TEDGlobal 2011
Annie Murphy Paul: What we learn before we're born
Annie Murphy Paul: Česa se naučimo, preden se rodimo
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Kviz vprašanje: Kdaj se začne učenje? Odgovor: Še preden se rodimo. Novinarka na področju znanosti Annie Murphy Paul govori o novih raziskavah, ki kažejo, česa vsega se naučimo v maternici -- od zvoka maternega jezika do prihodnjih najljubših jedi.
Annie Murphy Paul - Science author
Annie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become. Full bio
Annie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
My subject today is learning.
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Moja današnja tema je učenje.
00:18
And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz.
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In v tej luči vam želim zastaviti kviz vprašanje.
00:21
Ready?
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Pripravljeni?
00:23
When does learning begin?
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Kdaj se učenje začne?
00:26
Now as you ponder that question,
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Medtem ko razmišljate,
00:28
maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool
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morda mislite na prvi dan male šole
00:30
or kindergarten,
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ali vrtca,
00:32
the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher.
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na prvo priložnost, ko so otroci v razredu z učiteljem.
00:35
Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase
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Morda ste se spomnili faze malčka,
00:38
when children are learning how to walk and talk
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ko se otroci učijo hoditi in govoriti
00:41
and use a fork.
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ter uporabljati vilice.
00:43
Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement,
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Morda ste slišali za gibanje "od nič do tri",
00:46
which asserts that the most important years for learning
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ki trdi, da so najpomembnejša leta za učenje
00:49
are the earliest ones.
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prav najzgodnejša.
00:51
And so your answer to my question would be:
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Vaš odgovor na moje vprašanje bi tako bil:
00:54
Learning begins at birth.
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učenje se začne z rojstvom.
00:56
Well today I want to present to you
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No, danes bi vam rada predstavila zamisel,
00:58
an idea that may be surprising
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ki je morda presenetljiva
01:01
and may even seem implausible,
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in se sliši celo neverjetno,
01:04
but which is supported by the latest evidence
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vendar jo podpirajo novi dokazi
01:06
from psychology and biology.
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s področja psihologije in biologije.
01:09
And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do
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In ti kažejo, da se nekaj najpomembnejšega učenja
01:12
happens before we're born,
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zgodi, preden se rodimo,
01:14
while we're still in the womb.
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ko smo še v maternici.
01:17
Now I'm a science reporter.
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Sama sem poročevalka s področja znanosti.
01:19
I write books and magazine articles.
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Pišem knjige in članke.
01:21
And I'm also a mother.
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In sem tudi mati.
01:23
And those two roles came together for me
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Ti dve vlogi sta se združili
01:26
in a book that I wrote called "Origins."
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v moji knjigi z naslovom "Izvori" (Origins).
01:29
"Origins" is a report from the front lines
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"Izvori" je poročilo iz prve vrste
01:32
of an exciting new field
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o vznemirljivem novem področju,
01:34
called fetal origins.
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imenovanem izvor zarodkov.
01:36
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline
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Izvor zarodkov je znanstvena disciplina,
01:39
that emerged just about two decades ago,
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ki se je pojavila pred kakima dvema desetletjema
01:42
and it's based on the theory
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in temelji na teoriji,
01:45
that our health and well-being throughout our lives
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da na naše zdravje in dobro počutje skozi celo življenje
01:48
is crucially affected
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bistveno vpliva
01:50
by the nine months we spend in the womb.
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devet mesecev, ki jih preživimo v maternici.
01:53
Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me.
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Ta teorija me je zanimala bolj kot le z znanstvenega vidika.
01:57
I was myself pregnant
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Sama sem bila noseča,
01:59
while I was doing the research for the book.
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ko sem raziskovala za knjigo.
02:02
And one of the most fascinating insights
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In ena od stvari, ki so me najbolj prevzele
02:04
I took from this work
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med tem delom,
02:06
is that we're all learning about the world
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je to, da se vsi učimo o svetu,
02:09
even before we enter it.
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še preden vstopimo vanj.
02:12
When we hold our babies for the first time,
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Ko prvič držimo v naročju svojega otroka,
02:14
we might imagine that they're clean slates,
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si morda predstavljamo, da je prazen list papirja,
02:17
unmarked by life,
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nezaznamovan od življenja,
02:19
when in fact, they've already been shaped by us
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čeprav smo ga dejansko že oblikovali mi sami
02:22
and by the particular world we live in.
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ter svet, v katerem živimo.
