TEDGlobal 2011
Annie Murphy Paul: What we learn before we're born
Annie Murphy Paul: Što smo učili prije nego što smo se rodili
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Pitanje: Kada započinje učenje? Odgovor: Prije nego što se rodimo. Znanstvena spisateljica Annie Murphy Paul govori o novom istraživanju koje pokazuje koliko naučimo u maternici – od veselih pjesama materinskog jezika do hrane koja će nam uskoro biti najdraža.
Annie Murphy Paul - Science author
Annie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become. Full bio
Annie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
My subject today is learning.
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Danas je moja tema učenje.
00:18
And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz.
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I u tom duhu želim vam svima postaviti pitanje.
00:21
Ready?
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Spremni?
00:23
When does learning begin?
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Kada počinje učenje?
00:26
Now as you ponder that question,
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Sada dok razmišljate o tom pitanju,
00:28
maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool
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možda mislite o prvom danu u maloj školi
00:30
or kindergarten,
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ili vrtiću,
00:32
the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher.
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prvi put kada su djeca u razredu s učiteljem.
00:35
Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase
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Ili vam je možda pala na pamet razvojna faza
00:38
when children are learning how to walk and talk
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kada djeca uče kako hodati, govoriti
00:41
and use a fork.
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i upotrebljavati vilicu.
00:43
Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement,
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Možda ste se susreli sa Nula do tri pokretom
00:46
which asserts that the most important years for learning
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koji ističe da su najvažnije godine za učenje
00:49
are the earliest ones.
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one najranije.
00:51
And so your answer to my question would be:
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I tako bi vaš odgovor na moje pitanje bio:
00:54
Learning begins at birth.
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Učenje počinje rođenjem.
00:56
Well today I want to present to you
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Danas vam želim predstaviti
00:58
an idea that may be surprising
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ideju koja može iznenaditi
01:01
and may even seem implausible,
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i čak se može činiti nevjerojatnom,
01:04
but which is supported by the latest evidence
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ali podržana je posljednjim dokazom
01:06
from psychology and biology.
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iz psihologije i biologije.
01:09
And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do
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A to je da se neka od najvažnijih učenja koja nam se ikada dogode,
01:12
happens before we're born,
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događaju prije nego što se rodimo
01:14
while we're still in the womb.
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dok smo još u maternici.
01:17
Now I'm a science reporter.
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Ja sam znanstveni novinar.
01:19
I write books and magazine articles.
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Pišem knjige i članke u časopisima.
01:21
And I'm also a mother.
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I također sam majka.
01:23
And those two roles came together for me
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I te su se dvije uloge stopile
01:26
in a book that I wrote called "Origins."
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u knjizi koju sam napisala pod imenom Podrijetlo.
01:29
"Origins" is a report from the front lines
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„Podrijetlo“ su izvještaj s prvih linija
01:32
of an exciting new field
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uzbudljivog novog područja
01:34
called fetal origins.
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zvanog fetalno podrijetlo.
01:36
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline
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Fetalno podrijetlo je znanstvena disciplina
01:39
that emerged just about two decades ago,
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koja se pojavila prije dva desetljeća
01:42
and it's based on the theory
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i zasnovana je na teoriji
01:45
that our health and well-being throughout our lives
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da je na naše zdravlje i dobrobit kroz naš život
01:48
is crucially affected
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presudno djelovalo
01:50
by the nine months we spend in the womb.
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devet mjeseci koje smo proveli u maternici.
01:53
Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me.
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Ova teorija bila je više od intelektualnog interesa za mene.
01:57
I was myself pregnant
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Bila sam trudna
01:59
while I was doing the research for the book.
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dok sam radila istraživanje za knjigu.
02:02
And one of the most fascinating insights
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I jedno od najfascinantnijih shvaćanja
02:04
I took from this work
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koje sam dobila ovim radom
02:06
is that we're all learning about the world
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je da svi učimo o svijetu
02:09
even before we enter it.
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prije nego što uđemo u njega.
