TEDGlobal 2013
Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world
Piter Dulitl (Peter Doolittle): Kako vaša radna memorija daje smisao životu
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,,Život nas vrlo brzo zatekne i mi moramo da pretočimo taj protok bezličnih iskustava u smislen oblik." U svom zabavnom, prosvetljujućem govoru, obrazovni psiholog Piter Dulitl iznosi detalje vezane za važnost i ograničenja ,,radne memorije" kod čoveka; tj. dela mozga koji nam omogućava da damo smisao onome što se dešava u datom trenutku.
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professor
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Peter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So yesterday, I was out in the street
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Juče sam izašao na ulicu,
00:14
in front of this building,
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ispred ove zgrade,
00:17
and I was walking down the sidewalk,
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i polako sam koračao po pločniku,
00:20
and I had company, several of us,
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i bio sam u društvu, nas nekoliko
00:22
and we were all abiding by the rules
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i svi smo postupali po pravilima
00:23
of walking down sidewalks.
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koja su nalagala kako se hoda trotoarom.
00:26
We're not talking each other. We're facing forward.
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Ne pričamo jedni s drugima.
Svi gledamo pravo.
Svi gledamo pravo.
00:28
We're moving.
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Krećemo se.
00:29
When the person in front of me slows down.
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Kada odjednom, osoba
ispred mene uspori.
ispred mene uspori.
00:33
And so I'm watching him, and he slows down,
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I ja ga tako posmatram
dok se on sporo kreće
dok se on sporo kreće
00:35
and finally he stops.
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i konačno staje.
00:36
Well, that wasn't fast enough for me,
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Pa, to nije bilo dovoljno
brzo za mene,
brzo za mene,
00:38
so I put on my turn signal, and I walked around him,
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zato signalizujem da ću
da skrenem i da ga prođem
da skrenem i da ga prođem
00:42
and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,
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ali dok sam hodao,
pogledao sam ga da vidim šta radi
pogledao sam ga da vidim šta radi
00:45
and he was doing this.
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a on je radio ovo.
00:47
He was texting,
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Pisao je poruku,
00:49
and he couldn't text and walk at the same time.
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a nije mogao da kuca i hoda
u isto vreme.
u isto vreme.
00:51
Now we could approach this
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Mogli bismo da pristupimo ovom problemu
00:53
from a working memory perspective
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sa tačke gledišta radne memorije
00:55
or from a multitasking perspective.
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ili sa tačke gledišta obavljanja
više stvari istovremeno.
više stvari istovremeno.
00:57
We're going to do working memory today.
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Danas ćemo govoriti
o tački gledišta radne memorije.
o tački gledišta radne memorije.
01:00
Now, working memory
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Naime, radna memorija
01:02
is that part of our consciousness that we are
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je deo naše svesti kojeg smo
01:05
aware of at any given time of day.
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svesni u svakom momentu.
01:07
You're going it right now.
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Mi je i sada pokrećemo.
01:09
It's not something we can turn off.
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To nije nešto što možemo da isključimo.
01:11
If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay?
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Ako je isključimo, onda smo
u stanju koje zovemo koma, u redu?
u stanju koje zovemo koma, u redu?
01:14
So right now, you're doing just fine.
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Tako da smo sada sasvim u redu.
01:17
Now working memory has four basic components.
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Radna memorija ima
4 osnovne komponente.
4 osnovne komponente.
01:19
It allows us to store some immediate experiences
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Omogućava nam da sačuvamo
neka neposredna iskustva
neka neposredna iskustva
01:22
and a little bit of knowledge.
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i malo znanja.
01:24
It allows us to reach back
into our long-term memory
into our long-term memory
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Pomože nam da posegnemo nazad
u naše dugoročno pamćenje
u naše dugoročno pamćenje
01:27
and pull some of that in as we need it,
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i da izvučemo na površinu
ono što nam je neophodno
ono što nam je neophodno
01:29
mixes it, processes it
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meša, obrađuje
01:31
in light of whatever our current goal is.
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u cilju onoga što nam je trenutni cilj.
01:33
Now the current goal isn't something like,
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Trenutni cilj nije nešto poput,
01:35
I want to be president or the best surfer in the world.
