouver
saprast šo jautājumu.
to understand this issue.
kas mums visiem ir galvā, šis stāsts,
got in our heads, that story,
in the 20th century.
ja jūtaties mazliet sadistiski.
if you feel a little sadistic.
divas ūdens pudeles:
and you give it two water bottles:
ar ūdenī atšķaidītu heroīnu vai kokaīnu.
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
izvēlēsies narkotisko ūdeni
prefer the drug water
diezgan ātri sevi nogalinās.
kill itself quite quickly.
Mums šķiet, ka tā tas ir.
That's how we think it works.
uz šo eksperimentu un kaut ko ievēroja.
along and he looks at this experiment
liekam žurku tukšā būrī.
the rat in an empty cage.
narkotikas – pamēģināsim citādāk!"
except use these drugs.
būri, ko nodēvēja par Žurku parku,
that he called "Rat Park,"
they've got loads of colored balls,
daudz krāsainu bumbu,
Varēja būt daudz seksa.
They can have loads of sex.
the normal water and the drugged water.
ar parasto ūdeni un narkotisko.
like the drug water.
nedzēra narkotisko ūdeni.
to nelietoja atkarības dzīta.
when they're isolated
pārdozēšanas izolācijā,
have happy and connected lives.
ja tām ir laimīga un tuvības pilna dzīve.
Professor Alexander thought,
profesors Aleksanders nodomāja,
un tās stipri atšķiras no mums.
they're quite different to us.
but, you know --
a human experiment
eksperiments ar cilvēkiem
at the exact same time.
tieši tajā pašā laikā.
troops were using loads of heroin,
lietoja ļoti daudz heroīna,
reports from the time,
patiess satraukums, jo cilvēki domāja:
they thought, my God, we're going to have
būs simtiem tūkstošu narkomānu."
on the streets of the United States
tika apsekoti pēc atgriešanās mājās.
loads of heroin were followed home.
veica ļoti sīku pētījumu,
did a really detailed study,
nevajadzēja rehabilitāciju,
They didn't go into withdrawal.
about chemical hooks,
atkarības izraisītājiem,
but Professor Alexander began to think
ka var būt cits stāsts par atkarību.
story about addiction.
neizraisa ķīmiskās vielas?
about your chemical hooks?
to your environment?
Pīters Koens no Nīderlandes,
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
pat nevajadzētu dēvēt par atkarību.
even call it addiction.
and innate need to bond,
dabiska vajadzība veidot saites.
we'll bond and connect with each other,
mēs saistāmies un veidojam attiecības,
or beaten down by life,
vai dzīves problēmu vajāts,
that will give you some sense of relief.
kas jums sniedz atvieglojumu.
that might be pornography,
that might be cannabis,
with something because that's our nature.
jo tāda ir mūsu daba.
a difficult thing to get my head around,
to think about it is,
a bottle of water, right?
ir ūdens pudele, vai ne?
of you have bottles of water with you.
no jums līdzi ir ūdens pudeles.
un karu pret narkotikām!
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
varētu būt šņabis, vai ne?
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
es pēc šī varētu... (Smiekli)
the approximately gazillion pounds
to kaudzi naudas,
es pieļauju, ka varat arī atļauties
I'm guessing you guys could afford
for the next six months.
and the reason you're not going to do that
ka kāds jūs atturēs,
bonds and connections
un attiecības, kurās gribat būt klātesošs.
You've got people you love.
cilvēki, ko mīlat.
the evidence suggests,
apliecina pierādījumi,
to be present in your life.
significant implications.
are for the War on Drugs.
with a group of women
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
ar uzrakstu "Es biju narkomāne",
while members of the public jeer at them,
kamēr apkārtējie par viņām ņirgājās.
they're going to have criminal records
būs sodāmības vēsture,
in the legal economy again.
nestrādās legālu darbu.
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
ir ļoti galējs piemērs,
mēs pret atkarīgajiem izturamies līdzīgi.
everywhere in the world
krimināli tiesājam.
We give them criminal records.
ceļā uz saišu atjaunošanu.
brīnišķīgs cilvēks, kurš teica:
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
kas padarītu atkarību briesmīgāku,
a system that would make addiction worse,
kas izlēma darīt tieši pretējo,
to do the exact opposite,
apskatīt, kā tas darbojas.
no lielākajām narkotiku problēmām Eiropā.
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
kas ir neaptverami,
arvien vairāk lietot amerikāņu pieeju –
the American way more and more.
stigmatizēja un kaunināja,
and shamed them more,
un opozīcijas līderis satikās un teica:
the leader of the opposition got together,
valstī kļūst aizvien vairāk.
