TED2016
Adam Grant: The surprising habits of original thinkers
Adam Grant: Os hábitos sorprendentes dos pensadores orixinais
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Como se lles ocorren as grandes ideas ás persoas creativas? O psicólogo organizacional Adam Grant estuda aos "orixinais": pensadores que soñan ideas novas e pasan á acción para traelas ao mundo. A través desta charla coñeceremos tres hábitos inesperados dos orixinais --entre os que se inclúe aceptar o fracaso. "Os grandes orixinais son os que máis fallan, porque son os que máis o intentan," di Grant. "Son necesarias moitas malas ideas para obter unhas poucas boas."
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologist
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seven years ago, a student came to me
and asked me to invest in his company.
and asked me to invest in his company.
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Hai sete anos, un estudante veume ver
para pedirme que investise na súa empresa.
para pedirme que investise na súa empresa.
00:17
He said, "I'm working with three friends,
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Díxome: "Traballo con tres amigos,
00:19
and we're going to try to disrupt
an industry by selling stuff online."
an industry by selling stuff online."
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e imos tratar de rebentar un sector
industrial coa venda en liña."
industrial coa venda en liña."
00:23
And I said, "OK, you guys spent
the whole summer on this, right?"
the whole summer on this, right?"
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Eu dixen: "Moi ben, pasastes todo
o verán con isto, non?"
o verán con isto, non?"
00:26
"No, we all took internships
just in case it doesn't work out."
just in case it doesn't work out."
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"Non, todos estivemos de prácticas,
por se a cousa non sae ben."
por se a cousa non sae ben."
00:29
"All right, but you're going to
go in full time once you graduate."
go in full time once you graduate."
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"Xa, pero ídesvos pór a tempo completo,
cando vos graduedes."
cando vos graduedes."
00:33
"Not exactly. We've all
lined up backup jobs."
lined up backup jobs."
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"Non exactamente. Todos temos
preparado outro traballo por se acaso."
preparado outro traballo por se acaso."
00:37
Six months go by,
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Pasan seis meses,
00:38
it's the day before the company launches,
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chega o día do lanzamento da empresa,
00:40
and there is still
not a functioning website.
not a functioning website.
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e non teñen aínda a páxina web
en marcha.
en marcha.
"Vós decatádesvos de que toda
a empresa é unha páxina web.
a empresa é unha páxina web.
00:43
"You guys realize,
the entire company is a website.
the entire company is a website.
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00:45
That's literally all it is."
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Iso é literalmente todo o que é."
00:48
So I obviously declined to invest.
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Así que loxicamente non investín.
00:53
And they ended up
naming the company Warby Parker.
naming the company Warby Parker.
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E ao final chamáronlle á empresa
Warby Parker.
Warby Parker.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
00:57
They sell glasses online.
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Venden gafas por internet.
01:00
They were recently recognized
as the world's most innovative company
as the world's most innovative company
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Hai pouco nomeárona a empresa
máis innovadora do mundo
máis innovadora do mundo
01:03
and valued at over a billion dollars.
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e valorárona en máis de mil millóns
de dólares.
de dólares.
01:05
And now? My wife handles our investments.
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E agora? A miña muller
leva os nosos investimentos.
leva os nosos investimentos.
01:10
Why was I so wrong?
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Por que cometín un erro
tan grande?
tan grande?
01:13
To find out, I've been studying people
that I come to call "originals."
that I come to call "originals."
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Para atopar a resposta, levo tempo
estudando a persoas que chamo "orixinais".
estudando a persoas que chamo "orixinais".
01:17
Originals are nonconformists,
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Os orixinais son inconformistas,
01:19
people who not only have new ideas
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son persoas que non só
teñen ideas novidosas
teñen ideas novidosas
01:21
but take action to champion them.
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senón que ademais actúan
e loitan por elas.
e loitan por elas.
01:23
They are people
who stand out and speak up.
who stand out and speak up.
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Son persoas que destacan
e fanse oír.
e fanse oír.
01:26
Originals drive creativity
and change in the world.
and change in the world.
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Os orixinais impulsan a creatividade
e o cambio no mundo.
e o cambio no mundo.
01:29
They're the people you want to bet on.
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Son esas persoas polas que un
desexa apostar.
desexa apostar.
01:31
And they look nothing like I expected.
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E non se parecen en nada
ao que eu esperaba.
ao que eu esperaba.
01:34
I want to show you today
three things I've learned
three things I've learned
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Hoxe quérovos amosar
tres cousas que aprendín
tres cousas que aprendín
01:37
about recognizing originals
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sobre como recoñecer aos orixinais
01:39
and becoming a little bit more like them.
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e comezar a parecerse
un pouquiño máis a eles.
un pouquiño máis a eles.
01:42
So the first reason
that I passed on Warby Parker
that I passed on Warby Parker
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A primeira razón pola que
lle dixen non a Warby Parker
lle dixen non a Warby Parker
01:45
was they were really slow
getting off the ground.
getting off the ground.
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foi que tardaron moito en despegar.
01:49
Now, you are all intimately familiar
with the mind of a procrastinator.
with the mind of a procrastinator.
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Todos estades ben familiarizados
coa mente dun procrastinador.
coa mente dun procrastinador.
01:54
Well, I have a confession for you.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
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Pois teño algo que confesarvos.
Eu son o contrario: un precrastinador.