02:12
When we hold our babies for the first time,
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Kada prvi put držimo naše bebe,
02:14
we might imagine that they're clean slates,
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možemo zamisliti da su na svježem početku,
02:17
unmarked by life,
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neobilježene životom,
02:19
when in fact, they've already been shaped by us
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dok su zapravo već bile oblikovane od nas
02:22
and by the particular world we live in.
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i specifičnog svijeta u kojem živimo.
02:26
Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things
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Danas želim podijeliti s vama neke nevjerojatne stvari
02:28
that scientists are discovering
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koje znanstvenici otkrivaju
02:30
about what fetuses learn
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o tome što fetusi uče
02:32
while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
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dok su još u majčinim trbusima.
02:36
First of all,
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Prije svega,
02:38
they learn the sound of their mothers' voices.
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nauče zvuk majčina glasa.
02:41
Because sounds from the outside world
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Zato što zvukovi iz vanjskog svijeta
02:44
have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue
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moraju putovati kroz majčino trbušno tkivo
02:47
and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus,
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i kroz amnionsku tekućinu koja okružuje fetus,
02:51
the voices fetuses hear,
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zvukovi koje fetus čuje,
02:53
starting around the fourth month of gestation,
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počevši oko četvrtog mjeseca gestacije
02:56
are muted and muffled.
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su bezvučni i prigušeni.
02:58
One researcher says
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Jedan istraživač kaže
03:00
that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher
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da vjerojatno zvuče poput glasa učiteljice Charlieja Browna
03:03
in the old "Peanuts" cartoon.
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u starom Kikiriki crtiću.
03:06
But the pregnant woman's own voice
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Ali glas trudne žene
03:09
reverberates through her body,
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odjekuje kroz njeno tijelo,
03:11
reaching the fetus much more readily.
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dostižući fetus spremnije.
03:14
And because the fetus is with her all the time,
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I zato što je fetus s njom cijelo vrijeme,
03:17
it hears her voice a lot.
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često čuje njen glas.
03:20
Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice
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Jednom kad se dijete rodi, prepoznaje njen glas
03:23
and it prefers listening to her voice
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i preferira slušanje njenog glasa
03:25
over anyone else's.
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u odnosu na bilo koji drugi.
03:27
How can we know this?
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Kako to možemo znati?
03:29
Newborn babies can't do much,
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Novorođenčad ne može mnogo učiniti,
03:31
but one thing they're really good at is sucking.
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ali jedna stvar u kojoj je zaista dobra je sisanje.
03:34
Researchers take advantage of this fact
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Istraživači su iskoristili prednost ove činjenice
03:37
by rigging up two rubber nipples,
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lažiranjem dvije gumene bradavice
03:40
so that if a baby sucks on one,
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tako da ako beba siše jednu,
03:42
it hears a recording of its mother's voice
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čuje snimku majčinog glasa
03:44
on a pair of headphones,
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na slušalicama,
03:46
and if it sucks on the other nipple,
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a ako siše na drugoj
03:48
it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice.
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čuje snimku glasa strane žene.
03:52
Babies quickly show their preference
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Bebe su brzo pokazale sklonost
03:55
by choosing the first one.
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odabirući prvu.
03:58
Scientists also take advantage of the fact
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Znanstvenici su također iskoristili prednost činjenice
04:01
that babies will slow down their sucking
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da će bebe usporiti sisanje
04:03
when something interests them
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kada ih nešto zainteresira
04:05
and resume their fast sucking
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i nastaviti brzo sisanje
04:07
when they get bored.
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kad im postane dosadno.
04:10
This is how researchers discovered
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Evo kako su istraživači to otkrili,
04:12
that, after women repeatedly read aloud
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nakon što su žene ponovno čitale na glas
04:15
a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant,
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odlomak iz Dr. Seussovog „Mačka u šeširu“ dok su bile trudne,
04:19
their newborn babies recognized that passage
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njihova novorođenčad je prepoznala taj odlomak
04:22
when they hear it outside the womb.
