TEDGlobal 2013
Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world
Peter Doolittle: Com la seva "memòria operativa" dóna sentit al món
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"La vida ve cap a nosaltres molt ràpidament, i el que hem de fer és prendre aquest fluxe amorf d'experiències i d'alguna manera extreure'n un significat". En aquesta divertida i instructiva xerrada, el psicopedagog Peter Doolittle detalla la importància- i límits- de la seva "memòria operativa", la part del cervell que ens permet donar sentit al que està succeint en aquest moment.
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So yesterday, I was out in the street
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Ahir, era al carrer
00:14
in front of this building,
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just davant d'aquest edifici,
00:17
and I was walking down the sidewalk,
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i anava caminant per la vorera
00:20
and I had company, several of us,
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amb companyia, varis de nosaltres,
00:22
and we were all abiding by the rules
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junts per la causa
00:23
of walking down sidewalks.
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de caminar per les voreres.
00:26
We're not talking each other. We're facing forward.
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No parlàvem entre nosaltres. Miràvem cap endavant.
00:28
We're moving.
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Estàvem movent-nos.
00:29
When the person in front of me slows down.
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Quan la persona de davant meu alenteix
I així que jo l'estic mirant,
i alenteix,
i alenteix,
00:33
And so I'm watching him, and he slows down,
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00:35
and finally he stops.
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i finalment es para.
Bé, això no era suficientment ràpid per mi,
00:36
Well, that wasn't fast enough for me,
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00:38
so I put on my turn signal, and I walked around him,
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així que vaig posar l'intermitent i vaig caminar al seu voltant
00:42
and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,
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i mentre caminava, observava el que feia,
00:45
and he was doing this.
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i estava fent això.
00:47
He was texting,
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Estava enviat un missatge de text,
00:49
and he couldn't text and walk at the same time.
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i no podia escriure i caminar al mateix temps.
00:51
Now we could approach this
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Ara podriem tractar això
00:53
from a working memory perspective
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des d'una perspectiva de memòria operativa
00:55
or from a multitasking perspective.
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o des d'una perspectiva de multitasca.
00:57
We're going to do working memory today.
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Avui farem memòria operativa
01:00
Now, working memory
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Avui dia, la memòria operativa
01:02
is that part of our consciousness that we are
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és aquella part de la nostra consciència de la qual
estem alerta en qualsevol moment del dia.
01:05
aware of at any given time of day.
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01:07
You're going it right now.
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Ho estan fent en aquest mateix instant.
01:09
It's not something we can turn off.
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No és quelcom que poguem apagar.
01:11
If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay?
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Si l'apagues, s'anomena coma, d'acord?
01:14
So right now, you're doing just fine.
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Així que, ara mateix, ho esteu fent bé.
01:17
Now working memory has four basic components.
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La memòria operativa té quatre components bàsics.
01:19
It allows us to store some immediate experiences
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Ens permet emmagatzemar algunes experiències immediates
01:22
and a little bit of knowledge.
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i una mica de coneixement.
01:24
It allows us to reach back
into our long-term memory
into our long-term memory
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Ens permet anar endarrere a la nostra memòria de llarg termini
i extreure alguna cosa d'allà quan ho necessitem
01:27
and pull some of that in as we need it,
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01:29
mixes it, processes it
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ho combina, ho processa
01:31
in light of whatever our current goal is.
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a la llum del que sigui el nostre objectiu actual.
Ara l'objectiu actual no és res com:
01:33
Now the current goal isn't something like,
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01:35
I want to be president or the best surfer in the world.
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vull ser el president o el millor surfista del món.
01:37
It's more mundane. I'd like that cookie,
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És més assequible. Voldria aquella galeta,
o he de trobar la manera d'entrar a la meva habitació de l'hotel.
01:40
or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room.
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01:43
Now working memory capacity
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La capacitat de la nostra memòria operativa
01:45
is our ability to leverage that,
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depèn de la nostra habilitat d'aprofitar això,
01:47
our ability to take what we know
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la nostra habilitat per emprar el que sabem
01:50
and what we can hang onto
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i el que podem dominar
01:51
and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy
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i aprofitar-ho de manera que ens permeti satisfer
01:55
our current goal.