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želim da budem predsednk
ili najbolji surfer na svetu.
ili najbolji surfer na svetu.
01:37
It's more mundane. I'd like that cookie,
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U pitanju je naša svakodnevnica.
Voleo bih taj kolač,
Voleo bih taj kolač,
01:40
or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room.
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ili moram da shvatim kako da
uđem u svoju hotelsku sobu.
uđem u svoju hotelsku sobu.
01:43
Now working memory capacity
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Kapacitet radne memorije
01:45
is our ability to leverage that,
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jeste naša sposobnost
da utičemo na to,
da utičemo na to,
01:47
our ability to take what we know
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naša sposobnost
da iskoristimo što znamo
da iskoristimo što znamo
01:50
and what we can hang onto
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i ono za šta smo uvereni da je tako
01:51
and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy
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i da to iskoristimo na načine
koji doprinose
koji doprinose
01:55
our current goal.
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našem trenutnom cilju.
01:57
Now working memory capacity
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Kapacitet radne memorije
01:59
has a fairly long history,
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ima poprilično dugu istoriju
02:01
and it's associated with a lot of positive effects.
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koja je povezana za mnogim
pozitivnim efektima.
pozitivnim efektima.
02:03
People with high working memory capacity
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Ljudi koji imaju visok kapacitet
radne memorije
radne memorije
02:05
tend to be good storytellers.
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imaju tendenciju da budu
dobri pripovedači.
dobri pripovedači.
02:07
They tend to solve and do well
on standardized tests,
on standardized tests,
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Skloni su dobrim rezultatima
na standardizovanim testovima
na standardizovanim testovima
02:11
however important that is.
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koliko god to bilo bitno.
02:14
They're able to have high levels of writing ability.
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Imaju visoko razvijenu
sposobnost pisanja.
sposobnost pisanja.
02:18
They're also able to reason at high levels.
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Takođe su sposobni da rezonuju
na visokim nivoima.
na visokim nivoima.
02:20
So what we're going to do here
is play a little bit with some of that.
is play a little bit with some of that.
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Sada ćemo se malo poigrati
sa tim činjenicama.
sa tim činjenicama.
02:23
So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,
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Zamoliću vas da obavite
nekoliko zadataka,
nekoliko zadataka,
02:26
and we're going to take your
working memory out for a ride.
working memory out for a ride.
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i izvešćemo vašu
radnu memoriju na vožnju.
radnu memoriju na vožnju.
02:29
You up for that? Okay.
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Jeste li spremni?
U redu.
U redu.
02:32
I'm going to give you five words,
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Daću vam 5 reči,
02:34
and I just want you to hang on to them.
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i želim samo da ih zadržite.
02:36
Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.
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Nemojte ih zapisivati.
Samo ih zadržite.
Samo ih zadržite.
02:37
Five words.
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5 reči.
02:39
While you're hanging on to them,
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
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Dok ih zadržavate,
postaviću vam 3 pitanja.
postaviću vam 3 pitanja.
02:42
I want to see what happens with those words.
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Želim da vidim šta se dešava
sa tim rečima.
sa tim rečima.
02:44
So here's the words:
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Pa evo reči:
02:46
tree,
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drvo,
02:49
highway,
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autoput,
02:52
mirror,
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ogledalo,
02:54
Saturn
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Saturn,
02:57
and electrode.
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i ekeltroda.
02:59
So far so good?
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Za sada je dobro.
03:01
Okay. What I want you to do
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U redu. Ono što želim da vi uradite
03:02
is I want you to tell me what the answer is
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jeste da mi kažete koliko je
03:06
to 23 times eight.
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23 x 8.
03:08
Just shout it out.
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Recite na glas.
03:12
(Mumbling) (Laughter)
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(Mrmljanje)
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
03:16
In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter)
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U stvari, to je - (Mrmljanje)
- tačno. (Smeh)
- tačno. (Smeh)
03:18
All right. I want you to take out your left hand
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U redu. Želim da spremite
vašu levu ruku
vašu levu ruku
03:22
and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,
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i želim da brojite: 1, 2, 3,4, 5,
03:24
six, seven, eight, nine, 10."