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kad ga je čula van maternice.
04:25
My favorite experiment of this kind
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Moj omiljeni pokus ove vrste
04:28
is the one that showed that the babies
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je onaj koji je pokazao da su bebe
04:30
of women who watched a certain soap opera
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žena koje su gledale određenu sapunicu
04:32
every day during pregnancy
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svaki dan tijekom trudnoće
04:35
recognized the theme song of that show
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prepoznale uvodnu pjesmu te serije
04:38
once they were born.
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kad su se rodila.
04:41
So fetuses are even learning
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Dakle, fetusi čak uče
04:43
about the particular language that's spoken
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o određenom jeziku koji se govori
04:46
in the world that they'll be born into.
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u svijetu u kojem će biti rođeni.
04:48
A study published last year
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Studija objavljena prošle godine
04:51
found that from birth, from the moment of birth,
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otkrila je da od rođenja, od trenutka rođenja
04:54
babies cry in the accent
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djeca plaču naglaskom
04:56
of their mother's native language.
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majčinog materinskog jezika.
04:59
French babies cry on a rising note
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Francuske bebe plaču povišenim tonom
05:02
while German babies end on a falling note,
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dok njemačka djeca završavaju nižim tonom
05:05
imitating the melodic contours
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imitirajući melodijske obrise
05:07
of those languages.
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tih jezika.
05:09
Now why would this kind of fetal learning
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Zašto bi ovakva vrsta fetalnog učenja
05:11
be useful?
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bila korisna?
05:13
It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival.
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Možda je evoluirala kako bi pomogla bebinom preživljavanju.
05:16
From the moment of birth,
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Od trenutka rođenja
05:18
the baby responds most to the voice
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beba najviše reagira na glas
05:20
of the person who is most likely to care for it --
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osobe koja najviše brine za nju–
05:22
its mother.
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svoje majke.
05:24
It even makes its cries
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Čak svoj plač
05:26
sound like the mother's language,
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čini takvim da zvuči poput majčinog jezika
05:28
which may further endear the baby to the mother,
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koji može dodatno omiliti bebu majci
05:31
and which may give the baby a head start
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i koji može bebi dati prednost
05:33
in the critical task
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u kritičnom zadatku
05:35
of learning how to understand and speak
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učenja kako razumjeti i govoriti
05:38
its native language.
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svoj materinski jezik.
05:40
But it's not just sounds
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Ali nisu samo zvukovi ti
05:42
that fetuses are learning about in utero.
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o kojima fetus uči u maternici.
05:44
It's also tastes and smells.
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Tu su i okusi i mirisi.
05:47
By seven months of gestation,
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Do sedmog mjeseca gestacije,
05:49
the fetus' taste buds are fully developed,
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fetusovi okusni pupoljci su potpuno razvijeni
05:51
and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell,
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i njegovi njušni receptori koji mu dozvoljavaju da njuši
05:54
are functioning.
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funkcioniraju.
05:56
The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats
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Okus hrane koju trudna žena jede
05:59
find their way into the amniotic fluid,
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pronalazi put do amnionske tekućine
06:01
which is continuously swallowed
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koju fetus konstantno
06:03
by the fetus.
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guta.
06:05
Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes
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Čini se da bebe pamte i preferiraju te okuse
06:08
once they're out in the world.
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kad jednom izađu u svijet.
06:11
In one experiment, a group of pregnant women
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U jednom pokusu, grupa trudnih žena
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was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice
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je zamoljena da pije mnogo soka od mrkve
06:16
during their third trimester of pregnancy,
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tijekom trećeg tromjesečja trudnoće
06:19
while another group of pregnant women
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dok je druga grupa trudnih žena
06:21
drank only water.
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pila samo vodu.
06:23
Six months later, the women's infants
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Šest mjeseci poslije bebama
06:26
were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice,
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su ponuđene žitarice sa sokom od mrkve
06:29
and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it.
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i promatrani su izrazi njihovih lica dok su jele.
