ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning.

Why you should listen

Peter Doolittle is a professor of educational psychology in the School of Education at Virginia Tech, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research. He teaches classes such as Cognition and Instruction, Constructivism and Education, Multimedia Cognition and College Teaching, but his research mainly focuses on learning in multimedia environments and the role of "working memory."

Doolittle has taught educational psychology around the world. He is the executive editor of the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education and the co-executive editor of the International Journal of ePortfolio.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Doolittle | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world

彼得·杜利特尔: 你的”短期记忆“如何理解世界

Filmed:
2,344,275 views

“人生飞快地迎面而来,我们必须在飘忽而过的万象经验中提炼出意义来。”在这个趣味横生,启发深省的演讲里,教育心理学家彼得 · 杜利特尔详细介绍了大脑"短期记忆"的重要性和局限性,使我们对”当下“更加心领神会。
- Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So yesterday昨天, I was out in the street
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昨天呢,我出门走在
00:14
in front面前 of this building建造,
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这幢楼前的大街上。
00:17
and I was walking步行 down the sidewalk人行道,
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我在人行道上
00:20
and I had company公司, several一些 of us,
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和几个朋友同行。
00:22
and we were all abiding守法 by the rules规则
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我们都很守规矩地
00:23
of walking步行 down sidewalks人行道.
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走在人行道上。
00:26
We're not talking each other. We're facing面对 forward前锋.
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我们什么也不说,就是向前走。
00:28
We're moving移动.
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就这样往前走。
00:29
When the person in front面前 of me slows减缓 down.
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走在我前面的人突然减慢了速度。
00:33
And so I'm watching观看 him, and he slows减缓 down,
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我看见他放慢了速度,
00:35
and finally最后 he stops停止.
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然后停下了。
00:36
Well, that wasn't fast快速 enough足够 for me,
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然后我很快就赶上他了。
00:38
so I put on my turn signal信号, and I walked around him,
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正好我要在街角转弯,我就绕过他走。
00:42
and as I walked, I looked看着 to see what he was doing,
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我一边走,一边看他在做什么。
00:45
and he was doing this.
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他就是这样。
00:47
He was texting发短信,
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他在发短信。
00:49
and he couldn't不能 text文本 and walk步行 at the same相同 time.
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因为他不可能一边走路一边打字。
00:51
Now we could approach途径 this
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现在我们可以
00:53
from a working加工 memory记忆 perspective透视
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从短期记忆的角度
00:55
or from a multitasking多任务处理 perspective透视.
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或从多任务处理的角度来看这件事。
00:57
We're going to do working加工 memory记忆 today今天.
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我们今天要讲的就是短期记忆的问题。
01:00
Now, working加工 memory记忆
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短期记忆是
01:02
is that part部分 of our consciousness意识 that we are
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每天任何一个有意识的片断里
01:05
aware知道的 of at any given特定 time of day.
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我们自我意识的一部分。
01:07
You're going it right now.
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你现在就有短期记忆。
01:09
It's not something we can turn off.
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我们不可能随时关闭它。
01:11
If you turn it off, that's called a coma昏迷, okay?
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你要是把它关闭了,那就叫昏迷,对不对?
01:14
So right now, you're doing just fine.
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所以,你们现在都做得挺好。
01:17
Now working加工 memory记忆 has four basic基本 components组件.
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短期记忆有四个基本元素。
01:19
It allows允许 us to store商店 some immediate即时 experiences经验
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它使我们能够存储一些很直接的体验
01:22
and a little bit of knowledge知识.
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和很少的一部分知识。
01:24
It allows允许 us to reach达到 back
into our long-term长期 memory记忆
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它允许我们去追溯我们的长期记忆
01:27
and pull some of that in as we need it,
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找到我们需要的,
01:29
mixes混合 it, processes流程 it
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进行组合和处理,
01:31
in light of whatever随你 our current当前 goal目标 is.
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这主要取决于我们的当前动机是什么。
01:33
Now the current当前 goal目标 isn't something like,
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那么当前动机不是象
01:35
I want to be president主席 or the best最好 surfer冲浪者 in the world世界.
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我想要总统或是做世界最佳冲浪手这样的动机。
01:37
It's more mundane平凡. I'd like that cookie曲奇饼,
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它更世俗化,比如我要吃那块饼干,
01:40
or I need to figure数字 out how to get into my hotel旅馆 room房间.
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或者我要找到今晚住宿的酒店。
01:43
Now working加工 memory记忆 capacity容量
