TED2016
Adam Grant: The surprising habits of original thinkers
Adam Grant: Originale tænkeres overraskende vaner
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Hvordan kommer originale tænkere på store ideer? Organisationspsykolog Adam Grant studerer "originale" tænkere: Tænkere der kommer på nye ideer og handler for at føre dem ud i livet. I dette oplæg, kan du høre om de tre uventede vaner originaler har - inklusiv at omfavne fiasko. "De største originaler er dem der fejler mest, fordi de forsøger mest", ifølge Grant. "Du har brug for en masse dårlige ideer, for at kunne få et mindre antal gode."
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologist
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seven years ago, a student came to me
and asked me to invest in his company.
and asked me to invest in his company.
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For syv år siden, blev jeg kontaktet af en studerende,
der bad mig investere i hans firma.
der bad mig investere i hans firma.
00:17
He said, "I'm working with three friends,
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Han sagde: "Jeg arbejder med tre venner,
00:19
and we're going to try to disrupt
an industry by selling stuff online."
an industry by selling stuff online."
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og vi vil forsøge at lave "disruption"
indenfor en industri ved at sælge ting online"
indenfor en industri ved at sælge ting online"
00:23
And I said, "OK, you guys spent
the whole summer on this, right?"
the whole summer on this, right?"
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Jeg svarede:
"OK, I har så brugt sommeren på det her?"
"OK, I har så brugt sommeren på det her?"
00:26
"No, we all took internships
just in case it doesn't work out."
just in case it doesn't work out."
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"Nej, vi har været i praktik,
hvis nu det ikke lykkes."
hvis nu det ikke lykkes."
00:29
"All right, but you're going to
go in full time once you graduate."
go in full time once you graduate."
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"Men I har tænkt jer at
arbejde på det fuld tid,
når I er færdiguddannede?"
arbejde på det fuld tid,
når I er færdiguddannede?"
00:33
"Not exactly. We've all
lined up backup jobs."
lined up backup jobs."
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"Nej. Vi har allesammen skaffet os jobs."
00:37
Six months go by,
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Seks måneder går,
00:38
it's the day before the company launches,
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det er dagen før firmaet skal lanceres,
00:40
and there is still
not a functioning website.
not a functioning website.
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og der er stadig ikke
en fungerende hjemmeside.
en fungerende hjemmeside.
00:43
"You guys realize,
the entire company is a website.
the entire company is a website.
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"Altså, I er klar over,
at firmaet er en hjemmeside?
at firmaet er en hjemmeside?
00:45
That's literally all it is."
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Det er bogstaveligt talt
alt det er."
alt det er."
00:48
So I obviously declined to invest.
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Så, af indlysende grunde
afslog jeg at investere.
afslog jeg at investere.
00:53
And they ended up
naming the company Warby Parker.
naming the company Warby Parker.
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Og de endte med
at kalde firmaet Warby Parker.
at kalde firmaet Warby Parker.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
00:57
They sell glasses online.
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De sælger briller online.
01:00
They were recently recognized
as the world's most innovative company
as the world's most innovative company
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De blev for nyligt anerkendt,
som verdens mest innovative firma
som verdens mest innovative firma
01:03
and valued at over a billion dollars.
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og vurderet til over en milliard dollars.
01:05
And now? My wife handles our investments.
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Så nu, er det min kone
der styrer investeringerne.
der styrer investeringerne.
01:10
Why was I so wrong?
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Hvorfor tog jeg så meget fejl?
01:13
To find out, I've been studying people
that I come to call "originals."
that I come to call "originals."
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For at finde svaret, har jeg studeret folk
som jeg kalder "originaler."
som jeg kalder "originaler."
01:17
Originals are nonconformists,
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Originaler er anderledes,
01:19
people who not only have new ideas
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folk der får nye ideer
01:21
but take action to champion them.
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og desuden kæmper for dem.
01:23
They are people
who stand out and speak up.
who stand out and speak up.
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Det er folk,
der skiller sig ud og råber op.
der skiller sig ud og råber op.
01:26
Originals drive creativity
and change in the world.
and change in the world.
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Originaler driver kreativitet
og forandring i verden.
og forandring i verden.
01:29
They're the people you want to bet on.
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De er folkene du vil satse på.
01:31
And they look nothing like I expected.
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Og de er helt anderledes
end jeg forventede.
end jeg forventede.
01:34
I want to show you today
three things I've learned
three things I've learned
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I dag vil jeg vise jer
tre ting jeg har lært
tre ting jeg har lært
01:37
about recognizing originals
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om genkendelse af originaler
01:39
and becoming a little bit more like them.
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og hvordan man bliver lidt mere som dem.
01:42
So the first reason
that I passed on Warby Parker
that I passed on Warby Parker
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Første grund
til at jeg afslog Warby Parker var
til at jeg afslog Warby Parker var
01:45
was they were really slow
getting off the ground.
getting off the ground.
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at de var lang tid
om at komme i luften.
om at komme i luften.
01:49
Now, you are all intimately familiar
with the mind of a procrastinator.
with the mind of a procrastinator.
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I kender alle indgående
mentaliteten hos en overspringsperson.
mentaliteten hos en overspringsperson.