06:33
The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women
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Potomci žena koje su pile sok od mrkve
06:35
ate more carrot-flavored cereal,
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pojeli su više žitarica s okusom mrkve
06:37
and from the looks of it,
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i prema izrazima
06:39
they seemed to enjoy it more.
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činilo se da više uživaju u tome.
06:41
A sort of French version of this experiment
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Francuska verzija ovog pokusa
06:44
was carried out in Dijon, France
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održana je u Dijonu u Francuskoj
06:46
where researchers found
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gdje su istraživači otkrili
06:48
that mothers who consumed food and drink
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da su bebe majki koje su konzumirale hranu i piće
06:51
flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy
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s okusom slatkog korijena anisa tijekom trudnoće
06:56
showed a preference for anise
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pokazale skolonost anisu
06:58
on their first day of life,
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prvog dana života
07:00
and again, when they were tested later,
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i ponovo kada su kasnije bila testirana,
07:02
on their fourth day of life.
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četvrtog dana života.
07:04
Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy
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Bebe čije majke nisu jele anis tijekom trudnoće
07:08
showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck."
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pokazale su reakciju koja je grubo prevedena kao „fuj“.
07:12
What this means
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To znači
07:14
is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers
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da su fetusi učinkovito naučeni od strane majki
07:16
about what is safe and good to eat.
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o tome što je sigurno i dobro za jelo.
07:19
Fetuses are also being taught
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Fetusi su također poučeni
07:21
about the particular culture that they'll be joining
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o određenoj kulturi kojoj će se pridružiti
07:24
through one of culture's most powerful expressions,
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kroz jednu od najmoćnijih kulturnih izražaja,
07:27
which is food.
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a to je hrana.
07:29
They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices
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Upoznati su s karakteristikama okusa i začina
07:32
of their culture's cuisine
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kuhinje njihove kulture
07:34
even before birth.
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čak i prije rođenja.
07:37
Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons.
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Čini se da fetusi uče čak i veće lekcije.
07:40
But before I get to that,
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Ali prije nego što dođem do toga,
07:42
I want to address something that you may be wondering about.
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želim vas uputiti u nešto o čemu ste možda razmišljali.
07:46
The notion of fetal learning
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Značaj fetalnog učenja
07:48
may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus --
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vam može prizvati pokušaje da obogatite fetus –
07:51
like playing Mozart through headphones
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poput puštanja Mozarta preko slušalica
07:53
placed on a pregnant belly.
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smještenih na trudničkom trbuhu.
07:55
But actually, the nine-month-long process
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Ali zapravo, devet mjeseci dug proces
07:58
of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb
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kalupljenja i oblikovanja koji se odvija u maternici
08:01
is a lot more visceral and consequential than that.
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je mnogo organskiji i dosljedniji od toga.
08:05
Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life --
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Mnogo toga što trudnica susreće tijekom svog dnevnog života –
08:09
the air she breathes,
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zrak koji udiše,
08:11
the food and drink she consumes,
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hrana i piće koju konzumira,
08:13
the chemicals she's exposed to,
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kemikalije kojima je izložena
08:15
even the emotions she feels --
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čak i emocije koje osjeća –
08:17
are shared in some fashion with her fetus.
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su podijeljene na neki način s njenim fetusom.
08:20
They make up a mix of influences
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Oni čine mješavinu utjecaja
08:23
as individual and idiosyncratic
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pojedinačno i idiosinkrastički,
08:25
as the woman herself.
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kao i žena sama.
08:27
The fetus incorporates these offerings
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Fetus objedinjuje te ponude
08:29
into its own body,
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u svoje vlastito tijelo,
08:31
makes them part of its flesh and blood.
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čini ih dijelom svoje krvi i mesa.
08:34
And often it does something more.
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I često čini nešto više.
08:36
It treats these maternal contributions
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Tretira te majčine doprinose
08:39
as information,
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kao informaciju
08:41
as what I like to call biological postcards
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kao nešto što volim zvati biološkim razglednicama
08:43
from the world outside.