02:26
Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things
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Danes bi z vami rada delila nekaj neverjetnih stvari,
02:28
that scientists are discovering
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ki jih znanstveniki odkrivajo o tem,
02:30
about what fetuses learn
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česa se zarodki naučijo,
02:32
while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
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ko so še v maminem trebuhu.
02:36
First of all,
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Prvič,
02:38
they learn the sound of their mothers' voices.
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naučijo se zvoka maminega glasu.
02:41
Because sounds from the outside world
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Ker morajo zvoki od zunaj
02:44
have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue
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potovati skozi mamin trebuh
02:47
and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus,
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in skozi amniotsko tekočino, ki obkroža zarodek,
02:51
the voices fetuses hear,
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so glasovi, ki jih zarodek sliši
02:53
starting around the fourth month of gestation,
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nekje od četrtega meseca naprej,
02:56
are muted and muffled.
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pridušeni in nejasni.
02:58
One researcher says
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Eden od raziskovalcev pravi,
03:00
that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher
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da so verjetno slišati kot glas učitelja Charlieja Browna
03:03
in the old "Peanuts" cartoon.
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v risanki "Peanuts".
03:06
But the pregnant woman's own voice
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Glas noseče ženske
03:09
reverberates through her body,
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pa odmeva skozi njeno telo
03:11
reaching the fetus much more readily.
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in dosti lažje doseže zarodek.
03:14
And because the fetus is with her all the time,
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In ker je zarodek z njo ves čas,
03:17
it hears her voice a lot.
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zelo pogosto sliši njen glas.
03:20
Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice
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Ko se rodi, ta glas prepozna
03:23
and it prefers listening to her voice
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in ga posluša raje
03:25
over anyone else's.
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kot kateregakoli drugega.
03:27
How can we know this?
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Kako to vemo?
03:29
Newborn babies can't do much,
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Novorojenčki ne morejo početi veliko stvari,
03:31
but one thing they're really good at is sucking.
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zelo dobri pa so pri sesanju.
03:34
Researchers take advantage of this fact
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Raziskovalci izkoriščajo to dejstvo tako,
03:37
by rigging up two rubber nipples,
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da uporabijo dve gumijasti bradavici:
03:40
so that if a baby sucks on one,
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ko dojenček sesa eno,
03:42
it hears a recording of its mother's voice
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sliši posnetek materinega glasu
03:44
on a pair of headphones,
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skozi slušalke;
03:46
and if it sucks on the other nipple,
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ko sesa drugo bradavico,
03:48
it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice.
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pa sliši posnetek tujega ženskega glasu.
03:52
Babies quickly show their preference
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Dojenčki hitro pokažejo svojo nagnjenost,
03:55
by choosing the first one.
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tako da izberejo prvo.
03:58
Scientists also take advantage of the fact
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Raziskovalci si pomagajo tudi z dejstvom,
04:01
that babies will slow down their sucking
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da dojenčki upočasnijo sesanje,
04:03
when something interests them
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ko jih nekaj zanima
04:05
and resume their fast sucking
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in spet nadaljujejo s hitrejšim sesanjem,
04:07
when they get bored.
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ko se dolgočasijo.
04:10
This is how researchers discovered
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Na ta način so raziskovalci ugotovili,
04:12
that, after women repeatedly read aloud
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da so potem ko so ženske večkrat naglas brale
04:15
a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant,
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izsek iz knjige Dr Seussa "Mačka v klobuku" med svojo nosečnostjo,
04:19
their newborn babies recognized that passage
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novorojenčki prepoznali ta izsek,
04:22
when they hear it outside the womb.
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tudi ko so ga slišali izven maternice.
04:25
My favorite experiment of this kind
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Moj najljubši tovrstni eksperiment te vrste
04:28
is the one that showed that the babies
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pa je tisti, ki kaže, da so otroci
04:30
of women who watched a certain soap opera
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žensk, ki so med nosečnostjo vsak dan
04:32
every day during pregnancy
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gledale določeno nadaljevanko,
04:35
recognized the theme song of that show
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prepoznali naslovno pesem serije,
04:38
once they were born.
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potem ko so se rodili.
04:41
So fetuses are even learning
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Torej, zarodki se učijo celo
04:43
about the particular language that's spoken
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posebnega jezika, ki ga govorimo v svetu,
04:46
in the world that they'll be born into.
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v katerega se bodo rodili.
04:48
A study published last year
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Lanskoletna študija
04:51
found that from birth, from the moment of birth,
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je ugotovila, da od rojstva, od trenutka rojstva
04:54
babies cry in the accent
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dojenčki jočejo v naglasu
04:56
of their mother's native language.