01:54
Well, I have a confession for you.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
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Og jeg har en indrømmelse til jer.
Jeg er modsætningen.
En forspringsperson.
Jeg er modsætningen.
En forspringsperson.
02:00
Yes, that's an actual term.
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Ja, betegnelsen findes.
02:01
You know that panic you feel
a few hours before a big deadline
a few hours before a big deadline
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Kender du panikken, du føler
få timer inden en stor deadline,
få timer inden en stor deadline,
02:04
when you haven't done anything yet.
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når du ikke har lavet noget endnu.
02:06
I just feel that
a few months ahead of time.
a few months ahead of time.
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Den følelse får jeg,
bare et par måneder i forvejen.
bare et par måneder i forvejen.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:11
So this started early: when I was a kid,
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
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Det begyndte tidligt; da jeg var barn,
tog jeg Nintendo spil meget seriøst.
tog jeg Nintendo spil meget seriøst.
02:18
I would wake up at 5am,
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Jeg vågnede klokken fem,
02:20
start playing and not stop
until I had mastered them.
until I had mastered them.
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gik i gang med at spille non-stop
indtil jeg mestrede spillene.
indtil jeg mestrede spillene.
02:24
Eventually it got so out of hand
that a local newspaper came
that a local newspaper came
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Efterhånden kom det så langt ud
at en lokalavis kom forbi
at en lokalavis kom forbi
02:27
and did a story on the dark side
of Nintendo, starring me.
of Nintendo, starring me.
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og lavede en historie om bagsiden
af Nintendo,
med mig som stjernen.
af Nintendo,
med mig som stjernen.
02:31
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:34
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
02:41
Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.
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Siden da, har jeg byttet hår for tænder.
02:44
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:49
But this served me well in college,
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Men det gavnede mig på universitet,
02:52
because I finished my senior thesis
four months before the deadline.
four months before the deadline.
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fordi jeg færdiggjorde min afgangsopgave
fire måneder inden deadline.
fire måneder inden deadline.
02:58
And I was proud of that,
until a few years ago.
until a few years ago.
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Og det var jeg stolt af,
indtil for et par år siden.
indtil for et par år siden.
03:01
I had a student named Jihae,
who came to me and said,
who came to me and said,
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Jeg havde en studerende, der hed Jihae,
som kom til mig og sagde,
som kom til mig og sagde,
03:05
"I have my most creative ideas
when I'm procrastinating."
when I'm procrastinating."
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"Jeg får mine mest kreative ideer
når jeg laver overspringshandlinger."
når jeg laver overspringshandlinger."
03:09
And I was like, "That's cute,
where are the four papers you owe me?"
where are the four papers you owe me?"
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Min reaktion var: "Det er da sødt,
hvad med de fire opgaver du skylder mig?"
hvad med de fire opgaver du skylder mig?"
03:12
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
03:13
No, she was one
of our most creative students,
of our most creative students,
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Nej, hun var en af vores
mest kreative studerende,
mest kreative studerende,
03:15
and as an organizational psychologist,
this is the kind of idea that I test.
this is the kind of idea that I test.
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og som organisationspsykolog,
er det den slags ideer, jeg tester.
er det den slags ideer, jeg tester.
03:20
So I challenged her to get some data.
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Så jeg udfordrede hende
til at skaffe data.
til at skaffe data.
03:22
She goes into a bunch of companies.
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Hun undersøger en bunke firmaer.
03:23
She has people fill out surveys
about how often they procrastinate.
about how often they procrastinate.
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Får folk til at udfylde spørgeskemaer
om hvor ofte de laver overspring.
om hvor ofte de laver overspring.
03:27
Then she gets their bosses to rate
how creative and innovative they are.
how creative and innovative they are.
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Og får cheferne til at vurdere
hvor kreative og innovative de er.
hvor kreative og innovative de er.
03:31
And sure enough,
the precrastinators like me,
the precrastinators like me,
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Og ganske rigtigt,
forspringspersonerne som mig,
forspringspersonerne som mig,
03:33
who rush in and do everything early
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som skynder sig at lave alt tidligt
03:35
are rated as less creative
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bliver vurderet som mindre kreative,
03:37
than people who procrastinate moderately.
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end folk der laver overspringshandlinger
i moderat omfang.
i moderat omfang.
03:40
So I want to know what happens
to the chronic procrastinators.
to the chronic procrastinators.
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Så ville jeg vide, hvad der sker
med de kroniske overspringspersoner.
med de kroniske overspringspersoner.
03:43
She was like, "I don't know.
They didn't fill out my survey."
They didn't fill out my survey."
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Hun svarede "Det ved jeg ikke.
De udfyldte ikke mine spørgeskemaer."
De udfyldte ikke mine spørgeskemaer."
03:46
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
03:49
No, here are our results.
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Nej, her er vores resultater.
03:51
You actually do see that the people
who wait until the last minute
who wait until the last minute
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Du ser rent faktisk,
at folk der venter til sidste minut
at folk der venter til sidste minut
03:55
are so busy goofing off
that they don't have any new ideas.
that they don't have any new ideas.