Eu son o contrario: un precrastinador.
02:00
Yes, that's an actual term.
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Si, o termo existe.
02:01
You know that panic you feel
a few hours before a big deadline
a few hours before a big deadline
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Sabedes ese pánico que sintes cando
a unhas horas dun prazo importante
a unhas horas dun prazo importante
02:04
when you haven't done anything yet.
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aínda non fixeches nada.
02:06
I just feel that
a few months ahead of time.
a few months ahead of time.
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A min pásame con meses de antelación.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:11
So this started early: when I was a kid,
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
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Comezou axiña: cando era un neno
tomaba a Nintendo moi en serio.
tomaba a Nintendo moi en serio.
02:18
I would wake up at 5am,
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Despertaba ás 5 da mañá,
02:20
start playing and not stop
until I had mastered them.
until I had mastered them.
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comezaba cun xogo e non paraba
ata dominalo.
ata dominalo.
02:24
Eventually it got so out of hand
that a local newspaper came
that a local newspaper came
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Finalmente fóiseme das mans ata
tal punto que un xornal local publicou
tal punto que un xornal local publicou
02:27
and did a story on the dark side
of Nintendo, starring me.
of Nintendo, starring me.
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unha historia sobre o lado escuro
da Nintendo, comigo de protagonista.
da Nintendo, comigo de protagonista.
02:31
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:34
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
02:41
Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.
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Desde entón, cambiei pelo por dentes.
02:44
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:49
But this served me well in college,
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Pero isto foime de moita utilidade
na universidade,
na universidade,
02:52
because I finished my senior thesis
four months before the deadline.
four months before the deadline.
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xa que rematei o proxecto final
catro meses antes do prazo.
catro meses antes do prazo.
02:58
And I was proud of that,
until a few years ago.
until a few years ago.
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E estaba orgulloso diso ata hai uns anos.
03:01
I had a student named Jihae,
who came to me and said,
who came to me and said,
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Unha das miñas estudantes, Jihae,
veume ver e díxome:
veume ver e díxome:
03:05
"I have my most creative ideas
when I'm procrastinating."
when I'm procrastinating."
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"As ideas máis creativas véñenme
cando estou procrastinando."
cando estou procrastinando."
Contestei: "Iso está moi ben, pero onde
están os catro ensaios que me debes?"
están os catro ensaios que me debes?"
03:09
And I was like, "That's cute,
where are the four papers you owe me?"
where are the four papers you owe me?"
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03:12
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
De feito era unha das
estudantes máis creativas,
estudantes máis creativas,
03:13
No, she was one
of our most creative students,
of our most creative students,
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03:15
and as an organizational psychologist,
this is the kind of idea that I test.
this is the kind of idea that I test.
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e como psicólogo organizacional,
esta é a clase de ideas que analizo.
esta é a clase de ideas que analizo.
03:20
So I challenged her to get some data.
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Así que desafieina a que recollese datos.
03:22
She goes into a bunch of companies.
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Ela preséntase en varias empresas.
Pídelles aos empregados que cubran
cuestionarios sobre canto procrastinan.
cuestionarios sobre canto procrastinan.
03:23
She has people fill out surveys
about how often they procrastinate.
about how often they procrastinate.
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03:27
Then she gets their bosses to rate
how creative and innovative they are.
how creative and innovative they are.
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Logo pídelles aos seus xefes que valoren
o creativos e innovadores que son.
o creativos e innovadores que son.
03:31
And sure enough,
the precrastinators like me,
the precrastinators like me,
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E efectivamente,
os precrastinadores coma min,
os precrastinadores coma min,
03:33
who rush in and do everything early
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que apuran e rematan todo cedo,
03:35
are rated as less creative
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son valorados como menos creativos
03:37
than people who procrastinate moderately.
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cós que procrastinan moderadamente.
03:40
So I want to know what happens
to the chronic procrastinators.
to the chronic procrastinators.
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Así que quixen saber que pasaba
cos procrastinadores crónicos.
cos procrastinadores crónicos.
03:43
She was like, "I don't know.
They didn't fill out my survey."
They didn't fill out my survey."
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Ela respondeu: "Non o sei.
Non cubriron o cuestionario."
Non cubriron o cuestionario."
03:46
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
03:49
No, here are our results.
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É broma. Estes son os resultados.
03:51
You actually do see that the people
who wait until the last minute
who wait until the last minute
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De feito vemos que os que
agardan ata o último minuto
agardan ata o último minuto
03:55
are so busy goofing off
that they don't have any new ideas.
that they don't have any new ideas.
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están tan ocupados perdendo o tempo
que non teñen ideas novas.
que non teñen ideas novas.
04:00
And on the flip side,
the people who race in
the people who race in
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No polo oposto,
os que van a todo correr
os que van a todo correr
04:03
are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they
don't have original thoughts either.
don't have original thoughts either.
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padecen de tal ansiedade que
tampouco teñen pensamentos orixinais.
tampouco teñen pensamentos orixinais.
04:09
There's a sweet spot
where originals seem to live.
where originals seem to live.
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Existe unha zona ideal
onde habitan os orixinais.
onde habitan os orixinais.
04:13
Why is this?
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Por que pasa isto?
Pode que a xente orixinal simplemente
teña malos hábitos de traballo.
teña malos hábitos de traballo.
04:15
Maybe original people
just have bad work habits.
just have bad work habits.