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短期记忆的能力
01:45
is our ability能力 to leverage杠杆作用 that,
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是我们能够利用记忆的能力,
01:47
our ability能力 to take what we know
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是我们利用知识的能力。
01:50
and what we can hang onto
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我们可以依赖,
01:51
and leverage杠杆作用 it in ways方法 that allow允许 us to satisfy满足
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可以利用短期记忆能力来达成
01:55
our current当前 goal目标.
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我们眼前的目标。
01:57
Now working加工 memory记忆 capacity容量
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短期记忆能力
01:59
has a fairly相当 long history历史,
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有相当长的历史,
02:01
and it's associated相关 with a lot of positive effects效果.
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它能带来很多积极效应。
02:03
People with high working加工 memory记忆 capacity容量
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短期记忆能力强的人
02:05
tend趋向 to be good storytellers讲故事的人.
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一般会很擅长讲故事。
02:07
They tend趋向 to solve解决 and do well
on standardized标准化 tests测试,
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他们一般很善于应付标准化测试,
02:11
however然而 important重要 that is.
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不管是多么重要的考试。
02:14
They're able能够 to have high levels水平 of writing写作 ability能力.
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他们很善于写作。
02:18
They're also able能够 to reason原因 at high levels水平.
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他们善于提出深层次的问题。
02:20
So what we're going to do here
is play a little bit with some of that.
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那么这里呢,我们来做个短期记忆能力的小游戏。
02:23
So I'm going to ask you to perform演出 a couple一对 tasks任务,
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我会让你们完成两个任务,
02:26
and we're going to take your
working加工 memory记忆 out for a ride.
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带你们的短期记忆出来兜兜风。
02:29
You up for that? Okay.
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你们想玩儿吧?好!
02:32
I'm going to give you five words,
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我会给你们五个词,
02:34
and I just want you to hang on to them.
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我要你们记住这些词,
02:36
Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.
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不是把它们写下来,而是用脑子记住它们。
02:37
Five words.
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五个词。
02:39
While you're hanging on to them,
I'm going to ask you to answer回答 three questions问题.
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你记着它们的同时,还要回答我三个问题。
02:42
I want to see what happens发生 with those words.
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我想看看你们记这五个词儿记得怎么样
02:44
So here's这里的 the words:
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好吧,这五个词儿是:
02:46
tree,
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树,
02:49
highway高速公路,
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公路,
02:52
mirror镜子,
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镜子,
02:54
Saturn土星
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土星
02:57
and electrode电极.
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和电极。
02:59
So far so good?
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没问题吧?
03:01
Okay. What I want you to do
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好!现在我要你们
03:02
is I want you to tell me what the answer回答 is
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回答我的问题,
03:06
to 23 times eight.
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23乘以8是多少。
03:08
Just shout it out.
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喊出来就行。
03:12
(Mumbling喃喃) (Laughter笑声)
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(喃喃自语)(笑声)
03:16
In fact事实 it's -- (Mumbling喃喃) -- exactly究竟. (Laughter笑声)
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事实上它等于 — — (喃喃自语) — — 完全正确。(笑声)
03:18
All right. I want you to take out your left hand
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好吧。那现在我要你们伸出你的左手,
03:22
and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,
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你们要数:“一、二、三、四、五、
03:24
six, seven, eight, nine, 10."
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六、 七、 八、 九,十"。
03:26
It's a neurological神经 test测试,
just in case案件 you were wondering想知道.
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它是一个神经功能测试,如果你想知道。
03:29
All right, now what I want you to do
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好吧,我现在要你们
03:31
is to recite背诵 the last five letters
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倒着读出来
03:33
of the English英语 alphabet字母 backwards向后.
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英语字母表中的最后五个字母。
03:38
You should have started开始 with Z.
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要从 Z 开始读。
03:40
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:43
All right. How many许多 people here are still pretty漂亮 sure
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好吧。这里有多少人
03:45
you've got all five words?
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还记得我刚才给出的那五个单词?
03:48
Okay. Typically通常 we end结束 up with about less than half,
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好吧。通常会有不到一半的人还记得。
03:51
right, which哪一个 is normal正常. There will be a range范围.
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没错,这是很正常的。就是这么个范围。
03:53