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el nostre objectiu actual.
01:57
Now working memory capacity
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La capacitat de la memòria operativa
01:59
has a fairly long history,
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té una història bastant llarga,
i està associada a una gran quantitat d'efectes positius.
02:01
and it's associated with a lot of positive effects.
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02:03
People with high working memory capacity
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La persona amb alta capacitat de memòria operativa
02:05
tend to be good storytellers.
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acostumen a ser bons narradors.
02:07
They tend to solve and do well
on standardized tests,
on standardized tests,
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Solen resoldre i fer-ho bé a les proves estandàrd
02:11
however important that is.
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per molt importants que siguin.
02:14
They're able to have high levels of writing ability.
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Són capaços de tenir alts nivells en l'habilitat d'escriptura.
02:18
They're also able to reason at high levels.
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També són capaços de raonar a un alt nivell.
Llavors, el que farem aquí serà jugar una mica amb això esmentat
02:20
So what we're going to do here
is play a little bit with some of that.
is play a little bit with some of that.
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02:23
So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,
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Així que els demanaré que realitzin un parell de tasques,
02:26
and we're going to take your
working memory out for a ride.
working memory out for a ride.
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i portarem a la vostra memòria operativa a fer un tomb.
02:29
You up for that? Okay.
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Esteu preparats per això? Molt bé.
02:32
I'm going to give you five words,
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Us dondaré cinc paraules,
02:34
and I just want you to hang on to them.
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i només vull que s'aferrin a elles.
02:36
Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.
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No les escriguin. Tan sols guardin-les
02:37
Five words.
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Cinc paraules.
Mentre les guardeu, us demanaré que contesteu a tres preguntes.
02:39
While you're hanging on to them,
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
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02:42
I want to see what happens with those words.
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Vull veure què passa amb aquestes paraules.
02:44
So here's the words:
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Doncs, aquestes són les paraules:
02:46
tree,
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arbre,
02:49
highway,
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autopista,
02:52
mirror,
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mirall,
02:54
Saturn
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Saturn
02:57
and electrode.
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i elèctrode.
02:59
So far so good?
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Fins aquí anem bé?
03:01
Okay. What I want you to do
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Fantàstic. El que vull que feu
03:02
is I want you to tell me what the answer is
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és que hem digueu quina és la resposta
03:06
to 23 times eight.
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a 23 cops vuit.
03:08
Just shout it out.
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Simplement, crideu-ho.
03:12
(Mumbling) (Laughter)
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(Murmuris) (Riures)
03:16
In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter)
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De fet, és (murmurant) exacte. (Riures)
03:18
All right. I want you to take out your left hand
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Està bé. Vull que tregueu la la vostra mà esquerra
03:22
and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,
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i vull que compteu, "Un, dos, tres, quatre, cinc,
03:24
six, seven, eight, nine, 10."
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sis, set, vuit, nou, deu".
És una prova neurològica, si us ho pregunteu.
03:26
It's a neurological test,
just in case you were wondering.
just in case you were wondering.
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03:29
All right, now what I want you to do
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Genial, ara el que vull que feu
03:31
is to recite the last five letters
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és recitar les últimes cinc lletres
03:33
of the English alphabet backwards.
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de l'alfabet anglès a l'inrevés.
03:38
You should have started with Z.
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Haurien d'haver començat per la Z.
03:40
(Laughter)
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(Riures)
Està bé. Quantes persones aquí encara estan bastant segures
03:43
All right. How many people here are still pretty sure
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03:45
you've got all five words?
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de recordar les cinc paraules?
03:48
Okay. Typically we end up with about less than half,
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D'acord. Normalment ens trobem al voltant de menys de la meitat
03:51
right, which is normal. There will be a range.
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veritat, és normal. Hi haurà una franja.
Algunes persones poden recordar-ne cinc.
03:53
Some people can hang on to five.
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03:55
Some people can hang on to 10.
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D'altres en recorden deu.
03:56
Some will be down to two or three.
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Per alguns seran dues o tres.