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04:18
Maybe procrastinating
does not cause creativity.
does not cause creativity.
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Pode que a procrastinación
non sexa a causa da creatividade.
non sexa a causa da creatividade.
04:22
To find out, we designed some experiments.
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Para comprobar isto, deseñamos
varios experimentos.
varios experimentos.
Pedímoslles a unha serie de persoas
que xerasen ideas empresariais,
que xerasen ideas empresariais,
04:25
We asked people
to generate new business ideas,
to generate new business ideas,
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e logo buscamos lectores
independentes
independentes
04:28
and then we get independent readers
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04:30
to evaluate how creative
and useful they are.
and useful they are.
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que avaliasen a creatividade e
a utilidade desas ideas.
a utilidade desas ideas.
04:33
And some of them are asked
to do the task right away.
to do the task right away.
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A algúns pediuselles que comezasen
coa tarefa inmediatamente.
coa tarefa inmediatamente.
A outros asignámolos ao chou
ao grupo de procrastinadores
ao grupo de procrastinadores
04:36
Others we randomly assign
to procrastinate
to procrastinate
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04:39
by dangling Minesweeper in front of them
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poñéndolles diante o xogo
do Buscaminas
do Buscaminas
04:41
for either five or 10 minutes.
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durante cinco ou 10 minutos.
04:43
And sure enough,
the moderate procrastinators
the moderate procrastinators
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E en efecto,
os procrastinadores moderados
os procrastinadores moderados
04:47
are 16 percent more creative
than the other two groups.
than the other two groups.
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son o 16 por cento máis creativos
cós outros dous grupos.
cós outros dous grupos.
Agora ben, o Buscaminas é fantástico,
pero non é o que provoca ese efecto,
pero non é o que provoca ese efecto,
04:51
Now, Minesweeper is awesome,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
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04:54
because if you play the game first
before you learn about the task,
before you learn about the task,
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dado que se un se pon a xogar
antes de coñecer a tarefa,
antes de coñecer a tarefa,
non se observa unha mellora
da creatividade.
da creatividade.
04:58
there's no creativity boost.
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04:59
It's only when you're told that you're
going to be working on this problem,
going to be working on this problem,
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É só cando che din que vas
traballar neste problema,
traballar neste problema,
e logo ti comezas a procrastinar,
05:03
and then you start procrastinating,
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pero a tarefa permanece activa
na túa mente nun segundo plano,
na túa mente nun segundo plano,
05:04
but the task is still active
in the back of your mind,
in the back of your mind,
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entón é cando comezas a incubar.
05:07
that you start to incubate.
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05:09
Procrastination gives you time
to consider divergent ideas,
to consider divergent ideas,
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A procrastinación dache tempo
para contemplar ideas diverxentes,
para contemplar ideas diverxentes,
05:12
to think in nonlinear ways,
to make unexpected leaps.
to make unexpected leaps.
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para pensar de xeito non lineal e
dar saltos inesperados.
dar saltos inesperados.
Agora que estabamos rematando
con estes experimentos,
con estes experimentos,
05:16
So just as we were finishing
these experiments,
these experiments,
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eu estaba comezando a escribir
un libro sobre os orixinais,
un libro sobre os orixinais,
05:18
I was starting to write
a book about originals,
a book about originals,
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05:21
and I thought, "This is the perfect time
to teach myself to procrastinate,
to teach myself to procrastinate,
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e pensei: "É o momento perfecto
para ensinarme a procrastinar,
para ensinarme a procrastinar,
ao tempo que escribo o capítulo
sobre procrastinación."
sobre procrastinación."
05:26
while writing a chapter
on procrastination."
on procrastination."
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05:28
So I metaprocrastinated,
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Así que metaprocrastinei,
05:32
and like any self-respecting
precrastinator,
precrastinator,
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e coma calquera procrastinador
que se respecte,
que se respecte,
05:35
I woke up early the next morning
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erguinme cedo á mañá seguinte
05:37
and I made a to-do list
with steps on how to procrastinate.
with steps on how to procrastinate.
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e fixen unha lista de pasos
para procrastinar.
para procrastinar.
05:39
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:43
And then I worked diligently
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E traballei con dilixencia
05:47
toward my goal of not making
progress toward my goal.
progress toward my goal.
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cara ao obxectivo de non avanzar
cara ao meu obxectivo.
cara ao meu obxectivo.
Comecei a redactar o capítulo
sobre procrastinación,
sobre procrastinación,
05:52
I started writing
the procrastination chapter,
the procrastination chapter,
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05:54
and one day -- I was halfway through --
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e un día -- cando ía pola metade --
literalmente deixeino a un lado
á metade dunha frase
á metade dunha frase
05:56
I literally put it away in mid-sentence
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05:58
for months.
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durante meses.
05:59
It was agony.
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Foi angustioso.
06:02
But when I came back to it,
I had all sorts of new ideas.
I had all sorts of new ideas.
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Pero cando voltei a el,
tiña toda clase de ideas novas.
tiña toda clase de ideas novas.
06:06
As Aaron Sorkin put it,
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En palabras de Aaron Sorkin,
06:07
"You call it procrastinating.
I call it thinking."
I call it thinking."
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"Ti chámalo procrastinar.
Eu chámoo pensar."
Eu chámoo pensar."