Some people can hang on to five.
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有些人可以记住五个。
03:55
Some people can hang on to 10.
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有些人可以记住十个。
03:56
Some will be down to two or three.
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有的人只能记住两三个。
03:58
What we know is this is really important重要
to the way we function功能, right?
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我们知道,这个对大脑功能确实很有用,对吧?
04:02
And it's going to be really important重要 here at TEDTED
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在TED尤其重要,
04:04
because you're going to be exposed裸露
to so many许多 different不同 ideas思路.
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因为你会接触到很多不同的想法。
04:07
Now the problem问题 that we have
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现在我们的问题是
04:09
is that life comes at us,
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我们迎面而来的生活,
04:11
and it comes at us very quickly很快,
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它来得非常快。
04:13
and what we need to do is to take that amorphous非晶
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我们需要做的是收集那些模糊的
04:17
flow of experience经验 and somehow不知何故
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体验,然后
04:18
extract提取 meaning含义 from it
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用短期记忆来提炼
04:20
with a working加工 memory记忆
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它的意义所在。
04:21
that's about the size尺寸 of a pea豌豆.
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差不多一个豌豆大小。
04:23
Now don't get me wrong错误,
working加工 memory记忆 is awesome真棒.
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别搞错,短期记忆是很不简单的。
04:26
Working加工 memory记忆 allows允许 us
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它允许我们
04:28
to investigate调查 our current当前 experience经验
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在继续前行时
04:30
as we move移动 forward前锋.
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检视我们当前的体验。
04:32
It allows允许 us to make sense of the world世界 around us.
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它让我们理解我们周围的世界。
04:35
But it does have certain某些 limits范围.
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但它确实是有极限的。
04:37
Now working加工 memory记忆 is great
for allowing允许 us to communicate通信.
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短期记忆让我们能够和人交流。
04:41
We can have a conversation会话,
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我们可以谈话,
04:42
and I can build建立 a narrative叙述 around that
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我可以通过叙述来说明
04:45
so I know where we've我们已经 been and where we're going
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我们讲到哪儿了,要说什么
04:47
and how to contribute有助于 to this conversation会话.
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以及怎么说。
04:49
It allows允许 us to problem-solve问题解决, critical危急 think.
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它让我们解决问题,慎重思考。
04:51
We can be in the middle中间 of a meeting会议,
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我们可能在一个会议期间,
04:53
listen to somebody's某人的 presentation介绍, evaluate评估 it,
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听别人的发言,评价它,
04:55
decide决定 whether是否 or not we like it,
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决定我们是否喜欢它,
04:57
ask follow-up跟进 questions问题.
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然后提出问题。
04:58
All of that occurs发生 within working加工 memory记忆.
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所有这一切都是在短期记忆的范畴里。
05:02
It also allows允许 us to go to the store商店
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它让我们去商店
05:04
and allows允许 us to get milk牛奶 and eggs and cheese起司
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买牛奶、鸡蛋和奶酪,
05:07
when what we're really looking for
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当我们真正想买的
05:09
is Red Bull公牛 and bacon培根. (Laughter笑声)
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是红牛饮料和培根时。(笑声)
05:12
Gotta总得 make sure we're getting得到 what we're looking for.
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要确保我们知道我们要找的是什么。
05:15
Now, a central中央 issue问题 with working加工 memory记忆
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现在,短期记忆的一个主要问题是
05:18
is that it's limited有限.
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它的局限性。
05:19
It's limited有限 in capacity容量, limited有限 in duration持续时间,
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它的能力和时长都是有局限的。
05:21
limited有限 in focus焦点.
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它的聚焦点也有局限。
05:23
We tend趋向 to remember记得 about four things.
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我们一般可以记住四件事情。
05:26
Okay? It used to be seven,
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对吧?以前说是七件,
05:28
but with functional实用 MRIs核磁共振成像, apparently显然地 it's four,
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但用功能性核磁共振成像检测,其实是四件
05:30
and we were overachieving超出预期.
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我们以前是逞强了。
05:32
Now we can remember记得 those four things
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现在我们在大约10到20秒时间内
05:34
for about 10 to 20 seconds
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可以记住四件事,
05:36
unless除非 we do something with it,
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如果我们利用它,
05:38
unless除非 we process处理 it,
unless除非 we apply应用 it to something,
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处理它,应用它,
05:40
unless除非 we talk to somebody about it.
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讨论它。