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har så travlt med at lave ingenting,
at de ikke har nogen nye ideer.
at de ikke har nogen nye ideer.
04:00
And on the flip side,
the people who race in
the people who race in
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Og modsat,
folkene der går i gang med det samme
folkene der går i gang med det samme
04:03
are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they
don't have original thoughts either.
don't have original thoughts either.
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er i en så oppisket, angst stemning,
at de heller ikke har originale tanker.
at de heller ikke har originale tanker.
04:09
There's a sweet spot
where originals seem to live.
where originals seem to live.
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Der er et gyldent midterpunkt,
hvor originalerne lader til at bo.
hvor originalerne lader til at bo.
04:13
Why is this?
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Og hvorfor det?
04:15
Maybe original people
just have bad work habits.
just have bad work habits.
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Måske har originalerne bare
dårlige arbejdsvaner.
dårlige arbejdsvaner.
04:18
Maybe procrastinating
does not cause creativity.
does not cause creativity.
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Måske skaber overspringshandlinger
ikke kreativitet.
ikke kreativitet.
04:22
To find out, we designed some experiments.
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For at få svaret,
skabte vi nogle eksperimenter.
skabte vi nogle eksperimenter.
04:25
We asked people
to generate new business ideas,
to generate new business ideas,
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Vi bad folk
om at generere nye forretningsideer,
om at generere nye forretningsideer,
04:28
and then we get independent readers
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og så fik vi uafhængige læsere
04:30
to evaluate how creative
and useful they are.
and useful they are.
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til at evaluere hvor kreative
og brugbare de var.
og brugbare de var.
04:33
And some of them are asked
to do the task right away.
to do the task right away.
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Og nogen af dem bedes om
at løse opgaven med det samme.
at løse opgaven med det samme.
04:36
Others we randomly assign
to procrastinate
to procrastinate
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Andre blev vilkårligt tildelt
at lave overspringshandlinger,
at lave overspringshandlinger,
04:39
by dangling Minesweeper in front of them
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ved at lokke dem med Minesweeper
04:41
for either five or 10 minutes.
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i enten fem eller ti minutter.
04:43
And sure enough,
the moderate procrastinators
the moderate procrastinators
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Og som forventet,
er de moderate overspringspersoner
er de moderate overspringspersoner
04:47
are 16 percent more creative
than the other two groups.
than the other two groups.
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16 procent mere kreative
end de to andre grupper.
end de to andre grupper.
04:51
Now, Minesweeper is awesome,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
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Altså, Minesweeper er fantastisk,
men det er ikke kraften bag effekten,
men det er ikke kraften bag effekten,
04:54
because if you play the game first
before you learn about the task,
before you learn about the task,
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for spiller du spillet først
inden du kender opgaven,
inden du kender opgaven,
04:58
there's no creativity boost.
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styrker det ikke kreativiteten.
04:59
It's only when you're told that you're
going to be working on this problem,
going to be working on this problem,
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Det er først når du ved at du
skal arbejde på problemet,
skal arbejde på problemet,
05:03
and then you start procrastinating,
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og du starter med
overspringshandlingerne,
overspringshandlingerne,
05:04
but the task is still active
in the back of your mind,
in the back of your mind,
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stadig med opgaven aktiv i baghovedet,
05:07
that you start to incubate.
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at du begynder at ruge på ideerne.
05:09
Procrastination gives you time
to consider divergent ideas,
to consider divergent ideas,
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Overspringshandlingerne giver dig tid
til at overveje divergerende ideer,
til at overveje divergerende ideer,
05:12
to think in nonlinear ways,
to make unexpected leaps.
to make unexpected leaps.
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til at tænke ikke-lineært,
til at lave uventede spring.
til at lave uventede spring.
05:16
So just as we were finishing
these experiments,
these experiments,
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Så samtidig med at vi
afsluttede eksperimenterne,
afsluttede eksperimenterne,
05:18
I was starting to write
a book about originals,
a book about originals,
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startede jeg på at skrive
en bog om originaler,
en bog om originaler,
05:21
and I thought, "This is the perfect time
to teach myself to procrastinate,
to teach myself to procrastinate,
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og jeg tænkte: "Det er det perfekte tidspunkt
til at lære mig selv at overspringe,
til at lære mig selv at overspringe,
05:26
while writing a chapter
on procrastination."
on procrastination."
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imens jeg skriver på et kapitel
om overspringning."
om overspringning."
05:28
So I metaprocrastinated,
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Så jeg meta-oversprangshandlede,
05:32
and like any self-respecting
precrastinator,
precrastinator,
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og som enhver anden forspringsperson
med respekt for dig selv,
med respekt for dig selv,
05:35
I woke up early the next morning
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vågnede jeg tidligt næste morgen
05:37
and I made a to-do list
with steps on how to procrastinate.
with steps on how to procrastinate.
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og jeg lavede en to-do liste
med overspringshandlinger.
med overspringshandlinger.
05:39
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:43
And then I worked diligently
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Og så arbejdede jeg flittigt
05:47
toward my goal of not making
progress toward my goal.
progress toward my goal.
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på at nå mit mål
om ikke at nå mit mål.
om ikke at nå mit mål.