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iz svijeta koji je vani.
08:46
So what a fetus is learning about in utero
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Dakle, ono što fetus uči u maternici
08:49
is not Mozart's "Magic Flute"
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nije Mozartova „Čarobna frula“
08:51
but answers to questions much more critical to its survival.
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nego odgovori na pitanja koja su bitnija za njegovo preživljavanje.
08:55
Will it be born into a world of abundance
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Hoće li biti rođen u svijetu izobilja
08:57
or scarcity?
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ili nestašice?
08:59
Will it be safe and protected,
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Hoće li biti siguran i zaštićen
09:02
or will it face constant dangers and threats?
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ili će se suočavati s konstantnim opasnostima i prijetnjama?
09:05
Will it live a long, fruitful life
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Hoće li živjeti dugim, plodnim životom
09:07
or a short, harried one?
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ili kratkim, uništenim životom?
09:10
The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular
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Pogotovo trudnička dijeta i razina stresa
09:13
provide important clues to prevailing conditions
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pružaju važne naznake o prevladavajućim uvjetima
09:16
like a finger lifted to the wind.
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poput prsta podignutog u zrak.
09:19
The resulting tuning and tweaking
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To podešavanje i ugađanje
09:21
of a fetus' brain and other organs
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fetusovog mozga i drugih organa
09:24
are part of what give us humans
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je dio onoga što daje nama ljudima
09:26
our enormous flexibility,
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ogromnu fleksibilnost,
09:28
our ability to thrive
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našu sposobnost da napredujemo
09:30
in a huge variety of environments,
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u velikoj raznovrsnosti okoliša,
09:32
from the country to the city,
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od sela do grada,
09:34
from the tundra to the desert.
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od tundre do pustinje.
09:37
To conclude, I want to tell you two stories
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Kako bih zaključila želim vam ispričati dvije priče
09:39
about how mothers teach their children about the world
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o tome kako majke uče svoju djecu o svijetu
09:42
even before they're born.
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prije nego što se rode.
09:46
In the autumn of 1944,
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U jesen 1944.,
09:48
the darkest days of World War II,
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najmračnijim danima 2. svjetskog rata,
09:51
German troops blockaded Western Holland,
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njemačke su trupe blokirale zapadnu Nizozemsku,
09:54
turning away all shipments of food.
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udaljivši sve pošiljke hrane.
09:57
The opening of the Nazi's siege
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Otvaranje nacističke opsade
09:59
was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades --
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pratila je jedna od najtežih zima u tom desetljeću –
10:02
so cold the water in the canals froze solid.
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tako hladna da se voda u kanalima čvrsto smrznula.
10:06
Soon food became scarce,
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Ubrzo je hrana postala oskudna
10:08
with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day --
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i mnogo je Nizozemaca preživljavalo sa samo 500 kalorija na dan –
10:12
a quarter of what they consumed before the war.
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četvrtina onoga što su konzumirali prije rata.
10:15
As weeks of deprivation stretched into months,
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Kako su se tjedni siromaštva rastegnuli na mjesece,
10:18
some resorted to eating tulip bulbs.
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neki su pribjegli jedenju lukovica tulipana.
10:21
By the beginning of May,
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Početkom svibnja,
10:23
the nation's carefully rationed food reserve
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narod je pažljivo odmjerio da su rezerve hrane
10:25
was completely exhausted.
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potpuno istrošene.
10:27
The specter of mass starvation loomed.
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Prijetila je avet masovnog gladovanja.
10:30
And then on May 5th, 1945,
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I tada, 5. svibnja 1945.,
10:33
the siege came to a sudden end
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opsada je odjednom završila
10:35
when Holland was liberated
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kada je Nizozemska oslobođena
10:37
by the Allies.
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uz pomoć saveznika.
10:39
The "Hunger Winter," as it came to be known,
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„Gladna zima“, kako je postala poznata,
10:42
killed some 10,000 people
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ubila je oko 10 000 ljudi
10:44
and weakened thousands more.