06:12
And along the way I discovered
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E no proceso descubrín
06:13
that a lot of great originals
in history were procrastinators.
in history were procrastinators.
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que moitos dos orixinais da historia
eran procrastinadores.
eran procrastinadores.
06:17
Take Leonardo da Vinci.
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Leonardo da Vinci,
sen ir máis lonxe.
sen ir máis lonxe.
06:19
He toiled on and off for 16 years
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Peleou intermitentemente
durante 16 anos
durante 16 anos
06:23
on the Mona Lisa.
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coa Mona Lisa.
06:24
He felt like a failure.
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Sentíase un fracasado.
06:26
He wrote as much in his journal.
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Así o puso no seu diario.
06:30
But some of the diversions
he took in optics
he took in optics
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Pero algunhas das excursións
que fixo pola Óptica
que fixo pola Óptica
06:32
transformed the way that he modeled light
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transformaron
a súa concepción da luz
a súa concepción da luz
06:34
and made him into a much better painter.
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e convertírono nun pintor mellor.
E que me dicides de
Martin Luther King, Jr.?
Martin Luther King, Jr.?
06:37
What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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A noite antes do discurso máis
importante da súa vida,
importante da súa vida,
06:40
The night before
the biggest speech of his life,
the biggest speech of his life,
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06:42
the March on Washington,
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o da Marcha sobre Washington,
06:44
he was up past 3am, rewriting it.
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estivo esperto ata máis das 3
da mañá, reescribíndoo.
da mañá, reescribíndoo.
06:46
He's sitting in the audience
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
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Está sentado entre o público,
agardando a súa quenda
agardando a súa quenda
06:50
and he is still scribbling notes
and crossing out lines.
and crossing out lines.
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e aínda sigue engadindo notas
e riscando liñas.
e riscando liñas.
Cando sube ao estrado
e leva falando 11 minutos,
e leva falando 11 minutos,
06:54
When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,
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06:56
he leaves his prepared remarks
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deixa as súas notas
06:58
to utter four words
that changed the course of history:
that changed the course of history:
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e pronuncia unhas palabras
que mudaron o rumbo da historia:
que mudaron o rumbo da historia:
07:01
"I have a dream."
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"Teño un soño"
07:04
That was not in the script.
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Aquilo non estaba no guion.
07:07
By delaying the task of finalizing
the speech until the very last minute,
the speech until the very last minute,
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Ao atrasar a finalización do discurso
ata o último minuto,
ata o último minuto,
07:11
he left himself open
to the widest range of possible ideas.
to the widest range of possible ideas.
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deixou aberta a porta a unha serie
amplísima de ideas posibles.
amplísima de ideas posibles.
07:15
And because the text wasn't set in stone,
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E como o texto non era inamovible,
07:17
he had freedom to improvise.
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tivo liberdade para improvisar.
07:20
Procrastinating is a vice
when it comes to productivity,
when it comes to productivity,
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Procrastinar é un vicio cando
falamos de produtividade,
falamos de produtividade,
07:23
but it can be a virtue for creativity.
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pero pode ser unha virtude
para a creatividade.
para a creatividade.
07:27
What you see with a lot of great originals
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O que vemos en moitos
dos grandes orixinais
dos grandes orixinais
07:29
is that they are quick to start
but they're slow to finish.
but they're slow to finish.
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é que comezan rápido
pero tardan en rematar.
pero tardan en rematar.
07:33
And this is what I missed
with Warby Parker.
with Warby Parker.
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E iso é o que eu pasei por alto
con Warby Parker.
con Warby Parker.
07:35
When they were dragging
their heels for six months,
their heels for six months,
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Cando eles postergaron
o tema durante seis meses,
o tema durante seis meses,
07:38
I looked at them and said,
147
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mireinos e díxenlles:
"Veredes, moitas outras empresas están
comezando a vender gafas por internet."
comezando a vender gafas por internet."
07:40
"You know, a lot of other companies
are starting to sell glasses online."
are starting to sell glasses online."
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Eles perderon a vantaxe
de ser os primeiros.
de ser os primeiros.
07:43
They missed the first-mover advantage.
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07:46
But what I didn't realize was
they were spending all that time
they were spending all that time
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Pero do que non me decatara é
de que dedicaban todo ese tempo
de que dedicaban todo ese tempo
07:49
trying to figure out how to get people
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a tratar de descubrir como facer
que a xente se sentise cómoda
encargando gafas en liña.
encargando gafas en liña.
07:51
to be comfortable ordering glasses online.
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2000
07:53
And it turns out the first-mover
advantage is mostly a myth.
advantage is mostly a myth.
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E resulta que esa vantaxe do primeiro
e, en boa medida, un mito.
e, en boa medida, un mito.
07:56
Look at a classic study
of over 50 product categories,
of over 50 product categories,
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Fixádevos nun estudo clásico
de máis de 50 categorías de produtos,
de máis de 50 categorías de produtos,
07:59
comparing the first movers
who created the market
who created the market
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no que se comparan os pioneiros
que crearon o mercado
que crearon o mercado
08:02
with the improvers who introduced
something different and better.
something different and better.
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cos que despois introduciron
un produto diferente e mellorado.
un produto diferente e mellorado.
08:06
What you see is that the first movers
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
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O que atopamos é que o índice de fracaso
dos pioneiros é do 47 por cento,
dos pioneiros é do 47 por cento,
08:10
compared with only 8 percent
for the improvers.
for the improvers.