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maminega maternega jezika.
04:59
French babies cry on a rising note
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Francoski dojenčki jočejo z naraščajočim tonom,
05:02
while German babies end on a falling note,
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nemški pa s padajočim,
05:05
imitating the melodic contours
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s čimer imitirajo melodične posebnosti
05:07
of those languages.
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teh dveh jezikov.
05:09
Now why would this kind of fetal learning
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Zakaj pa je tovrstno učenje zarodkov
05:11
be useful?
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koristno?
05:13
It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival.
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Morda se je razvilo kot pomoč pri preživetju otroka.
05:16
From the moment of birth,
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Od rojstva naprej
05:18
the baby responds most to the voice
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se otrok najbolj odziva na glas
05:20
of the person who is most likely to care for it --
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osebe, ki bo najbolj verjetno skrbela zanj --
05:22
its mother.
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svoje matere.
05:24
It even makes its cries
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Celo joče
05:26
sound like the mother's language,
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v materinem jeziku,
05:28
which may further endear the baby to the mother,
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kar lahko še bolj približa mater otroku
05:31
and which may give the baby a head start
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in kar dojenčku lahko pomaga
05:33
in the critical task
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pri kritični nalogi
05:35
of learning how to understand and speak
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učenja, kako razumeti in govoriti
05:38
its native language.
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svoj materni jezik.
05:40
But it's not just sounds
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Niso pa samo zvoki tisto,
05:42
that fetuses are learning about in utero.
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česar se zarodki učijo v maternici.
05:44
It's also tastes and smells.
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Gre tudi za okus in vonj.
05:47
By seven months of gestation,
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V sedmem mesecu nosečnosti
05:49
the fetus' taste buds are fully developed,
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so brbončice na jeziku docela razvite
05:51
and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell,
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in vohalni receptorji, ki omogočajo voh,
05:54
are functioning.
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delujejo.
05:56
The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats
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Okusi hrane, ki jo je nosečnica,
05:59
find their way into the amniotic fluid,
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se znajdejo v amniotski tekočini,
06:01
which is continuously swallowed
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ki jo zarodek
06:03
by the fetus.
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stalno požira.
06:05
Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes
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Kaže, da se dojenčki spomnijo teh okusov in
06:08
once they're out in the world.
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jih imajo raje tudi ko se rodijo.
06:11
In one experiment, a group of pregnant women
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V enem poizkusu so skupino nosečnic
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was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice
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prosili, naj pijejo veliko korenčkovega soka,
06:16
during their third trimester of pregnancy,
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ko so bile v tretjem trimesečju,
06:19
while another group of pregnant women
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medtem ko je druga skupina nosečnic
06:21
drank only water.
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pila samo vodo.
06:23
Six months later, the women's infants
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Šest mesecev kasneje so otrokom teh žensk
06:26
were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice,
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ponudili žitarice, zmešane s korenčkovim sokom,
06:29
and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it.
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in opazovali izraze na njihovih obrazih, ko so jih jedli.
06:33
The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women
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Otroci žensk, ki so pile korenčkov sok,
06:35
ate more carrot-flavored cereal,
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so pojedli več žitaric z okusom korenja
06:37
and from the looks of it,
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in videti je bilo,
06:39
they seemed to enjoy it more.
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da so pri tem bolj uživali.
06:41
A sort of French version of this experiment
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Neke vrste francosko verzijo tega eksperimenta
06:44
was carried out in Dijon, France
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so izvedli v Dijonu v Franciji,
06:46
where researchers found
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kjer so raziskovalci odkrili,
06:48
that mothers who consumed food and drink
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da so otroci mater, ki so med nosečnostjo uživale hrano in pijačo
06:51
flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy
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z okusom sladkega korena,
06:56
showed a preference for anise
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kazali preferenco do sladkega korena
06:58
on their first day of life,
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že prvi dan življenja
07:00
and again, when they were tested later,
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pa tudi kasneje, ko so jih testirali
07:02
on their fourth day of life.
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četrti dan po rojstvu.
07:04
Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy
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Otroci, katerih matere med nosečnostjo niso uživale sladkega korena,
07:08
showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck."
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so reagirali na način, ki ga lahko na grobo prevedemo kot "fuj".
07:12
What this means
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To pomeni,
07:14
is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers
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da matere učijo svoje zarodke o tem,
07:16
about what is safe and good to eat.
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kaj je varno in dobro jesti.