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i oslabila još tisuće.
10:46
But there was another population that was affected --
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Ali postojala je još jedna populacija na koju je to utjecalo –
10:49
the 40,000 fetuses
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40 000 fetusa
10:51
in utero during the siege.
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u maternicama tijekom opsade.
10:54
Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy
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Neke posljedice pothranjenosti tijekom trudnoće
10:56
were immediately apparent
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odmah su se vidjele
10:58
in higher rates of stillbirths,
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u većem postotku mrtvorođenčadi,
11:00
birth defects, low birth weights
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urođenih mana, niskih porođajnih težina
11:02
and infant mortality.
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i smrtnosti novorođenčadi.
11:04
But others wouldn't be discovered for many years.
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Ali ostale nisu bile otkrivene mnogo godina.
11:07
Decades after the "Hunger Winter,"
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Desetljećima nakon „Gladne zime“
11:09
researchers documented
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istraživači su dokumentirali
11:11
that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege
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da su ljudi čije su majke bile trudne za vrijeme opsade
11:15
have more obesity, more diabetes
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bili gojazniji, češće imali dijabetes
11:17
and more heart disease in later life
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i više srčanih bolesti kasnije u životu
11:20
than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions.
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od pojedinaca koji su rođeni u normalnim uvjetima.
11:23
These individuals' prenatal experience of starvation
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Ta pojedinačna prenatalna iskustva izgladnjivanja
11:27
seems to have changed their bodies
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očito su promijenila njihova tijela
11:29
in myriad ways.
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na bezbroj načina.
11:31
They have higher blood pressure,
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Imaju povišen krvni tlak,
11:33
poorer cholesterol profiles
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lošije profile kolesterola
11:35
and reduced glucose tolerance --
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i smanjenu toleranciju na glukozu –
11:37
a precursor of diabetes.
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preteča dijabetesa.
11:40
Why would undernutrition in the womb
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Zašto bi pothranjivanje u maternici
11:42
result in disease later?
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kasnije rezultiralo bolešću?
11:44
One explanation
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Jedno objašnjenje
11:46
is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation.
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je da fetusi izvlače najbolje iz loše situacije.
11:49
When food is scarce,
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Kada hrane nema
11:51
they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain,
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oni skreću hranjive tvari prema zaista kritičnom organu, mozgu
11:54
and away from other organs
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i podalje od ostalih organa
11:56
like the heart and liver.
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poput srca i jetre.
11:58
This keeps the fetus alive in the short-term,
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To drži fetus živim kratko vrijeme,
12:01
but the bill comes due later on in life
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ali račun dolazi na naplatu kasnije u životu
12:04
when those other organs, deprived early on,
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kada ti ostali organi, uskraćeni ranije,
12:06
become more susceptible to disease.
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postanu podložniji bolesti.
12:09
But that may not be all that's going on.
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Ali to možda nije sve što se zbiva.
12:12
It seems that fetuses are taking cues
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Čini se da fetusi primaju znakove
12:14
from the intrauterine environment
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iz intrauterine okoline
12:17
and tailoring their physiology accordingly.
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i prilagođavaju svoju fiziologiju prema tome.
12:19
They're preparing themselves
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Pripremaju se
12:21
for the kind of world they will encounter
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za vrstu svijeta u koji će ući
12:23
on the other side of the womb.
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na drugoj strani maternice.
12:25
The fetus adjusts its metabolism
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Fetus prilagođava svoj metabolizam
12:27
and other physiological processes
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i druge fiziološke procese
12:30
in anticipation of the environment that awaits it.
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predosjećajući okolinu koja ga čeka.
12:33
And the basis of the fetus' prediction
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I osnova fetusove pretpostavke
12:36
is what its mother eats.
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je ono što majka jede.
12:38
The meals a pregnant woman consumes
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Obroci koje trudnica konzumira
12:40
constitute a kind of story,
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sadrže neku vrstu priče,
12:42
a fairy tale of abundance
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bajku o izobilju
12:44
or a grim chronicle of deprivation.