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en comparación con só o 8 por cento
dos que melloraron o produto.
dos que melloraron o produto.
08:15
Look at Facebook,
waiting to build a social network
waiting to build a social network
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Fixádevos en Facebook, que
construíu a súa rede social
construíu a súa rede social
08:17
until after Myspace and Friendster.
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despois de Myspace e Friendster.
08:21
Look at Google, waiting for years
after Altavista and Yahoo.
after Altavista and Yahoo.
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Fixádevos en Google, que veu
anos despois de Altavista e Yahoo.
anos despois de Altavista e Yahoo.
08:24
It's much easier to improve
on somebody else's idea
on somebody else's idea
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É moito máis doado mellorar
a idea doutro
a idea doutro
08:27
than it is to create
something new from scratch.
something new from scratch.
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2240
que crear algo novo partindo de cero.
08:30
So the lesson I learned is that
to be original you don't have to be first.
to be original you don't have to be first.
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A lección é que para ser orixinal
non fai falla ser o primeiro.
non fai falla ser o primeiro.
08:35
You just have to be different and better.
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2200
Só se necesita ser diferente e mellor.
Pero ese non foi o único motivo polo que
non aceptei a proposta de Warby Parker.
non aceptei a proposta de Warby Parker.
08:38
But that wasn't the only reason
I passed on Warby Parker.
I passed on Warby Parker.
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08:41
They were also full of doubts.
167
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Tiñan ademais moitas dúbidas.
08:43
They had backup plans lined up,
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Tiñan preparados plans alternativos,
08:45
and that made me doubt
that they had the courage to be original,
that they had the courage to be original,
169
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3416
e iso fíxome dubidar de que tivesen
coraxe para ser orixinais,
coraxe para ser orixinais,
08:49
because I expected that originals
would look something like this.
would look something like this.
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porque eu esperaba que os orixinais
fosen máis ben así.
fosen máis ben así.
08:55
(Laughter)
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2321
(Risas)
08:58
Now, on the surface,
172
526680
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A primeira vista,
moitos orixinais parecen
moi seguros de si mesmos,
moi seguros de si mesmos,
09:00
a lot of original people look confident,
173
528320
1976
09:02
but behind the scenes,
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1256
pero entre bastidores
09:03
they feel the same fear and doubt
that the rest of us do.
that the rest of us do.
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3016
teñen os mesmos medos e dúbidas
có resto de nós.
có resto de nós.
Simplemente enfréntanse a iso
de forma diferente.
de forma diferente.
09:06
They just manage it differently.
176
534640
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Demostraréivolo:
Este esquema representa
Este esquema representa
09:08
Let me show you: this is a depiction
177
536840
1736
como funciona o proceso creativo
para a maioría de nós.
para a maioría de nós.
09:10
of how the creative process
works for most of us.
works for most of us.
178
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2320
09:16
(Laughter)
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2000
(Risas)
Ben, nas miñas investigacións descubrín
que hai dúas clases de dúbida.
que hai dúas clases de dúbida.
09:20
Now, in my research, I discovered
there are two different kinds of doubt.
there are two different kinds of doubt.
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3456
A dúbida sobre un mesmo e
a dúbida sobre unha idea.
a dúbida sobre unha idea.
09:23
There's self-doubt and idea doubt.
181
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1656
09:25
Self-doubt is paralyzing.
182
553320
1536
A dúbida sobre un mesmo
é paralizante.
é paralizante.
09:26
It leads you to freeze.
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554880
1616
Lévanos ao bloqueo.
Pero a dúbida sobre unha idea
é vigorizante.
é vigorizante.
09:28
But idea doubt is energizing.
184
556520
1736
09:30
It motivates you to test,
to experiment, to refine,
to experiment, to refine,
185
558280
2776
Motívanos a probar,
a experimentar, a perfeccionar,
a experimentar, a perfeccionar,
09:33
just like MLK did.
186
561080
2056
tal e como fixo M. Luther King.
09:35
And so the key to being original
187
563160
3256
Así que a clave para ser orixinal
09:38
is just a simple thing
188
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1736
é a simple cuestión
09:40
of avoiding the leap
from step three to step four.
from step three to step four.
189
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3376
de evitar dar o salto
do paso tres ao catro.
do paso tres ao catro.
09:43
Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"
190
571600
1816
No canto de dicir:
"non vallo para nada"
"non vallo para nada"
09:45
you say, "The first few drafts
are always crap,
are always crap,
191
573440
2480
dicimos: "Os primeiros borradores
nunca valen,
nunca valen,
e aínda non logrei o que busco."
09:48
and I'm just not there yet."
192
576680
1400
09:50
So how do you get there?
193
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1616
Que hai que facer para logralo?
09:52
Well, there's a clue, it turns out,
194
580560
1896
Pois, según parece, danos unha pista
09:54
in the Internet browser that you use.
195
582480
1960
o navegador que usades.
Pódese predicir o noso rendemento
no traballo e a nosa implicación
no traballo e a nosa implicación
09:57
We can predict your job performance
and your commitment
and your commitment
196
585000
2616
09:59
just by knowing what web browser you use.
197
587640
2840
simplemente sabendo
que navegador usamos.
que navegador usamos.