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6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
03:26
It's a neurological test,
just in case you were wondering.
just in case you were wondering.
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Za one koji su se zapitali zašto,
ovo je neurološki test.
ovo je neurološki test.
03:29
All right, now what I want you to do
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U redu, sada želim da
03:31
is to recite the last five letters
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izrecitujete poslednjih 5 slova
03:33
of the English alphabet backwards.
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engleskog alfabeta unazad.
03:38
You should have started with Z.
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Trebalo bi da ste počeli sa slovom Z.
03:40
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:43
All right. How many people here are still pretty sure
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U redu. Koliko ljudi ovde
je i dalje sigurno
je i dalje sigurno
03:45
you've got all five words?
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da su zapamtili svih 5 reči?
03:48
Okay. Typically we end up with about less than half,
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Ok. Po običaju završimo
sa oko manje od pola,
sa oko manje od pola,
03:51
right, which is normal. There will be a range.
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što je i normalno, zar ne.
Biće tu raspon.
Biće tu raspon.
03:53
Some people can hang on to five.
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Neki ljudi mogu da zapamte do 5 reči.
03:55
Some people can hang on to 10.
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Neki ljudi mogu i do 10.
03:56
Some will be down to two or three.
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Neki i manje, od 2 do 3.
03:58
What we know is this is really important
to the way we function, right?
to the way we function, right?
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Znamo da je ovo vrlo bitno
za shvatanje kako funcionišemo, zar ne?
za shvatanje kako funcionišemo, zar ne?
04:02
And it's going to be really important here at TED
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I to će biti zaista važno ovde na TED-u
04:04
because you're going to be exposed
to so many different ideas.
to so many different ideas.
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jer ćemo biti izloženi
raznoraznim idejama.
raznoraznim idejama.
04:07
Now the problem that we have
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Problem s kojim se susrećemo
04:09
is that life comes at us,
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je život koji nam preti
04:11
and it comes at us very quickly,
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i brzo prolazi,
04:13
and what we need to do is to take that amorphous
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a ono što mi moramo da uradimo
jeste da preuzmemo taj bezoblični
jeste da preuzmemo taj bezoblični
04:17
flow of experience and somehow
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protok iskustva i da na neki način
04:18
extract meaning from it
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izvučemo značenje iz njega
04:20
with a working memory
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koristeći radnu memoriju
04:21
that's about the size of a pea.
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koja je veličine graška.
04:23
Now don't get me wrong,
working memory is awesome.
working memory is awesome.
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Nemojte pogrešno da me shvatite,
radna memorija je fantastična.
radna memorija je fantastična.
04:26
Working memory allows us
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Radna memorija nam omogućava
04:28
to investigate our current experience
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da istražujemo iskustvo
kroz koje trenutno prolazimo
kroz koje trenutno prolazimo
04:30
as we move forward.
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dok se u isto vreme krećemo napred.
04:32
It allows us to make sense of the world around us.
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Pomaže nam da nađemo smisao
u svetu oko nas.
u svetu oko nas.
04:35
But it does have certain limits.
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Ali u određenim granicama.
04:37
Now working memory is great
for allowing us to communicate.
for allowing us to communicate.
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Radna memorija je sjajna jer nam
dozvoljava da komuniciramo.
dozvoljava da komuniciramo.
04:41
We can have a conversation,
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Možemo razgovarati,
04:42
and I can build a narrative around that
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i mogu izgraditi priču na osnovu toga,
04:45
so I know where we've been and where we're going
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tako da znam gde smo bili i kuda idemo
04:47
and how to contribute to this conversation.
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i na koji način mogu
da doprinesem ovom razgovoru.
da doprinesem ovom razgovoru.
04:49
It allows us to problem-solve, critical think.
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Dozvoljava nam da rešavamo probleme,
da razmišljamo kritički.
da razmišljamo kritički.
04:51
We can be in the middle of a meeting,
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Možemo se naći na sred sastanka,
04:53
listen to somebody's presentation, evaluate it,
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slušati prezentaciju, procenjivati je
04:55
decide whether or not we like it,
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odlučivati da li nam se sviđa,
04:57
ask follow-up questions.