07:19
Fetuses are also being taught
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Zarodki se učijo tudi
07:21
about the particular culture that they'll be joining
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o posebni kulturi, ki se ji bodo pridružili,
07:24
through one of culture's most powerful expressions,
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in sicer skozi enega najmočnejših kulturnih izrazov,
07:27
which is food.
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hrano.
07:29
They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices
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Uvedeni so v značilne okuse in začimbe
07:32
of their culture's cuisine
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kuhinje njihove kulture,
07:34
even before birth.
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in to še pred rojstvom.
07:37
Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons.
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Izkaže se, da se zarodki učijo še pomembnejših lekcij.
07:40
But before I get to that,
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A preden se posvetim temu,
07:42
I want to address something that you may be wondering about.
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bi rada povedala nekaj, kar vas bo morda začudilo.
07:46
The notion of fetal learning
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Zamisel učenja zarodka
07:48
may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus --
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vas bo morda navedla k poskusom, kako obogatiti zarodek --
07:51
like playing Mozart through headphones
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kot denimo z igranjem Mozarta skozi slušalke,
07:53
placed on a pregnant belly.
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ki jih položite na trebuh nosečnice.
07:55
But actually, the nine-month-long process
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A v resnici je devetmesečni proces
07:58
of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb
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oblikovanja in formiranja tega, kar se dogaja v maternici,
08:01
is a lot more visceral and consequential than that.
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veliko bolj ponotranjen in pomemben od tega.
08:05
Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life --
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Večina stvari, ki jih nosečnica doživi v svojem vsakdanu --
08:09
the air she breathes,
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zrak, ki ga diha,
08:11
the food and drink she consumes,
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hrana in pijača, ki ju uživa,
08:13
the chemicals she's exposed to,
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kemikalije, ki jim je izpostavljena,
08:15
even the emotions she feels --
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celo čustva, ki jih občuti --
08:17
are shared in some fashion with her fetus.
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na določen način deli z zarodkom.
08:20
They make up a mix of influences
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Skupaj sestavljajo mešanico vplivov,
08:23
as individual and idiosyncratic
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ki so tako edinstveni in posebni
08:25
as the woman herself.
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kot ženska sama.
08:27
The fetus incorporates these offerings
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Zarodek te vtise ponotranji
08:29
into its own body,
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v svoje telo,
08:31
makes them part of its flesh and blood.
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iz njih naredi del svojega mesa in krvi.
08:34
And often it does something more.
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Pogosto pa naredi še nekaj več.
08:36
It treats these maternal contributions
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Te materine prispevke obravnava
08:39
as information,
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kot informacije,
08:41
as what I like to call biological postcards
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kar jaz imenujem biološke kartice
08:43
from the world outside.
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iz zunanjega sveta.
08:46
So what a fetus is learning about in utero
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To, kar se zarodek uči v maternici,
08:49
is not Mozart's "Magic Flute"
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ni Mozartova Čarobna piščal,
08:51
but answers to questions much more critical to its survival.
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temveč so odgovori na vprašanja, ki so veliko bolj ključna za njegovo preživetje.
08:55
Will it be born into a world of abundance
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Se bo rodil v svet blagostanja
08:57
or scarcity?
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ali pomanjkanja?
08:59
Will it be safe and protected,
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Bo varen in zaščiten
09:02
or will it face constant dangers and threats?
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ali bo stalno v nevarnosti in ogrožen?
09:05
Will it live a long, fruitful life
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Bo živel dolgo, polno življenje
09:07
or a short, harried one?
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ali kratko in nemirno?
09:10
The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular
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Posebej prehrana in stopnja stresa nosečnice
09:13
provide important clues to prevailing conditions
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dajeta pomembne podatke o prevladujočih pogojih,
09:16
like a finger lifted to the wind.
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podobno kot prst, ki ga dvignemo v vetru.
09:19
The resulting tuning and tweaking
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Iz tega izhajajoče uglaševanje in prilagajanje
09:21
of a fetus' brain and other organs
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zarodkovih možganov in drugih organov
09:24
are part of what give us humans
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je del tega, zaradi česar smo ljudje
09:26
our enormous flexibility,
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tako zelo prilagodljivi,
09:28
our ability to thrive
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imamo sposobnost preživetja
09:30
in a huge variety of environments,
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v veliko različnih okoljih,
09:32
from the country to the city,
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od podeželja do mest,
09:34
from the tundra to the desert.
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od tundre do puščave.