05:44
When we think about working加工 memory记忆,
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我们谈到短期记忆的时候
05:47
we have to realize实现 that this limited有限 capacity容量
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我们需要意识到它的局限性
05:51
has lots of different不同 impacts影响 on us.
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对我们的影响。
05:53
Have you ever walked from one room房间 to another另一个
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你以前有没有从一个房间走到另个房间
05:56
and then forgotten忘记了 why you're there?
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突然忘了你要干什么?
05:59
You do know the solution to that, right?
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你知道怎么解决这样的事,对吧?
06:01
You go back to that original原版的 room房间. (Laughter笑声)
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你就回到原来的那个房间去想想。(笑声)
06:04
Have you ever forgotten忘记了 your keys按键?
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你曾经忘记过你的钥匙吧?
06:08
You ever forgotten忘记了 your car汽车?
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你曾经忘记过你的车吧?
06:10
You ever forgotten忘记了 your kids孩子?
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你曾经忘记过你的孩子吧?
06:13
Have you ever been involved参与 in a conversation会话,
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你有没有在聊天时,
06:15
and you realize实现 that the conversation会话 to your left
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意识到你左边那人的谈话
06:17
is actually其实 more interesting有趣? (Laughter笑声)
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其实更有趣?(笑声)
06:20
So you're nodding点头 and you're smiling微笑,
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嗯,你在点头,你在笑,
06:22
but you're really paying付款 attention注意
to this one over here,
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你一直很专心地听我讲
06:24
until直到 you hear that last word go up,
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直到你听到我说的最后一个字音调升高,
06:26
and you realize实现,
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你才意识到,
06:28
you've been asked a question. (Laughter笑声)
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我是在问你一个问题。(笑声)
06:31
And you're really hoping希望 the answer回答 is no,
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然后你们希望答案是否定的。
06:33
because that's what you're about to say.
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因为那是你要说的。
06:36
All of that talks会谈 about working加工 memory记忆,
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我们讲的就是这些短期记忆,
06:39
what we can do and what we can't do.
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我们能做什么,不能做什么。
06:41
We need to realize实现 that working加工 memory记忆
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我们必须认识到短期记忆
06:42
has a limited有限 capacity容量,
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的能力是有限的。
06:44
and that working加工 memory记忆 capacity容量 itself本身
is how we negotiate谈判 that.
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短期记忆的能力在于我们怎么平衡它。
06:47
We negotiate谈判 that through通过 strategies策略.
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我们通过一些策略来平衡。
06:49
So what I want to do is talk a little bit
about a couple一对 of strategies策略 here,
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我现在想讲的就是两个策略。
06:52
and these will be really important重要
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这两个确实很重要。
06:53
because you are now in an
information信息 target-rich目标丰富 environment环境
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因为接下来的几天
06:57
for the next下一个 several一些 days.
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你将处在一个信息爆炸的环境里。
06:59
Now the first part部分 of this that we need to think about
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首先我们需要思考
07:02
and we need to process处理 our existence存在, our life,
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我们需要整理我们的体验,
07:05
immediately立即 and repeatedly反复.
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迅速地和反复地。
07:06
We need to process处理 what's going on
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我们需要处理正在发生的事情
07:09
the moment时刻 it happens发生, not 10 minutes分钟 later后来,
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就在当下,而不是十分钟后,
07:12
not a week later后来, at the moment时刻.
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更不是一周后,就在当下。
07:14
So we need to think about, well,
do I agree同意 with him?
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我们需要考虑,嗯,我同意他吗?
07:18
What's missing失踪? What would I like to know?
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不足的地方有那些?我想知道有哪些?
07:20
Do I agree同意 with the assumptions假设?
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我同意这个假设吗?
07:23
How can I apply应用 this in my life?
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我怎么把它用到我这儿?
07:24
It's a way of processing处理 what's going on
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我们就这么处理正在发生的事情
07:26
so that we can use it later后来.
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然后就可以利用它。
07:28
Now we also need to repeat重复 it. We need to practice实践.
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那么,我们还需要重复它,需要实践。
07:31
So we need to think about it here.
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所以需要不断琢磨它。
07:34
In between之间, we want to talk to people about it.
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同时需要和别人谈论它。
07:36
We're going to write it down,
and when you get home,
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回家后还要写下它。
07:39
pull out those notes笔记 and think about them
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然后拿出那些记录,再考虑考虑它。