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i postavljati propratna pitanja.
04:58
All of that occurs within working memory.
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Sve se ovo dešava
u okviru radne memorije.
u okviru radne memorije.
05:02
It also allows us to go to the store
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Takođe nam omogućava
da odemo do prodavnice
da odemo do prodavnice
05:04
and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese
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i kupimo mleko, jaja i sir,
05:07
when what we're really looking for
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dok smo u stvari u potrazi za
05:09
is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)
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Red Bulom i slaninom.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
05:12
Gotta make sure we're getting what we're looking for.
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Uverimo se da dobijemo
ono što tražimo.
ono što tražimo.
05:15
Now, a central issue with working memory
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Glavni problem u radnoj memoriji
05:18
is that it's limited.
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je činjenica da je ograničena.
05:19
It's limited in capacity, limited in duration,
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Ograničena je u pogledu
kapaciteta i trajanja,
kapaciteta i trajanja,
05:21
limited in focus.
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kao i fokusa.
05:23
We tend to remember about four things.
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Pokušavamo da se setimo 4 stvari.
05:26
Okay? It used to be seven,
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U redu? Pre ih je bilo 7,
05:28
but with functional MRIs, apparently it's four,
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ali uz funkcionalnu magnetnu rezonancu
ih je očigledno 4,
ih je očigledno 4,
05:30
and we were overachieving.
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a mi napredujemo bolje
nego što smo očekivali.
nego što smo očekivali.
05:32
Now we can remember those four things
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Sada možemo da se prisetimo te 4 stvari,
05:34
for about 10 to 20 seconds
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na oko 10 do 20 sekundi,
05:36
unless we do something with it,
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osim ako uradimo nešto sa njima,
05:38
unless we process it,
unless we apply it to something,
unless we apply it to something,
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osim ako ih obradimo, osim ako ih
primenimo na nešto,
primenimo na nešto,
05:40
unless we talk to somebody about it.
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osim ako pričamo nekome o njima.
05:44
When we think about working memory,
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Kada razmislimo o radnoj memoriji,
05:47
we have to realize that this limited capacity
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moramo shvatiti da ova
ograničenost kapaciteta
ograničenost kapaciteta
05:51
has lots of different impacts on us.
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ima mnoštvo raznih uticaja na nas.
05:53
Have you ever walked from one room to another
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Da li ste ikad hodali
od jedne do druge sobe,
od jedne do druge sobe,
05:56
and then forgotten why you're there?
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a potom zaboravili zašto ste došli?
05:59
You do know the solution to that, right?
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Svi već znate kako rešiti
taj problem, zar ne?
taj problem, zar ne?
06:01
You go back to that original room. (Laughter)
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Vratiti se u sobu iz koje ste pošli.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
06:04
Have you ever forgotten your keys?
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Da li ste nekad zaboravili ključeve?
06:08
You ever forgotten your car?
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Da li ste nekad zaboravili auto?
06:10
You ever forgotten your kids?
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Da li ste nekad zaboravili svoju decu?
06:13
Have you ever been involved in a conversation,
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Da li ste ikad učestvovali u razgovoru
06:15
and you realize that the conversation to your left
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samo da biste shvatili da je razgovor
koji je dopirao sa vaše leve strane
koji je dopirao sa vaše leve strane
06:17
is actually more interesting? (Laughter)
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bio u stvari zanimljiviji?
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
06:20
So you're nodding and you're smiling,
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Klimate glavnom i smejete se,
06:22
but you're really paying attention
to this one over here,
to this one over here,
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ali ono na šta zaista obraćate pažnju
se nalazi na drugoj strani,
se nalazi na drugoj strani,
06:24
until you hear that last word go up,
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sve dok se reči ne utišaju,
06:26
and you realize,
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a vi shvatite
06:28
you've been asked a question. (Laughter)
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da vam je neko postavio pitanje.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
06:31
And you're really hoping the answer is no,
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I zapravo se nadate da je
odgovor na pitanje ne,
odgovor na pitanje ne,
06:33
because that's what you're about to say.