05:52
I started writing
the procrastination chapter,
the procrastination chapter,
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Jeg påbegyndte kapitlet
om overspringshandlinger,
om overspringshandlinger,
05:54
and one day -- I was halfway through --
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og en dag - jeg var halvvejs igennem det -
05:56
I literally put it away in mid-sentence
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lagde jeg det bogstaveligt talt fra mig
midt i en sætning
midt i en sætning
05:58
for months.
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i månedsvis.
05:59
It was agony.
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Det var en pinsel.
06:02
But when I came back to it,
I had all sorts of new ideas.
I had all sorts of new ideas.
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Men da jeg vendte tilbage til det,
havde jeg alle mulige nye ideer.
havde jeg alle mulige nye ideer.
06:06
As Aaron Sorkin put it,
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Som formuleret af Aaron Sorking,
06:07
"You call it procrastinating.
I call it thinking."
I call it thinking."
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"Du kalder det for overspring.
Jeg kalder det at tænke."
Jeg kalder det at tænke."
06:12
And along the way I discovered
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Og undervejs opdagede jeg
06:13
that a lot of great originals
in history were procrastinators.
in history were procrastinators.
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at en masse store originaler
gennem historien var overspringspersoner.
gennem historien var overspringspersoner.
06:17
Take Leonardo da Vinci.
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Som Leonardo da Vinci for eksempel.
06:19
He toiled on and off for 16 years
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Han arbejdede on og off i 16 år
06:23
on the Mona Lisa.
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på Mona Lisa.
06:24
He felt like a failure.
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Han følte sig som en fiasko.
06:26
He wrote as much in his journal.
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Det skrev han direkte i sin dagbog.
06:30
But some of the diversions
he took in optics
he took in optics
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Men nogle af sidespringene
han lavede indenfor optik
han lavede indenfor optik
06:32
transformed the way that he modeled light
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forvandlede måden han modelerede lys på
06:34
and made him into a much better painter.
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og gjorde ham til en meget bedre maler.
06:37
What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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Hvad med Martin Luther King, Jr.?
06:40
The night before
the biggest speech of his life,
the biggest speech of his life,
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Natten før den største tale
i hans liv,
i hans liv,
06:42
the March on Washington,
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borgerretttighedsmarchen
mod Washington,
mod Washington,
06:44
he was up past 3am, rewriting it.
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sad han oppe og omskrev til efter tre.
06:46
He's sitting in the audience
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
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Han sidder blandt publikum
og venter på at tale på scenen,
og venter på at tale på scenen,
06:50
and he is still scribbling notes
and crossing out lines.
and crossing out lines.
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og stadig skriver han noter
og streger sætninger ud.
og streger sætninger ud.
06:54
When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,
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Da han er på scenen, 11 minutter inde,
06:56
he leaves his prepared remarks
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afviger han fra sine forberedte kommentarer
06:58
to utter four words
that changed the course of history:
that changed the course of history:
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for at udtale fire ord,
der ændrede historiens gang.
der ændrede historiens gang.
07:01
"I have a dream."
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"Jeg har en drøm."
07:04
That was not in the script.
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Det stod ikke i manuskriptet.
07:07
By delaying the task of finalizing
the speech until the very last minute,
the speech until the very last minute,
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Ved at udskyde opgaven med at afslutte
talen til sidste øjeblik,
talen til sidste øjeblik,
07:11
he left himself open
to the widest range of possible ideas.
to the widest range of possible ideas.
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lod han sig selv være åben
over for flest mulige ideer.
over for flest mulige ideer.
07:15
And because the text wasn't set in stone,
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Og fordi talen ikke var skrevet i sten,
07:17
he had freedom to improvise.
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havde han frihed til at improvisere.
07:20
Procrastinating is a vice
when it comes to productivity,
when it comes to productivity,
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At overspringe er en synd
når det kommer til produktivitet,
når det kommer til produktivitet,
07:23
but it can be a virtue for creativity.
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men det kan være en dyd for kreativitet.
07:27
What you see with a lot of great originals
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Det du ser med en masse store originaler
07:29
is that they are quick to start
but they're slow to finish.
but they're slow to finish.
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er at de er hurtige til at starte
men de er langsomme til at afslutte.
men de er langsomme til at afslutte.
07:33
And this is what I missed
with Warby Parker.
with Warby Parker.
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Og det var det jeg overså
med Warby Parker.
med Warby Parker.
07:35
When they were dragging
their heels for six months,
their heels for six months,
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Da de sneglede sig frem
i seks måneder,
i seks måneder,
07:38
I looked at them and said,
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så jeg på dem og sagde,
07:40
"You know, a lot of other companies
are starting to sell glasses online."
are starting to sell glasses online."
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"Altså, en masse andre firmaer
er begyndt at sælge briller online."
er begyndt at sælge briller online."
07:43
They missed the first-mover advantage.
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De gik glip af first mover fordelen.
07:46
But what I didn't realize was
they were spending all that time
they were spending all that time
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Men det jeg ikke indså var
at de brugte al den tid
at de brugte al den tid
07:49
trying to figure out how to get people
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på at finde ud af at hvordan man fik folk
07:51
to be comfortable ordering glasses online.