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ili strašnu kroniku siromaštva.
12:47
This story imparts information
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Ova priča pruža informaciju
12:50
that the fetus uses
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koju fetus koristi
12:52
to organize its body and its systems --
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kako bi organizirao svoje tijelo i sistem –
12:54
an adaptation to prevailing circumstances
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adaptacija na dominirajuće okolnosti
12:57
that facilitates its future survival.
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koja olakšava njegovo buduće preživljavanje.
13:00
Faced with severely limited resources,
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Suočeno s veoma ograničenim resursima,
13:03
a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements
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dijete manje veličine s reduciranim potrebama energije
13:06
will, in fact, have a better chance
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će zapravo imati bolje šanse
13:08
of living to adulthood.
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za život u odrasloj dobi.
13:10
The real trouble comes
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Pravi problem dolazi
13:12
when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators,
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kada trudnice postanu na neki način nepouzdani pripovjedači
13:15
when fetuses are led
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pa fetusi budu navedeni
13:17
to expect a world of scarcity
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da očekuju svijet siromaštva,
13:19
and are born instead into a world of plenty.
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a umjesto toga rode se u svijetu izobilja.
13:22
This is what happened to the children of the Dutch "Hunger Winter."
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To se dogodilo djeci nizozemske „Gladne zime“.
13:25
And their higher rates of obesity,
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I njihova veća razina gojaznosti,
13:27
diabetes and heart disease
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dijabetes i srčane bolesti
13:29
are the result.
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su rezultat.
13:31
Bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie
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Tijela napravljena tako da ovise o svakoj kaloriji
13:34
found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories
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našla su se plivajući u suvišku kalorija
13:36
of the post-war Western diet.
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poslijeratne Zapadne dijete.
13:39
The world they had learned about while in utero
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Svijet o kojem su učili dok su bili u maternici
13:42
was not the same
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nije bio jednak
13:44
as the world into which they were born.
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svijetu u kojem su se rodili.
13:47
Here's another story.
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Evo još jedne priče.
13:49
At 8:46 a.m. on September 11th, 2001,
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U 8:46, 11. rujna 2001.
13:53
there were tens of thousands of people
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desetak tisuća ljudi bilo je
13:55
in the vicinity of the World Trade Center
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u blizini Svjetskog trgovačkog centra
13:57
in New York --
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u New Yorku –
13:59
commuters spilling off trains,
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putnici izlaze iz vlakova,
14:01
waitresses setting tables for the morning rush,
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konobarice postavljaju stolove za jutarnju gužvu,
14:04
brokers already working the phones on Wall Street.
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brokeri već rade na telefonima na Wall Streetu.
14:08
1,700 of these people were pregnant women.
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1700 do tih ljudi su bile trudnice.
14:11
When the planes struck and the towers collapsed,
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Kada su se zrakoplovi zabili i tornjevi srušili,
14:14
many of these women experienced the same horrors
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mnoge od tih žena doživjele su iste strahote
14:17
inflicted on other survivors of the disaster --
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kao i drugi preživjeli u toj katastrofi –
14:20
the overwhelming chaos and confusion,
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prevladavajući kaos i zbrka,
14:22
the rolling clouds
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oblaci potencijalno
14:24
of potentially toxic dust and debris,
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otrovne prašine i krhotina,
14:28
the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
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lupanje srca u strahu za vlastite živote.
14:30
About a year after 9/11,
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Otprilike godinu dana nakon 11.09.
14:32
researchers examined a group of women
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istraživači su pregledali grupu žena
14:35
who were pregnant
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koje su bile trudne
14:37
when they were exposed to the World Trade Center attack.
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kada su bile izložene napadu na Svjetski trgovački centar.