10:03
Now, some of you are not
going to like the results of this study --
going to like the results of this study --
198
591440
3176
A algúns non vos van gustar
os resultados deste estudo.
os resultados deste estudo.
(Risas)
10:06
(Laughter)
199
594640
1336
10:08
But there is good evidence
that Firefox and Chrome users
that Firefox and Chrome users
200
596000
3936
Pero hai probas de que os usuarios
de Firefox e Chrome
de Firefox e Chrome
10:11
significantly outperform
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
201
599960
3360
superan significativamente
aos de Internet Explorer e Safari.
aos de Internet Explorer e Safari.
10:15
Yes.
202
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1336
Si.
10:17
(Applause)
203
605320
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(Aplausos)
Ademais que quedarse no seu posto
un 15 por cento máis de tempo, por certo.
un 15 por cento máis de tempo, por certo.
10:19
They also stay in their jobs
15 percent longer, by the way.
15 percent longer, by the way.
204
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2960
10:23
Why? It's not a technical advantage.
205
611120
2176
Por que? Non é unha vantaxe técnica.
10:25
The four browser groups
on average have similar typing speed
on average have similar typing speed
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Os catro grupos de usuarios teclean
a unha velocidade media similar
a unha velocidade media similar
10:28
and they also have similar levels
of computer knowledge.
of computer knowledge.
207
616720
3136
e teñen niveis semellantes
de coñecementos informáticos.
de coñecementos informáticos.
10:31
It's about how you got the browser.
208
619880
2096
Ten que ver con como
se obtivo o navegador.
se obtivo o navegador.
10:34
Because if you use
Internet Explorer or Safari,
Internet Explorer or Safari,
209
622000
2456
Porque se usades Internet Explorer
ou Safari,
ou Safari,
10:36
those came preinstalled on your computer,
210
624480
2536
eses veñen preinstalados,
10:39
and you accepted the default option
that was handed to you.
that was handed to you.
211
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2800
e é que aceptastes a opción
por defecto que vos chegou.
por defecto que vos chegou.
Se preferistes Firefox ou Chrome,
cuestionastes a que viña por defecto,
cuestionastes a que viña por defecto,
10:42
If you wanted Firefox or Chrome,
you had to doubt the default
you had to doubt the default
212
630600
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e preguntastes se existía
unha opción diferente,
unha opción diferente,
10:45
and ask, is there
a different option out there,
a different option out there,
213
633640
2256
10:47
and then be a little resourceful
and download a new browser.
and download a new browser.
214
635920
2960
fostes un pouquiño enxeñosos
e descargastes un novo navegador.
e descargastes un novo navegador.
10:51
So people hear about this study
and they're like,
and they're like,
215
639760
2336
Algúns que oen falar do estudo din:
10:54
"Great, if I want to get better at my job,
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
216
642120
3696
"Xenial, se quero mellorar no choio
só teño que actualizar o navegador?"
só teño que actualizar o navegador?"
(Risas)
10:57
(Laughter)
217
645840
1016
Non, trátase de ser o tipo de persoa
10:58
No, it's about being the kind of person
218
646880
2096
que toma a iniciativa de cuestionar
a opción por defecto
a opción por defecto
11:01
who takes the initiative
to doubt the default
to doubt the default
219
649000
2416
11:03
and look for a better option.
220
651440
2136
e buscar outra mellor.
11:05
And if you do that well,
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1496
E se o fas como é debido,
11:07
you will open yourself up
to the opposite of déjà vu.
to the opposite of déjà vu.
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2800
poderás experimentar
o contrario dun déjà vu.
o contrario dun déjà vu.
11:10
There's a name for it.
It's called vuja de.
It's called vuja de.
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3136
Ten nome. Chámase "vuja de".
11:13
(Laughter)
224
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2000
(Risas)
11:16
Vuja de is when you look at something
you've seen many times before
you've seen many times before
225
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3176
O vuja de é cando miras algo
que xa viras moitas veces
que xa viras moitas veces
11:20
and all of a sudden
see it with fresh eyes.
see it with fresh eyes.
226
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2760
e, de repente, velo con novos ollos.
11:23
It's a screenwriter
who looks at a movie script
who looks at a movie script
227
671920
2616
É o caso dunha guionista
que revisa un guion de cine
que revisa un guion de cine
11:26
that can't get the green light
for more than half a century.
for more than half a century.
228
674560
2976
que leva máis de cincuenta anos
sen recibir luz verde.
sen recibir luz verde.
11:29
In every past version,
the main character has been an evil queen.
the main character has been an evil queen.
229
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4200
En todas as versións anteriores,
a protagonista era unha raíña malvada.
a protagonista era unha raíña malvada.
11:34
But Jennifer Lee starts to question
whether that makes sense.
whether that makes sense.
230
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3136
Pero Jennifer Lee comeza a
cuestionarse se iso ten sentido.
cuestionarse se iso ten sentido.
11:37
She rewrites the first act,
231
685440
1456
Reescribe o primeiro acto,
11:38
reinvents the villain as a tortured hero
232
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2616
reinventa o vilán como
heroe torturado
heroe torturado
e Frozen convírtese na película de
animación de máis éxito da historia.
animación de máis éxito da historia.
11:41
and Frozen becomes
the most successful animated movie ever.
the most successful animated movie ever.
233
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2960
11:45
So there's a simple message
from this story.
from this story.
234
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2096
A mensaxe desta historia é clara.