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til at være trygge med at bestille briller online.
07:53
And it turns out the first-mover
advantage is mostly a myth.
advantage is mostly a myth.
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Og det viser sig at first mover fordelen
mest er en myte.
mest er en myte.
07:56
Look at a classic study
of over 50 product categories,
of over 50 product categories,
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Tag en klassisk undersøgelse
af over 50 produktkategorier,
af over 50 produktkategorier,
07:59
comparing the first movers
who created the market
who created the market
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der sammenligner first movere
der skabte markedet,
der skabte markedet,
08:02
with the improvers who introduced
something different and better.
something different and better.
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med dem der forbedrede og introducerede
noget anderledes og bedre.
noget anderledes og bedre.
08:06
What you see is that the first movers
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
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Det du ser er at first moverne
havde en fiasko rate på 47 procent,
havde en fiasko rate på 47 procent,
08:10
compared with only 8 percent
for the improvers.
for the improvers.
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sammenlignet med kun otte procent
for dem der forbedrede.
for dem der forbedrede.
08:15
Look at Facebook,
waiting to build a social network
waiting to build a social network
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Tag Facebook,
der ventede med at bygge et socialt netværk
der ventede med at bygge et socialt netværk
08:17
until after Myspace and Friendster.
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til efter Myspace og Friendster.
08:21
Look at Google, waiting for years
after Altavista and Yahoo.
after Altavista and Yahoo.
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Tag Google, der ventede i årevis
efter Altavista og Yahoo.
efter Altavista og Yahoo.
08:24
It's much easier to improve
on somebody else's idea
on somebody else's idea
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Det er langt lettere at forbedre
en andens ide
en andens ide
08:27
than it is to create
something new from scratch.
something new from scratch.
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end det er at skabe
noget nyt fra bunden.
noget nyt fra bunden.
08:30
So the lesson I learned is that
to be original you don't have to be first.
to be original you don't have to be first.
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Så lektien jeg har lært er at
for at være original behøver du ikke være først.
for at være original behøver du ikke være først.
08:35
You just have to be different and better.
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Du skal bare være anderledes og bedre.
08:38
But that wasn't the only reason
I passed on Warby Parker.
I passed on Warby Parker.
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Men det var ikke den eneste grund
til at jeg droppede Warby Parker.
til at jeg droppede Warby Parker.
08:41
They were also full of doubts.
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De var også fulde af tvivl.
08:43
They had backup plans lined up,
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De havde backup planer,
08:45
and that made me doubt
that they had the courage to be original,
that they had the courage to be original,
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og det fik mig til at tvivle
på om de turde være originale,
på om de turde være originale,
08:49
because I expected that originals
would look something like this.
would look something like this.
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fordi jeg forventede at originaler
skulle se nogenlunde sådan her ud.
skulle se nogenlunde sådan her ud.
08:55
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:58
Now, on the surface,
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Altså. på overfladen,
09:00
a lot of original people look confident,
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virker en masse originaler selvsikre,
09:02
but behind the scenes,
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men bag facaden,
09:03
they feel the same fear and doubt
that the rest of us do.
that the rest of us do.
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føler de samme frygt og tvivl
som resten af os.
som resten af os.
09:06
They just manage it differently.
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De håndterer det bare anderledes.
09:08
Let me show you: this is a depiction
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Lad mig vise et eksempel.
Dette er en illustration
Dette er en illustration
09:10
of how the creative process
works for most of us.
works for most of us.
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af hvordan den kreative process
fungere for de fleste af os.
fungere for de fleste af os.
09:16
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
09:20
Now, in my research, I discovered
there are two different kinds of doubt.
there are two different kinds of doubt.
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Igennem min forskning opdagede jeg,
at der er to forskellige typer tvivl.
at der er to forskellige typer tvivl.
09:23
There's self-doubt and idea doubt.
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Der er selvtvivl og ide-tvivl.
09:25
Self-doubt is paralyzing.
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Selvtvivl er lammende.
09:26
It leads you to freeze.
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Den får dig til at forstene.
09:28
But idea doubt is energizing.
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Men ide-tvivl skaber energi.
09:30
It motivates you to test,
to experiment, to refine,
to experiment, to refine,
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Den motiverer dig til at teste,
eksperimentere, raffinere,
eksperimentere, raffinere,
09:33
just like MLK did.
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præcis som MLK gjorde.
09:35
And so the key to being original
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og derved er nøglen til originalitet
09:38
is just a simple thing
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blot et simpelt skridt,
09:40
of avoiding the leap
from step three to step four.
from step three to step four.
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at undgå springet
fra trin tre til fire.
fra trin tre til fire.
09:43
Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"
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I stedet for at sige, "Jeg stinker",
09:45
you say, "The first few drafts
are always crap,
are always crap,
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siger du,
"De første skitser stinker altid,
"De første skitser stinker altid,
09:48
and I'm just not there yet."
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1400
og jeg er bare ikke i mål endnu."
09:50
So how do you get there?
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Hvordan når du så dertil?
09:52
Well, there's a clue, it turns out,
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Det viser sig, at der er en ledetråd,
09:54
in the Internet browser that you use.