14:39
In the babies of those women
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Kod beba tih žena
14:41
who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or PTSD,
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koje su razvile posttraumatski stresni poremećaj ili PTSP,
14:44
following their ordeal,
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slijedeći njihovu patnju,
14:46
researchers discovered a biological marker
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istraživači su otkrili biološki marker
14:49
of susceptibility to PTSD --
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osjetljivosti na PTSP –
14:51
an effect that was most pronounced
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efekt koji je bio najnaglašeniji
14:54
in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe
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kod dojenčadi čije su majke doživjele katastrofu
14:57
in their third trimester.
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u njihovom trećem tromjesečju.
14:59
In other words,
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Drugim riječima,
15:01
the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome
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majke s posttraumatskim stresnim poremećajem
15:04
had passed on a vulnerability to the condition
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su prenijele ranjivost
15:07
to their children while they were still in utero.
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na svoju djecu dok su još bila u maternici.
15:10
Now consider this:
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Uzmite u obzir,
15:12
post-traumatic stress syndrome
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posttraumatski stresni poremećaj
15:14
appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong,
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je reakcija na stres koji je pošao veoma krivo,
15:17
causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering.
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uzrokujući svojim žrtvama ogromnu, nepotrebnu patnju.
15:21
But there's another way of thinking about PTSD.
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Ali postoji i drugi način razmišljanja o PTSP-u.
15:24
What looks like pathology to us
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Ono što nama izgleda kao patologija
15:27
may actually be a useful adaptation
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može biti korisna adaptacija
15:29
in some circumstances.
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u nekim okolnostima.
15:31
In a particularly dangerous environment,
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U naročito opasnim okolinama,
15:34
the characteristic manifestations of PTSD --
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karakteristične manifestacije PTSP-a –
15:37
a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings,
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hipersvjesnost okruženja,
15:40
a quick-trigger response to danger --
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brzi okidač na opasnost,
15:43
could save someone's life.
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može spasiti nečiji život.
15:46
The notion that the prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive
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Ideja o prenatalnom prijenosu PTSP rizika je prilagodljiva,
15:50
is still speculative,
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još je spekulativna,
15:52
but I find it rather poignant.
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ali ja je smatram pronicljivom.
15:55
It would mean that, even before birth,
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To bi značilo da čak prije rođenja
15:57
mothers are warning their children
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majke upozoravaju svoju djecu
15:59
that it's a wild world out there,
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da je tamo vani divlji svijet,
16:01
telling them, "Be careful."
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govoreći im: „Budite oprezni.“
16:04
Let me be clear.
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Da budem jasna,
16:06
Fetal origins research is not about blaming women
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istraživanje fetalnog podrijetla nije u okrivljavanju žena
16:09
for what happens during pregnancy.
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za ono što se događa tijekom trudnoće.
16:11
It's about discovering how best to promote
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Cilj je otkriti kako najbolje poboljšati
16:14
the health and well-being of the next generation.
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zdravlje i blagostanje sljedećih generacija.
16:17
That important effort must include a focus
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Taj važan napor mora se usmjeriti
16:19
on what fetuses learn
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na ono što fetusi uče
16:21
during the nine months they spend in the womb.
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tijekom devet mjeseci koje provedu u maternici.
16:24
Learning is one of life's most essential activities,
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Učenje je jedna od najvažnijih aktivnosti u životu
16:27
and it begins much earlier
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i počinje mnogo ranije
16:29
than we ever imagined.
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nego što smo ikada zamišljali.
16:31
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:33
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Annie Murphy Paul - Science authorAnnie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become.
Why you should listen
To what extent the conditions we encounter before birth influence our individual characteristics? It‘s the question at the center of fetal origins, a relatively new field of research that measures how the effects of influences outside the womb during pregnancy can shape the physical, mental and even emotional well-being of the developing baby for the rest of its life.
Science writer Annie Murphy Paul calls it a gray zone between nature and nurture in her book Origins, a history and study of this emerging field structured around a personal narrative -- Paul was pregnant with her second child at the time. What she finds suggests a far more dynamic nature between mother and fetus than typically acknowledged, and opens up the possibility that the time before birth is as crucial to human development as early childhood.
Annie Murphy Paul | Speaker | TED.com