11:47
When you feel doubt, don't let it go.
235
695720
2600
Cando teñas dúbidas,
"non o soltes".
"non o soltes".
11:50
(Laughter)
236
698680
2280
(Risas)
11:53
What about fear?
237
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1336
E que hai do medo?
11:55
Originals feel fear, too.
238
703000
1920
Os orixinais tamén sinten medo.
11:57
They're afraid of failing,
239
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1856
Teñen medo a fracasar,
11:59
but what sets them apart
from the rest of us
from the rest of us
240
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2096
pero o que os diferencia
do resto de nós
do resto de nós
12:01
is that they're even more
afraid of failing to try.
afraid of failing to try.
241
709600
2616
é que teñen aínda máis medo
de non intentalo.
de non intentalo.
12:04
They know you can fail
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
242
712240
3096
Saben que podemos fracasar por montar
unha empresa que vai á ruína
unha empresa que vai á ruína
12:07
or by failing to start a business at all.
243
715360
2440
ou por simplemente non montar nada.
12:10
They know that in the long run,
our biggest regrets are not our actions
our biggest regrets are not our actions
244
718480
3536
Saben que a longo prazo, o que máis
lamentaremos non son as nosas accións
lamentaremos non son as nosas accións
12:14
but our inactions.
245
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senón a nosa inacción.
As cousas que nos gustaría corrixir,
se nos fixamos nos estudos,
se nos fixamos nos estudos,
12:15
The things we wish we could redo,
if you look at the science,
if you look at the science,
246
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2858
12:18
are the chances not taken.
247
726602
2200
son as oportunidades desaproveitadas.
12:21
Elon Musk told me recently,
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
248
729720
3656
Elon Musk contoume hai pouco que
non esperaba que Tesla tivese éxito.
non esperaba que Tesla tivese éxito.
12:25
He was sure the first few SpaceX launches
249
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2736
E estaba convencido de que
os primeiros lanzamentos de SpaceX
os primeiros lanzamentos de SpaceX
12:28
would fail to make it to orbit,
let alone get back,
let alone get back,
250
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3176
non lograrían entrar en órbita,
nin, por suposto, voltar á Terra,
nin, por suposto, voltar á Terra,
pero eran demasiado importantes
como para non intentalo.
como para non intentalo.
12:31
but it was too important not to try.
251
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2200
12:34
And for so many of us,
when we have an important idea,
when we have an important idea,
252
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2536
Moitos de nós, cando temos
unha idea importante,
unha idea importante,
nin nos molestamos en intentalo.
12:36
we don't bother to try.
253
744920
1240
12:38
But I have some good news for you.
254
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2056
Pero teño boas novas para vós.
12:41
You are not going to get judged
on your bad ideas.
on your bad ideas.
255
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2576
Non vos van xulgar
polas malas ideas que teñades.
polas malas ideas que teñades.
12:43
A lot of people think they will.
256
751640
1616
Moitos pensan que si.
Se miramos en todos os
sectores industriais
sectores industriais
12:45
If you look across industries
257
753280
1656
12:46
and ask people about their biggest idea,
their most important suggestion,
their most important suggestion,
258
754960
3429
e lle preguntamos á xente pola súa idea
ou proposta máis importante,
ou proposta máis importante,
12:50
85 percent of them stayed silent
instead of speaking up.
instead of speaking up.
259
758880
3840
o 85 por cento quedaron calados
no canto de expoñela.
no canto de expoñela.
12:55
They were afraid of embarrassing
themselves, of looking stupid.
themselves, of looking stupid.
260
763240
3416
Tiveron medo de facer o ridículo
ou parecer estúpidos.
ou parecer estúpidos.
12:58
But guess what? Originals
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
261
766680
3416
Pero sabedes que? Os orixinais
teñen moreas de malas ideas,
teñen moreas de malas ideas,
13:02
tons of them, in fact.
262
770120
1280
toneladas delas, de feito.
13:04
Take the guy who invented this.
263
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2000
Pensade no que inventou isto.
Importa moito que se lle ocorrese
unha boneca parlante tan horrible
unha boneca parlante tan horrible
13:07
Do you care that he came up
with a talking doll so creepy
with a talking doll so creepy
264
775400
2696
13:10
that it scared not only kids
but adults, too?
but adults, too?
265
778120
2400
que asustaba a nenos e adultos por igual?
13:13
No. You celebrate Thomas Edison
for pioneering the light bulb.
for pioneering the light bulb.
266
781920
4336
Non. Eloxiamos a Thomas Edison
por inventar a lámpada.
por inventar a lámpada.
13:18
(Laughter)
267
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1640
(Risas)
13:20
If you look across fields,
268
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2416
En todos os sectores,
13:23
the greatest originals
are the ones who fail the most,
are the ones who fail the most,
269
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2976
os máis orixinais
son os que máis fallan,
son os que máis fallan,
13:26
because they're the ones who try the most.
270
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porque son os que máis o intentan.
13:28
Take classical composers,
the best of the best.
the best of the best.
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Pensade nos compositores clásicos,
os mellores dos mellores.
os mellores dos mellores.
13:31
Why do some of them get more pages
in encyclopedias than others
in encyclopedias than others
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Por que ocupan uns máis páxinas
nas enciclopedias ca outros?
nas enciclopedias ca outros?