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i internet browseren du bruger.
09:57
We can predict your job performance
and your commitment
and your commitment
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Vi kan forudsige din præstation på jobbet
og din forpligtelse
og din forpligtelse
09:59
just by knowing what web browser you use.
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2840
kun ud fra at vide hvilken web browser
du bruger.
du bruger.
10:03
Now, some of you are not
going to like the results of this study --
going to like the results of this study --
198
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3176
Og nogen af jer vil ikke kunne lide
resultaterne af undersøgelsen.
resultaterne af undersøgelsen.
10:06
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
10:08
But there is good evidence
that Firefox and Chrome users
that Firefox and Chrome users
200
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Men der er gode beviser for
af Firefox og Chrome brugere
af Firefox og Chrome brugere
10:11
significantly outperform
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
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klart overgår
Internet Explorer og Safari brugere.
Internet Explorer og Safari brugere.
10:15
Yes.
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Ja.
10:17
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
10:19
They also stay in their jobs
15 percent longer, by the way.
15 percent longer, by the way.
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De bliver forresten også i deres job
15 procent længere.
15 procent længere.
10:23
Why? It's not a technical advantage.
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Hvorfor? Det er ikke en teknisk fordel.
10:25
The four browser groups
on average have similar typing speed
on average have similar typing speed
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De fire browser grupper
har i gennemsnit ens tastehastighed
har i gennemsnit ens tastehastighed
10:28
and they also have similar levels
of computer knowledge.
of computer knowledge.
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og de har også samme niveau
af computerfærdigheder.
af computerfærdigheder.
10:31
It's about how you got the browser.
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Det handler om hvordan du fik browseren.
10:34
Because if you use
Internet Explorer or Safari,
Internet Explorer or Safari,
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Bruger du Internet Explorer eller Safari,
10:36
those came preinstalled on your computer,
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2536
var de forinstallerede på din computer,
10:39
and you accepted the default option
that was handed to you.
that was handed to you.
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og du accepterede standardvalget
givet dig.
givet dig.
10:42
If you wanted Firefox or Chrome,
you had to doubt the default
you had to doubt the default
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Ville du have Firefox eller Chrome,
måtte du tvivle på forinstalleringen
måtte du tvivle på forinstalleringen
10:45
and ask, is there
a different option out there,
a different option out there,
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og spørge, er der et andet valg derude,
10:47
and then be a little resourceful
and download a new browser.
and download a new browser.
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2960
og så være lidt ressourcestærk
og downloade en ny browser.
og downloade en ny browser.
10:51
So people hear about this study
and they're like,
and they're like,
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Folk hører så om undersøgelsen
og tænker,
og tænker,
10:54
"Great, if I want to get better at my job,
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
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"Super, hvis jeg vil blive bedre til mit job,
skal jeg bare opgraderer min browser?"
skal jeg bare opgraderer min browser?"
10:57
(Laughter)
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1016
(Latter)
10:58
No, it's about being the kind of person
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Nej, det handler om at være typen,
11:01
who takes the initiative
to doubt the default
to doubt the default
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der tager initiativet
til at tvivle på standardindstillingen
til at tvivle på standardindstillingen
11:03
and look for a better option.
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2136
og se efter et bedre valg.
11:05
And if you do that well,
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Og gør du så det,
11:07
you will open yourself up
to the opposite of déjà vu.
to the opposite of déjà vu.
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så åbner du op
for det modsatte at déja vu.
for det modsatte at déja vu.
11:10
There's a name for it.
It's called vuja de.
It's called vuja de.
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Det kalder man vuja de.
11:13
(Laughter)
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2000
(Latter)
11:16
Vuja de is when you look at something
you've seen many times before
you've seen many times before
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Vuja de, er når du ser på noget
du har set mange gange før
du har set mange gange før
11:20
and all of a sudden
see it with fresh eyes.
see it with fresh eyes.
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og pludselig
ser det med friske øjne.
ser det med friske øjne.
11:23
It's a screenwriter
who looks at a movie script
who looks at a movie script
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671920
2616
Det er tekstforfatteren,
der ser på et filmmanuskript,
der ser på et filmmanuskript,
11:26
that can't get the green light
for more than half a century.
for more than half a century.
228
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2976
der ikke er blevet godkendt
i mere end et halvt århundrede.
i mere end et halvt århundrede.
11:29
In every past version,
the main character has been an evil queen.
the main character has been an evil queen.
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I alle tidligere udgaver,
har hovedpersonen være en ond dronning.
har hovedpersonen være en ond dronning.
11:34
But Jennifer Lee starts to question
whether that makes sense.
whether that makes sense.
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3136
Men Jennifer Lee begynder
at stille spørgsmålstegn ved logikken i det.
at stille spørgsmålstegn ved logikken i det.
11:37
She rewrites the first act,
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1456
Hun omskriver første akt,
11:38
reinvents the villain as a tortured hero
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2616
genopfinder skurken som en plaget helt
11:41
and Frozen becomes
the most successful animated movie ever.
the most successful animated movie ever.
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og Frozen bliver den mest successfulde
animerede film nogensinde.
animerede film nogensinde.