07:41
and end结束 up practicing over time.
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就这样结束记忆的训练。
07:43
Practice实践 for some reason原因
became成为 a very negative thing.
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为某些原因而重复记忆是一件非常消极的事。
07:46
It's very positive.
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但它其实有非常积极的意义。
07:47
The next下一个 thing is, we need to think elaborativelyelaboratively
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下一件事就是,我们需要考虑如何精练
07:50
and we need to think illustratively说明性.
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和如何阐述我们的记忆。
07:52
Oftentimes通常情况下, we think that we have to relate涉及
new knowledge知识 to prior knowledge知识.
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很多时候,我们将新知识和旧知识联系起来。
07:56
What we want to do is spin that around.
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把它们融会贯通。
07:58
We want to take all of our existence存在
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我们想要把所有我们旧的体验
07:59
and wrap it around that new knowledge知识
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都围绕着新的知识展开,
08:01
and make all of these connections连接
and it becomes more meaningful富有意义的.
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让新旧知识融合在一起使它变得更有意义。
08:05
We also want to use imagery意象.
We are built内置 for images图片.
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我们还需要运用图像。人类对图像天生敏感。
08:08
We need to take advantage优点 of that.
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我们需要利用这一点。
08:10
Think about things in images图片,
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思考图像里面的事实,
08:12
write things down that way.
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把它记下来。
08:14
If you read a book, pull things up.
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如果你在读一本书,从里面提炼出想要的东西。
08:16
I just got through通过 reading "The Great Gatsby盖茨比,"
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我以前通读过《伟大的盖茨比》,
08:18
and I have a perfect完善 idea理念 of what he looks容貌 like
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我很清楚地知道他是怎样的人。
08:21
in my head, so my own拥有 version.
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在我的脑海里,我有我自己的看法。
08:24
The last one is organization组织 and support支持.
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最后一个就是组织和支持。
08:26
We are meaning-making这意味着决策 machines. It's what we do.
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人天生喜欢追寻意义。我们做的也就是这个。
08:28
We try to make meaning含义 out of
everything that happens发生 to us.
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我们努力从任何事情中寻求意义所在。
08:32
Organization组织 helps帮助, so we need to structure结构体
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大脑的组织整理功能帮助我们,所以我们要
08:34
what we're doing in ways方法 that make sense.
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让做的事情更加合情合理。
08:36
If we are providing提供 knowledge知识 and experience经验,
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如果我们提供知识和经验,
08:38
we need to structure结构体 that.
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就需要去构建它。
08:40
And the last one is support支持.
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最后一个是支持。
08:42
We all started开始 as novices新手.
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我们都是从初学者起步的。
08:44
Everything we do is an
approximation近似 of sophistication诡辩.
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我们做的一切都是一点点趋向成熟。
08:47
We should expect期望 it to change更改 over time.
We have to support支持 that.
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这就需要时间使我们成熟起来。我们需要支持体系。
08:50
The support支持 may可能 come in asking people questions问题,
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这个支持体系通过问人们问题,
08:52
giving them a sheet of paper that has
an organizational组织 chart图表 on it
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给他们有表格的纸张,
08:56
or has some guiding主导 images图片,
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或一些提示性图片,
08:58
but we need to support支持 it.
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我们需要这样的支持体系。
09:00
Now, the final最后 piece of this, the take-home带回家 message信息
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现在,最后我要说的就是
09:06
from a working加工 memory记忆 capacity容量 standpoint立场 is this:
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从短期记忆能力的角度来看是这样的:
09:09
what we process处理, we learn学习.
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我们整理思考什么信息,就学习什么。
09:12
If we're not processing处理 life, we're not living活的 it.
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我们不整理思考人生,我们就是行尸走肉。
09:16
Live生活 life. Thank you.
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过好你的人生。谢谢。
09:18
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Lin Piao
Reviewed by Michael Ge 葛叔

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning.

Why you should listen

Peter Doolittle is a professor of educational psychology in the School of Education at Virginia Tech, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research. He teaches classes such as Cognition and Instruction, Constructivism and Education, Multimedia Cognition and College Teaching, but his research mainly focuses on learning in multimedia environments and the role of "working memory."

Doolittle has taught educational psychology around the world. He is the executive editor of the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education and the co-executive editor of the International Journal of ePortfolio.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Doolittle | Speaker | TED.com