03:58
What we know is this is really important
to the way we function, right?
to the way we function, right?
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Sabem que això és realment important per la forma en què funcionem, veritat?
04:02
And it's going to be really important here at TED
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I serà molt important aquí a TED
04:04
because you're going to be exposed
to so many different ideas.
to so many different ideas.
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perquè estaran exposats a tantes idees diferents.
04:07
Now the problem that we have
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Ara el problema que tenim
04:09
is that life comes at us,
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és que la vida ve cap a nosaltres
04:11
and it comes at us very quickly,
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i ve cap a nosaltres molt ràpidament,
04:13
and what we need to do is to take that amorphous
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i el que hem de fer és agafar aquest fluxe
04:17
flow of experience and somehow
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amorf d'exeperiències i d'alguna manera
04:18
extract meaning from it
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extreure'n el significat
04:20
with a working memory
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amb una memòria operativa
04:21
that's about the size of a pea.
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que és aproximadament del tamany d'un pèsol.
04:23
Now don't get me wrong,
working memory is awesome.
working memory is awesome.
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No em malinterpreteu, la memòria operativa és impressionant.
04:26
Working memory allows us
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La memòria operativa ens permet
04:28
to investigate our current experience
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investigar la nostra experiència actual
04:30
as we move forward.
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a mesura que avancem.
04:32
It allows us to make sense of the world around us.
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Ens permet donar sentit al món que ens envolta.
04:35
But it does have certain limits.
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Però té certs límits.
04:37
Now working memory is great
for allowing us to communicate.
for allowing us to communicate.
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Ara la memòria operativa és grandiosa per permetre comunicar-nos.
04:41
We can have a conversation,
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Podem tenir una conversació,
04:42
and I can build a narrative around that
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i construir una narrativa al seu voltant
així que sé on hem estat i cap a on anem
04:45
so I know where we've been and where we're going
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04:47
and how to contribute to this conversation.
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i com contribuir en aquesta conversa.
04:49
It allows us to problem-solve, critical think.
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Ens permet, resoldre problemes, el pensament crític.
04:51
We can be in the middle of a meeting,
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Podem estar al mig d'una reunió
04:53
listen to somebody's presentation, evaluate it,
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escoltar la presentació d'algú, avaluar-la,
04:55
decide whether or not we like it,
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decidir si ens agrada o no,
04:57
ask follow-up questions.
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tot seguit fer preguntes.
04:58
All of that occurs within working memory.
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Tot això es produeix amb el treball de la memòria.
05:02
It also allows us to go to the store
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També ens permet anar a la botiga
05:04
and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese
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i ens permet trobar la llet, els ous, el formatge
05:07
when what we're really looking for
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quan el que realment estem buscant
05:09
is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)
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és el Red Bull i la cansalada.
Ens hem d'assegurar que aconseguim el que busquem.
05:12
Gotta make sure we're getting what we're looking for.
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05:15
Now, a central issue with working memory
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Ara bé, una qüestió central sobre la memòria operativa
05:18
is that it's limited.
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és que és limitada.
05:19
It's limited in capacity, limited in duration,
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És limitada en capacitat, limitada en durada,
05:21
limited in focus.
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limitada en concentració.
05:23
We tend to remember about four things.
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Avesem a recordar quatre coses.
05:26
Okay? It used to be seven,
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D'acord? Acostumaven a ser set,
però segons les imatges de ressonància magnètica, aparentment són quatre,
05:28
but with functional MRIs, apparently it's four,
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05:30
and we were overachieving.
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i ens estàvem passant.
05:32
Now we can remember those four things
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Ara podem recordar aquelles quatre coses
05:34
for about 10 to 20 seconds
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durant uns 10 a 20 segons
05:36
unless we do something with it,
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llevat que fem alguna cosa amb aquestes,
05:38
unless we process it,
unless we apply it to something,
unless we apply it to something,
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a no ser que ho processem, a menys que ho apliquem a alguna cosa
05:40
unless we talk to somebody about it.
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a no ser que parlem amb algú sobre això.