11:45
So there's a simple message
from this story.
from this story.
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2096
Der er et simpelt budskab i
i denne historie.
i denne historie.
11:47
When you feel doubt, don't let it go.
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2600
Når du er i tvivl, så lad det ske.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
11:53
What about fear?
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Hvad med frygt?
11:55
Originals feel fear, too.
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1920
Originaler føler også frygt.
11:57
They're afraid of failing,
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1856
De er bange for at fejle,
11:59
but what sets them apart
from the rest of us
from the rest of us
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men det der adskiller dem
fra os andre,
fra os andre,
12:01
is that they're even more
afraid of failing to try.
afraid of failing to try.
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er at de frygter,
ikke at forsøge endnu mere.
ikke at forsøge endnu mere.
12:04
They know you can fail
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
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De ved, du kan fejle
ved at startet et firma der går fallit,
ved at startet et firma der går fallit,
12:07
or by failing to start a business at all.
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eller ved slet ikke at starte et firma.
12:10
They know that in the long run,
our biggest regrets are not our actions
our biggest regrets are not our actions
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3536
De ved at i det lange løb,
er det ikke vores handlinger vi fortryder,
er det ikke vores handlinger vi fortryder,
12:14
but our inactions.
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men gangene vi ikke handlede.
12:15
The things we wish we could redo,
if you look at the science,
if you look at the science,
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Det vi ønsker vi kunne gøre om,
hvis du ser på videnskaben,
hvis du ser på videnskaben,
12:18
are the chances not taken.
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er chancerne der ikke blev taget.
12:21
Elon Musk told me recently,
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
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Elon Musk fortalte mig for nyligt,
han ikke regnede med at Tesla ville lykkes.
han ikke regnede med at Tesla ville lykkes.
12:25
He was sure the first few SpaceX launches
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Han var sikker på at SpaceXs
første opsendelser
første opsendelser
12:28
would fail to make it to orbit,
let alone get back,
let alone get back,
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ikke vil nå i omløb,
eller overhovedet nå tilbage,
eller overhovedet nå tilbage,
12:31
but it was too important not to try.
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2200
men det var for vigtigt til ikke at forsøge.
12:34
And for so many of us,
when we have an important idea,
when we have an important idea,
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2536
Og som for så mange af os,
når vi har en vigtig ide,
når vi har en vigtig ide,
12:36
we don't bother to try.
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forsøger vi ikke engang.
12:38
But I have some good news for you.
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Men der er godt nyt.
12:41
You are not going to get judged
on your bad ideas.
on your bad ideas.
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2576
Du vil ikke blive bedømt
på dine dårlige ideer.
på dine dårlige ideer.
12:43
A lot of people think they will.
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1616
Det tror mange.
12:45
If you look across industries
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Hvis du kigger på forskellige brancher
12:46
and ask people about their biggest idea,
their most important suggestion,
their most important suggestion,
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og spørger folk om deres største ideer,
deres vigtigste forslag.
deres vigtigste forslag.
12:50
85 percent of them stayed silent
instead of speaking up.
instead of speaking up.
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Så sagde 85 procent ikke noget.
12:55
They were afraid of embarrassing
themselves, of looking stupid.
themselves, of looking stupid.
260
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3416
De var bange for at gøre sig til grin,
for at se dumme ud.
for at se dumme ud.
12:58
But guess what? Originals
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
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3416
Men ved I hvad? Originaler
får masser af dårlige ideer,
får masser af dårlige ideer,
13:02
tons of them, in fact.
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tonsvis, faktisk.
13:04
Take the guy who invented this.
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Tag nu for eksempel fyren
der opfandt den her.
der opfandt den her.
13:07
Do you care that he came up
with a talking doll so creepy
with a talking doll so creepy
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Tager I jer af at han opfandt
en talende dukke, så uhyggelig
en talende dukke, så uhyggelig
13:10
that it scared not only kids
but adults, too?
but adults, too?
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2400
at den skræmte både børn og voksne?
13:13
No. You celebrate Thomas Edison
for pioneering the light bulb.
for pioneering the light bulb.
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4336
Nej. I hædrer Thomas Edison
for opfindelsen af lyspæren.
for opfindelsen af lyspæren.
13:18
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
13:20
If you look across fields,
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2416
Ser vi på tværs af brancher,
13:23
the greatest originals
are the ones who fail the most,
are the ones who fail the most,
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er de største originaler
dem der fejlede mest,
dem der fejlede mest,
13:26
because they're the ones who try the most.
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fordi de også forsøgte mest.
13:28
Take classical composers,
the best of the best.
the best of the best.
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Tag for eksempel klassiske komponister,
de bedste af de bedste.
de bedste af de bedste.
13:31
Why do some of them get more pages
in encyclopedias than others
in encyclopedias than others
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Hvorfor får nogle af dem flere sider
i leksikonerne end andre
i leksikonerne end andre
13:34
and also have their compositions
rerecorded more times?
rerecorded more times?
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og får deres kompositioner
genindspillet oftere?
genindspillet oftere?
13:38
One of the best predictors
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En af de bedste indikatorer
13:39
is the sheer volume
of compositions that they generate.
of compositions that they generate.