13:34
and also have their compositions
rerecorded more times?
rerecorded more times?
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e por que se gravan máis veces
as súas composicións?
as súas composicións?
Un dos indicadores máis fiables
13:38
One of the best predictors
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13:39
is the sheer volume
of compositions that they generate.
of compositions that they generate.
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é o volume total de composicións
que xeran.
que xeran.
13:43
The more output you churn out,
the more variety you get
the more variety you get
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Canto máis produces,
máis variedade obtés
máis variedade obtés
13:46
and the better your chances
of stumbling on something truly original.
of stumbling on something truly original.
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e máis posibilidades tes de dar
con algo verdadeiramente orixinal.
con algo verdadeiramente orixinal.
13:50
Even the three icons of classical music --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
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As tres grandes figuras da música clásica
--Bach, Beethoven, Mozart--
--Bach, Beethoven, Mozart--
13:54
had to generate hundreds
and hundreds of compositions
and hundreds of compositions
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tamén tiveron que xerar centos
e centos de composicións
e centos de composicións
13:57
to come up with a much smaller
number of masterpieces.
number of masterpieces.
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para reunir un número moito máis pequeno
de obras maestras.
de obras maestras.
14:01
Now, you may be wondering,
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Preguntarédesvos:
14:03
how did this guy become great
without doing a whole lot?
without doing a whole lot?
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Como acadou este tío a grandeza
sen facer moitas cousas?
sen facer moitas cousas?
14:07
I don't know how Wagner pulled that off.
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Eu non sei como o logrou Wagner?
Pero para a maioría de nós,
se queremos ser máis orixinais,
se queremos ser máis orixinais,
14:10
But for most of us,
if we want to be more original,
if we want to be more original,
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temos que xerar máis ideas.
14:13
we have to generate more ideas.
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14:16
The Warby Parker founders, when they
were trying to name their company,
were trying to name their company,
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Cando os fundadores de Warby Parker
buscaban un nome para a empresa,
buscaban un nome para a empresa,
14:20
they needed something sophisticated,
unique, with no negative associations
unique, with no negative associations
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necesitaban algo sofisticado,
único, sen asociacións negativas
único, sen asociacións negativas
14:23
to build a retail brand,
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para crear unha marca de distribución,
14:25
and they tested over 2,000 possibilities
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e probaron máis de 2.000 posibilidades
14:27
before they finally put together
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antes de idear finalmente
14:29
Warby and Parker.
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Warby and Parker.
14:32
So if you put all this together,
what you see is that originals
what you see is that originals
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Así que se xuntamos todo isto,
vemos que os orixinais
vemos que os orixinais
14:35
are not that different
from the rest of us.
from the rest of us.
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non son tan diferentes
do resto de nós.
do resto de nós.
14:37
They feel fear and doubt.
They procrastinate.
They procrastinate.
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Teñen medo e dúbidas.
Procrastinan.
Procrastinan.
14:40
They have bad ideas.
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Teñen malas ideas.
14:42
And sometimes, it's not in spite
of those qualities but because of them
of those qualities but because of them
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E en ocasións, non é a pesar
desas cualidades, senón grazas a elas
desas cualidades, senón grazas a elas
14:46
that they succeed.
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que teñen éxito.
Por tanto, cando as teñades diante
non cometades o mesmo erro ca min.
non cometades o mesmo erro ca min.
14:48
So when you see those things,
don't make the same mistake I did.
don't make the same mistake I did.
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14:51
Don't write them off.
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Non as desbotedes.
14:52
And when that's you,
don't count yourself out either.
don't count yourself out either.
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E cando se trata de vós,
non vos descartedes tampouco.
non vos descartedes tampouco.
14:55
Know that being quick to start
but slow to finish
but slow to finish
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Lembrade que comezar rápido
pero ser lentos en rematar
pero ser lentos en rematar
14:57
can boost your creativity,
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pode estimular a vosa creatividade,
14:59
that you can motivate yourself
by doubting your ideas
by doubting your ideas
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que podedes motivarvos
dubidando das vosas ideas
dubidando das vosas ideas
15:02
and embracing the fear of failing to try,
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e aceptando o medo a non intentalo
15:04
and that you need a lot of bad ideas
in order to get a few good ones.
in order to get a few good ones.
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e que son necesarias moitas malas ideas
para ter algunhas boas.
para ter algunhas boas.
15:08
Look, being original is not easy,
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Mirade, ser orixinal non é doado,
15:11
but I have no doubt about this:
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pero non me cabe dúbida disto:
15:13
it's the best way
to improve the world around us.
to improve the world around us.
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É a maneira idónea de mellorar
o mundo que nos rodea.
o mundo que nos rodea.
15:16
Thank you.
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Grazas
15:17
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologistAfter years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others.
Why you should listen
In his groundbreaking book Give and Take, top-rated Wharton professor Adam Grant upended decades of conventional motivational thinking with the thesis that giving unselfishly to colleagues or clients can lead to one’s own long-term success. Grant’s research has led hundreds of advice seekers (and HR departments) to his doorstep, and it’s changing the way leaders view their workforces.
Grant's book Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World examines how unconventional thinkers overturn the status quo and champion game-changing ideas.
Grant is the host of the TED original podcast WorkLife, taking us inside unconventional workplaces to explore the ideas we can all use to make work more meaningful and creative.
Adam Grant | Speaker | TED.com