05:44
When we think about working memory,
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Quan pensem sobre la memòria operativa
05:47
we have to realize that this limited capacity
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ens n'hem d'adonar que aquesta capacitat limitada
05:51
has lots of different impacts on us.
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té una tracalada de diferents impactes sobre nosaltres
05:53
Have you ever walked from one room to another
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Heu caminat algun cop des d'una habitació cap a una altra
05:56
and then forgotten why you're there?
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i llavors heu oblidat per què sou allà?
05:59
You do know the solution to that, right?
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Sabu la solució a això, cert?
06:01
You go back to that original room. (Laughter)
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Tornar a l'habtació original (Riures)
06:04
Have you ever forgotten your keys?
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Heu oblidat mai les vostres claus?
06:08
You ever forgotten your car?
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Heu oblidat el vostre cotxe?
06:10
You ever forgotten your kids?
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Heu oblidat mai als vostres fills?
Algun cop heu estat immersos en una conversa,
06:13
Have you ever been involved in a conversation,
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06:15
and you realize that the conversation to your left
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i us heu donat compte de que la conversa de la vostra esquerra
06:17
is actually more interesting? (Laughter)
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en realitat és més interessant? (Riures)
Així que acceptes i somrius,
06:20
So you're nodding and you're smiling,
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06:22
but you're really paying attention
to this one over here,
to this one over here,
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però realment estan més atents a l'altra
06:24
until you hear that last word go up,
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fins que escoltes l'última paraula més fort,
06:26
and you realize,
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i te n'adones,
06:28
you've been asked a question. (Laughter)
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de que t'han fet una pregunta.
06:31
And you're really hoping the answer is no,
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I realment espres que la resposta sigui no,
06:33
because that's what you're about to say.
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perquè això és el que estàs a punt de dir.
06:36
All of that talks about working memory,
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Tot això parla de memòria operativa,
06:39
what we can do and what we can't do.
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el que podem fer i el que no podem fer.
Ens n'hem d'adonar de que la memòria operativa
06:41
We need to realize that working memory
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06:42
has a limited capacity,
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té una capacitat limitada,
06:44
and that working memory capacity itself
is how we negotiate that.
is how we negotiate that.
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i que la pròpia capacitat de la memòria operativa té a veure amb com la gestionem.
06:47
We negotiate that through strategies.
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La gestionem per mitjà d'estratègies.
Vull parlar-vos una mica sobre un parell d'estratègies aquí,
06:49
So what I want to do is talk a little bit
about a couple of strategies here,
about a couple of strategies here,
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06:52
and these will be really important
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i aquestes seran realment important
06:53
because you are now in an
information target-rich environment
information target-rich environment
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perquè estareu ara en un entorn ric en informació
06:57
for the next several days.
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durant els pròxims dies.
06:59
Now the first part of this that we need to think about
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Ara mateix, el primer de tot és que necessitem pensar,
07:02
and we need to process our existence, our life,
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necessitem processar la nostra existència, la nostra vida,
07:05
immediately and repeatedly.
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immediatament i repetidament.
07:06
We need to process what's going on
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Hem de processar el que està passant
07:09
the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later,
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en el moment en que succeeix i no 10 minuts més tard,
07:12
not a week later, at the moment.
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no una setmana més tard, al mateix moment.
07:14
So we need to think about, well,
do I agree with him?
do I agree with him?
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Així que hem de pensar, bé, estic d'acord amb ell?
07:18
What's missing? What would I like to know?
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Què fa falta? Què m'agradaria saber?
07:20
Do I agree with the assumptions?
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Estic d'acord amb les suposicions?
07:23
How can I apply this in my life?
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Com puc aplicar això a la meva vida?
És una manera de processar el que està passant
07:24
It's a way of processing what's going on
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07:26
so that we can use it later.
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per a que ho poguem emprar més tard.
07:28
Now we also need to repeat it. We need to practice.
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També hem de repetir-ho. Hem de practicar.
07:31
So we need to think about it here.
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Així que hem de pensar sobre això aquí.
07:34
In between, we want to talk to people about it.
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A la mitja part, volem parlar amb la gent sobre això.