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
patiešām atrisināt.
of scientists and doctors
genuinely solve the problem.
brīnišķīgs cilvēks Dr. Žuau Gulau,
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
no marihuānas līdz krekam, bet..."
from cannabis to crack, but" --
ir vissvarīgākais –
on cutting addicts off,
atkarīgo nošķiršanai un izolēšanai,
atkal iesaistītu sabiedrībā."
on reconnecting them with society."
as drug treatment
par ārstēšanu no narkotikām
that does have some value.
tai ir zināma vērtība.
bija pilnīgs pretstats tam, ko darām mēs:
was the complete opposite of what we do:
programma atkarīgajiem
of job creation for addicts,
mazo uzņēmumu veidošanai.
to set up small businesses.
viņi aizies uz autoservisu un teiks:
to a garage, and they'll say,
mēs maksāsim pusi no viņa algas."
we'll pay half his wages.
katram Portugāles atkarīgajam
that every addict in Portugal
of bed for in the morning.
in Portugal,
ka viņi no jauna atklājot jēgu,
as they rediscovered purpose,
un attiecības ar plašāku sabiedrību.
and relationships with the wider society.
kopš šī eksperimenta sākuma,
since that experiment began,
Portugālē ir samazinājusies –
Journal of Criminology,
HIV starp atkarīgajiem ir samazinājies.
HIV is massively down among addicts.
is significantly down.
ka atkarība ir krietni mazinājusies.
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
nevēlas atpakaļ veco sistēmu.
of implications
ir dziļāks ietekmes slānis.
jūtas aizvien neaizsargātāki
feel really increasingly vulnerable
vai tas būtu viedtālrunis,
whether it's to their smartphones
mums lika izslēgt viedtālruņus,
you guys know this --
to have our smartphones on,
izskatījās kā narkomāni,
looked an awful lot like
was going to be unavailable
nākamās pāris stundas nebūs pieejams.
un var izklausīties dīvaini...
and it might sound weird to say,
ir lielākais atkarību izraisītājs,
is a major driver of addiction
attiecībām bagātākajā sabiedrībā.
society that's ever been, surely.
that the connections we have
vai, mūsuprāt, ir,
of parody of human connection.
you'll notice something.
who come to sit with you.
kas nāks jūs apciemot.
who help you turn it round.
kas palīdzēs atgūties.
who you have deep and nuanced
daudzkrāsainas personiskas attiecības.
relationships with,
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
kas raksta par vides aizsardzību,
manuprāt, pastāsta ļoti daudz.
the average American believes
ir vidusmēra amerikānim.
steadily since the 1950s.
ir pastāvīgi sarucis.
an individual has in their home
mūsu mājās ir pastāvīgi pieaugusi,
ko mēs kā kultūra esam izdarījuši.
we've traded stuff for connections,
pret draugiem, mantas pret attiecībām,
loneliest societies there has ever been.
vientuļākajām sabiedrībām.
the Rat Park experiment, says,
Žurku parka eksperimentu, saka:
about individual recovery,
domājam individuālo izveseļošanos,
about social recovery.
par sociālo izveseļošanos.
not just with individuals but as a group,
kaut kas ir nogājis greizi,
for a lot of us,
vairāk līdzinās izolētajam būrim
like that isolated cage
why I went into it.
the political stuff, the social stuff.
politiskas vai sociālas nepilnības.
the people I love.
kā palīdzēt cilvēkiem, ko mīlu.
long journey and I'd learned all this,
un šo visu uzzinājis,
it's hard loving an addict,
ir grūti mīlēt atkarīgo,
who know in this room.
why this debate is so charged
kādēļ šī diskusija ir tik emocionāla,
of each of us, right?
mūs skar ļoti personiski.
that looks at an addict and thinks,
kas uzlūko atkarīgos un nodomā:
to deal with the addicts in our lives
kā rīkoties ar atkarīgajiem tuviniekiem,
realitātes šovs "Iejaukšanās".
if you guys have ever seen it.
realitātes šovi,
is defined by reality TV,
tam ir gluži vienkārša ideja.
the show "Intervention,"
savākt kopā visus viņa tuviniekus,
in their life, gather them together,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
mēs no tevis novērsīsimies."
ar attiecību pārraušanu,
the connection to the addict,
vai atkarīgais rīkosies tā, kā viņi vēlas.
they make it contingent
kāpēc šī pieeja nestrādā,
why that approach doesn't work,
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
tāpat kā izmantot narkotiku kara loģiku
how could I be Portuguese?
kļūt par portugāli.
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
un nevaru teikt, ka tas ir viegli, –
the connection with them,
whether you're using or you're not.
vienalga, vai viņi lieto vai ne.
I'll come and sit with you
es būšu ar tevi,
want you to be alone
lai tu būtu vai justos vientuļš.
of how we respond to addicts,
mūsu attieksmi pret atkarīgajiem,
gan individuāli.
war songs about addicts.
esam dziedājuši kara dziesmas.
singing love songs to them,
mums vajadzēja dziedāt mīlas dziesmas,
is not sobriety.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com