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jer je to upravo ono što se
spremate da kažete.
spremate da kažete.
06:36
All of that talks about working memory,
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Svuda se radi o radnoj memoriji,
06:39
what we can do and what we can't do.
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šta možemo uraditi a šta ne.
06:41
We need to realize that working memory
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Moramo shvatiti da radna memorija
06:42
has a limited capacity,
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funkcioniše sa ograničenim kapacitetom
06:44
and that working memory capacity itself
is how we negotiate that.
is how we negotiate that.
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i da je taj kapacitet radne memorije
razlog zbog kog to i zagovaramo.
razlog zbog kog to i zagovaramo.
06:47
We negotiate that through strategies.
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Zagovaramo kroz strategije.
06:49
So what I want to do is talk a little bit
about a couple of strategies here,
about a couple of strategies here,
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Želim da još malo pojasnim
nekoliko strategija u ovom domenu,
nekoliko strategija u ovom domenu,
06:52
and these will be really important
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koje će biti zaista važne
06:53
because you are now in an
information target-rich environment
information target-rich environment
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jer ste sada u okruženju
prepunom informacija,
prepunom informacija,
06:57
for the next several days.
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u sledećih nekoliko dana.
06:59
Now the first part of this that we need to think about
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Prvo što moramo da uradimo
jeste da razmislimo o tome
jeste da razmislimo o tome
07:02
and we need to process our existence, our life,
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i moramo da obradimo
naše postojanje, naš život,
naše postojanje, naš život,
07:05
immediately and repeatedly.
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u ovom trenutku, nekoliko puta.
07:06
We need to process what's going on
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Moramo da shvatimo šta se događa,
07:09
the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later,
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u momentu u kom se događa,
ne 10 minuta kasnije,
ne 10 minuta kasnije,
07:12
not a week later, at the moment.
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ne nedelju dana kasnije,
već u ovom momentu.
već u ovom momentu.
07:14
So we need to think about, well,
do I agree with him?
do I agree with him?
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Dakle moramo da razmislimo o tome,
pa, da li se ja slažem sa njim?
pa, da li se ja slažem sa njim?
07:18
What's missing? What would I like to know?
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Šta nedostaje?
Šta bih još želeo da znam?
Šta bih još želeo da znam?
07:20
Do I agree with the assumptions?
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Da li se slažem sa pretpostavkama?
07:23
How can I apply this in my life?
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Na koji način mogu
da ih primenim na svoj život?
da ih primenim na svoj život?
07:24
It's a way of processing what's going on
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To je način na koji obrađujete
ono što se dešava
ono što se dešava
07:26
so that we can use it later.
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tako da bude korisno za kasnije.
07:28
Now we also need to repeat it. We need to practice.
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Takođe moramo da ponovimo.
Moramo da vežbamo.
Moramo da vežbamo.
07:31
So we need to think about it here.
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Moramo da razmislimo o tome ovde.
07:34
In between, we want to talk to people about it.
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U međuvremenu, želimo
da pričamo sa ljudima o tome.
da pričamo sa ljudima o tome.
07:36
We're going to write it down,
and when you get home,
and when you get home,
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To ćemo i zapisati, a kada dođete kući
07:39
pull out those notes and think about them
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izvucite te beleške i razmislite o njima
07:41
and end up practicing over time.
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i vežbajte s vremena na vreme.
07:43
Practice for some reason
became a very negative thing.
became a very negative thing.
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Vežbanje je iz nekog razloga
postala omražena radnja.
postala omražena radnja.
07:46
It's very positive.
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Ali je vrlo pozitivna.
07:47
The next thing is, we need to think elaboratively
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Sledeće što moramo da uradimo
jeste da razmišljamo
jeste da razmišljamo
07:50
and we need to think illustratively.
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na slikovit način.
07:52
Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
new knowledge to prior knowledge.
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Vrlo često mislimo da moramo
da povežemo novo znanje sa prethodnim.
da povežemo novo znanje sa prethodnim.
07:56
What we want to do is spin that around.
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Ono što želimo da uradimo
je da ga zavrtimo.
je da ga zavrtimo.