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er antallet af kompositioner
de har genereret.
de har genereret.
13:43
The more output you churn out,
the more variety you get
the more variety you get
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Jo mere du producerer,
jo mere variation får du
jo mere variation får du
13:46
and the better your chances
of stumbling on something truly original.
of stumbling on something truly original.
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og jo bedre er dine chancer
for at falde over noget helt originalt.
for at falde over noget helt originalt.
13:50
Even the three icons of classical music --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
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Selv de tre ikoner indenfor klassisk musik -
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart -
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart -
13:54
had to generate hundreds
and hundreds of compositions
and hundreds of compositions
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måtte generere flere hundreder
af kompositioner
af kompositioner
13:57
to come up with a much smaller
number of masterpieces.
number of masterpieces.
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for at skabe et meget mindre antal
mesterstykker.
mesterstykker.
14:01
Now, you may be wondering,
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Og så undrer du dig måske,
14:03
how did this guy become great
without doing a whole lot?
without doing a whole lot?
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hvordan blev den der fyr stor
uden at lave specielt meget?
uden at lave specielt meget?
14:07
I don't know how Wagner pulled that off.
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Jeg ved ikke hvordan Wagner
slap afsted med det.
slap afsted med det.
14:10
But for most of us,
if we want to be more original,
if we want to be more original,
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Men for de fleste af os,
hvis vi vil være mere originale,
hvis vi vil være mere originale,
14:13
we have to generate more ideas.
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bliver vi nødt til at generere flere ideer.
14:16
The Warby Parker founders, when they
were trying to name their company,
were trying to name their company,
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Da grundlæggerne af Warby Parker
skulle navngive deres firma,
skulle navngive deres firma,
14:20
they needed something sophisticated,
unique, with no negative associations
unique, with no negative associations
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havde de brug for noget sofistikeret,
unikt, uden negative associationer
unikt, uden negative associationer
14:23
to build a retail brand,
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til at bygge deres forhandler brand,
14:25
and they tested over 2,000 possibilities
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og de testede over 2000 muligheder
14:27
before they finally put together
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inden de endelig satte
14:29
Warby and Parker.
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Warby og Parker sammen.
14:32
So if you put all this together,
what you see is that originals
what you see is that originals
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Så lægger du alt dette sammen,
vil du se at originaler
vil du se at originaler
14:35
are not that different
from the rest of us.
from the rest of us.
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ikke er så anderledes
end resten af os.
end resten af os.
14:37
They feel fear and doubt.
They procrastinate.
They procrastinate.
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De føler frygt og tvivl.
De overspringer.
De overspringer.
14:40
They have bad ideas.
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De får dårlige ideer.
14:42
And sometimes, it's not in spite
of those qualities but because of them
of those qualities but because of them
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Og til tider, er det ikke til trods
for de kvaliteter men på grund af dem
for de kvaliteter men på grund af dem
14:46
that they succeed.
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at de lykkes.
14:48
So when you see those things,
don't make the same mistake I did.
don't make the same mistake I did.
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Så når du ser disse ting,
så lav ikke same fejl som jeg gjorde.
så lav ikke same fejl som jeg gjorde.
14:51
Don't write them off.
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Affærdig dem ikke.
14:52
And when that's you,
don't count yourself out either.
don't count yourself out either.
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Og når det er dig selv,
så affærdig heller ikke dig selv.
så affærdig heller ikke dig selv.
14:55
Know that being quick to start
but slow to finish
but slow to finish
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Vid at det at være en hurtig starter
men langsom afslutter
men langsom afslutter
14:57
can boost your creativity,
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kan styrke din kreativitet,
14:59
that you can motivate yourself
by doubting your ideas
by doubting your ideas
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at du kan motivere dig selv
ved at tvivle på dine ideer
ved at tvivle på dine ideer
15:02
and embracing the fear of failing to try,
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og ved at gribe angsten for at ikke forsøge,
15:04
and that you need a lot of bad ideas
in order to get a few good ones.
in order to get a few good ones.
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og at du behøver en masse dårlige ideer
for at få et par gode.
for at få et par gode.
15:08
Look, being original is not easy,
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At være original er ikke let,
15:11
but I have no doubt about this:
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men jeg er helt sikker på dette:
15:13
it's the best way
to improve the world around us.
to improve the world around us.
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Det er den bedste måde
at forbedre verden omkring os.
at forbedre verden omkring os.
15:16
Thank you.
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Tak.
15:17
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologistAfter years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others.
Why you should listen
In his groundbreaking book Give and Take, top-rated Wharton professor Adam Grant upended decades of conventional motivational thinking with the thesis that giving unselfishly to colleagues or clients can lead to one’s own long-term success. Grant’s research has led hundreds of advice seekers (and HR departments) to his doorstep, and it’s changing the way leaders view their workforces.
Grant's book Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World examines how unconventional thinkers overturn the status quo and champion game-changing ideas.
Grant is the host of the TED original podcast WorkLife, taking us inside unconventional workplaces to explore the ideas we can all use to make work more meaningful and creative.
Adam Grant | Speaker | TED.com