07:36
We're going to write it down,
and when you get home,
and when you get home,
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Anem a escriure-ho, i quan arribis a casa,
07:39
pull out those notes and think about them
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treu aquelles notes i pensa-hi
07:41
and end up practicing over time.
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i amb el temps acabaràs practicant.
07:43
Practice for some reason
became a very negative thing.
became a very negative thing.
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Practicar per alguna raó es va convertir en quelcom molt negatiu.
07:46
It's very positive.
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És molt positiu.
07:47
The next thing is, we need to think elaboratively
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La pròxima passa és, hem de pensar de manera elaborada
07:50
and we need to think illustratively.
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i hem de pensar de forma il·lustrativa.
07:52
Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
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Acostumem a pensar que hem de relacionar els nous coneixements amb els previs.
07:56
What we want to do is spin that around.
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El que volem fer és capgirar-ho.
07:58
We want to take all of our existence
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Volem aprofitar tota la nostra existència,
07:59
and wrap it around that new knowledge
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embolicar-la d'aquest nou coneixement,
08:01
and make all of these connections
and it becomes more meaningful.
and it becomes more meaningful.
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fer totes les connexions, i fer-ho més significatiu.
08:05
We also want to use imagery.
We are built for images.
We are built for images.
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També volem utilitzar imatges. Estem fets per utilitzar imatges.
08:08
We need to take advantage of that.
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Hem de treure profit a això.
08:10
Think about things in images,
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Pensar les coses en imatges,
08:12
write things down that way.
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escriure les coses d'aquesta manera.
08:14
If you read a book, pull things up.
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Si llegeixes un llibre, imagina't-el.
08:16
I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby,"
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Estic llegint "El Gran Gatsby",
08:18
and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like
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i tenc una idea perfecta de com és
08:21
in my head, so my own version.
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en el meu cap, la meva pròpia versió.
08:24
The last one is organization and support.
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L'últim gran punt és l'organització i el suport.
08:26
We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do.
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Som màquines creadores de significats. És el que fem.
08:28
We try to make meaning out of
everything that happens to us.
everything that happens to us.
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Intentem donar sentit a tot el que ens succeeix.
L'organització ajuda, per tant necessitem estructurar
08:32
Organization helps, so we need to structure
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08:34
what we're doing in ways that make sense.
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el que estem fent de manera que tengui sentit.
08:36
If we are providing knowledge and experience,
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Si proveïm coneixement i experiència,
08:38
we need to structure that.
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necessitem estructurar-ho.
08:40
And the last one is support.
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I l'últim és el suport.
08:42
We all started as novices.
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Tots comencem com principiants.
08:44
Everything we do is an
approximation of sophistication.
approximation of sophistication.
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Tot el que fem és una aproximació a la sofisticació.
08:47
We should expect it to change over time.
We have to support that.
We have to support that.
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Hem d'esperar que canvii amb el temps. Hem de donar suport a això.
08:50
The support may come in asking people questions,
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El suport pot venir demanant a la gent,
08:52
giving them a sheet of paper that has
an organizational chart on it
an organizational chart on it
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donant-los una fulla de paper amb un organigrama
08:56
or has some guiding images,
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o amb algunes imatges com a guía,
08:58
but we need to support it.
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però els hem d'ajudar.
09:00
Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message
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Ara, la part final, el missatge per portar a casa
des d'un punt de vista de la capacitat de la memòria operativa és el següent:
09:06
from a working memory capacity standpoint is this:
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09:09
what we process, we learn.
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el que processem, ho aprenem.
09:12
If we're not processing life, we're not living it.
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Si no estem processant la vida, no estem vivint.
09:16
Live life. Thank you.
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Viu la vida. Gràcies.
09:18
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professorPeter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning.
Why you should listen
Peter Doolittle is a professor of educational psychology in the School of Education at Virginia Tech, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research. He teaches classes such as Cognition and Instruction, Constructivism and Education, Multimedia Cognition and College Teaching, but his research mainly focuses on learning in multimedia environments and the role of "working memory."
Doolittle has taught educational psychology around the world. He is the executive editor of the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education and the co-executive editor of the International Journal of ePortfolio.
Peter Doolittle | Speaker | TED.com