07:58
We want to take all of our existence
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Želimo da uzmemo naše postojanje
07:59
and wrap it around that new knowledge
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i ogrnemo ga oko novog znanja
08:01
and make all of these connections
and it becomes more meaningful.
and it becomes more meaningful.
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i na taj način ostvarimo značajnije veze.
08:05
We also want to use imagery.
We are built for images.
We are built for images.
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Takođe želimo i da koristimo slike.
Mi smo stvoreni za slike.
Mi smo stvoreni za slike.
08:08
We need to take advantage of that.
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Moramo to da iskoristimo.
08:10
Think about things in images,
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Razmišljate o stvarima u slikama,
08:12
write things down that way.
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i zapište to onako kako vidite.
08:14
If you read a book, pull things up.
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Ako čitate knjigu,
podignite stvari na viši nivo.
podignite stvari na viši nivo.
08:16
I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby,"
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Upravo sam završio knjigu ,,Veliki Getsbi"
08:18
and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like
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i u glavi imam detaljnu zamisao
njegovog lika,
njegovog lika,
08:21
in my head, so my own version.
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dakle, pričam o svojoj sopstvenoj verziji.
08:24
The last one is organization and support.
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Poslednji korak je organizacija i podrška.
08:26
We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do.
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Mi smo mašine koje traže smisao.
To je ono što mi radimo.
To je ono što mi radimo.
08:28
We try to make meaning out of
everything that happens to us.
everything that happens to us.
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Pokušavamo da damo značenje svemu
što se događa oko nas.
što se događa oko nas.
08:32
Organization helps, so we need to structure
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Organizacija pomaže,
tako da moramo da izgradimo
tako da moramo da izgradimo
08:34
what we're doing in ways that make sense.
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ono što radimo na način da ima smisla.
08:36
If we are providing knowledge and experience,
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Ako pružamo znanje i iskustvo,
08:38
we need to structure that.
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to moramo i da organizujemo.
08:40
And the last one is support.
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I poslednje, podrška.
08:42
We all started as novices.
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Svi smo počeli kao početnici.
08:44
Everything we do is an
approximation of sophistication.
approximation of sophistication.
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Sve što radimo je približavanje
sofisticiranosti.
sofisticiranosti.
08:47
We should expect it to change over time.
We have to support that.
We have to support that.
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Možemo očekivati da se to promeni
vremenom. Moramo to da podržimo.
vremenom. Moramo to da podržimo.
08:50
The support may come in asking people questions,
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Ova podrška može da bude
u vidu postavljanja pitanja,
u vidu postavljanja pitanja,
08:52
giving them a sheet of paper that has
an organizational chart on it
an organizational chart on it
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popunjavanja organizacionih šema
na listu papira,
na listu papira,
08:56
or has some guiding images,
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ili u vodećim slikama,
08:58
but we need to support it.
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ali u svakom slučaju,
to moramo da podržimo.
to moramo da podržimo.
09:00
Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message
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I sad, poslednji deo,
poruka koju nosite kući
poruka koju nosite kući
09:06
from a working memory capacity standpoint is this:
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sa tačke gledišta kapaciteta
radne memorije. Poruka glasi:
radne memorije. Poruka glasi:
09:09
what we process, we learn.
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ono što obradimo, mi i naučimo.
09:12
If we're not processing life, we're not living it.
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Ako nismo sposobni da obradimo život,
onda ga i ne živimo.
onda ga i ne živimo.
09:16
Live life. Thank you.
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Živite život.
Hvala vam.
Hvala vam.
09:18
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Doolittle - Educational psychology professorPeter Doolittle is striving to understand the processes of human learning.
Why you should listen
Peter Doolittle is a professor of educational psychology in the School of Education at Virginia Tech, where he is also the executive director of the Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research. He teaches classes such as Cognition and Instruction, Constructivism and Education, Multimedia Cognition and College Teaching, but his research mainly focuses on learning in multimedia environments and the role of "working memory."
Doolittle has taught educational psychology around the world. He is the executive editor of the International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education and the co-executive editor of the International Journal of ePortfolio.
Peter Doolittle | Speaker | TED.com