09:37
To conclude, I want to tell you two stories
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Za konec bi vam rada povedala dve zgodbi o tem,
09:39
about how mothers teach their children about the world
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kako matere učijo svoje otroke o svetu,
09:42
even before they're born.
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še preden se rodijo.
09:46
In the autumn of 1944,
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Jeseni leta 1944,
09:48
the darkest days of World War II,
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v najtemnejših dneh druge svetovne vojne,
09:51
German troops blockaded Western Holland,
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so nemške čete blokirale Zahodno Holandijo,
09:54
turning away all shipments of food.
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kar je preprečilo dostop do hrane.
09:57
The opening of the Nazi's siege
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Začetku nacističnega obleganja
09:59
was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades --
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je sledila ena najostrejših zim v zadnjih desetletjih --
10:02
so cold the water in the canals froze solid.
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tako mrzla, da je voda v kanalih zmrznila v led.
10:06
Soon food became scarce,
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Kmalu je hrane začelo primanjkovati
10:08
with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day --
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in veliko Nizozemcev je preživelo z le 500 kalorijami na dan,
10:12
a quarter of what they consumed before the war.
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kar je četrtina tega, kar so užili pred vojno.
10:15
As weeks of deprivation stretched into months,
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Ko so se tedni pomanjkanja razširili na mesece,
10:18
some resorted to eating tulip bulbs.
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so nekateri začeli jesti tulipanove cvetove.
10:21
By the beginning of May,
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Začetek maja
10:23
the nation's carefully rationed food reserve
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je bila državna rezerva hrane
10:25
was completely exhausted.
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povsem izpraznjena.
10:27
The specter of mass starvation loomed.
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Pričakovali so množično lakoto.
10:30
And then on May 5th, 1945,
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Potem pa se je 5. maja 1945
10:33
the siege came to a sudden end
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obleganje nenadoma končalo,
10:35
when Holland was liberated
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saj so Nizozemsko osvobodili
10:37
by the Allies.
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zavezniki.
10:39
The "Hunger Winter," as it came to be known,
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"Zima lakote", kot so jo imenovali,
10:42
killed some 10,000 people
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je umorila okoli 10.000 ljudi
10:44
and weakened thousands more.
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in oslabila še na tisoče več.
10:46
But there was another population that was affected --
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A prizadeta je bila še ena skupina --
10:49
the 40,000 fetuses
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40.000 zarodkov,
10:51
in utero during the siege.
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ki so bili v maternicah med obleganjem.
10:54
Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy
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Nekateri učinki podhranjenosti med nosečnostjo
10:56
were immediately apparent
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so takoj postali očitni,
10:58
in higher rates of stillbirths,
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denimo večji delež mrtvorojenih otrok,
11:00
birth defects, low birth weights
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novorojenčki s hibami, nizko porodno težo
11:02
and infant mortality.
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in smrtnost otrok.
11:04
But others wouldn't be discovered for many years.
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A drugih niso zaznali še dolga leta.
11:07
Decades after the "Hunger Winter,"
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Desetletja po "zimi lakote"
11:09
researchers documented
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so raziskovalci dognali,
11:11
that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege
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da so bili ljudje, katerih matere so bile noseče med obleganjem,
11:15
have more obesity, more diabetes
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bolj debeli, imeli več sladkorne bolezni
11:17
and more heart disease in later life
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in več srčnih obolenj kasneje v življenju
11:20
than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions.
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kot posamezniki, ki so bili v maternici pod normalnimi pogoji.
11:23
These individuals' prenatal experience of starvation
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Ta predporodna izkušnja lakote
11:27
seems to have changed their bodies
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je očitno spremenila njihova telesa
11:29
in myriad ways.
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na mnoge načine.
11:31
They have higher blood pressure,
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Imajo višji krvni pritisk,
11:33
poorer cholesterol profiles
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slabšo sliko holesterola
11:35
and reduced glucose tolerance --
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in nižjo toleranco na glukozo --
11:37
a precursor of diabetes.
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kar je predhodnik sladkorne bolezni.
11:40
Why would undernutrition in the womb
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Zakaj bi podhranjenost v maternici
11:42
result in disease later?
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povzročila bolezen kasneje?
11:44
One explanation
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Ena razlaga je,
11:46
is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation.
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da zarodki iz slabih okoliščin naredijo najboljši možen rezultat.
11:49
When food is scarce,
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Ko manjka hrane,
11:51
they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain,
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se usmerijo k res kritičnemu organu, k možganom,
11:54
and away from other organs
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stran od drugih organov,
11:56
like the heart and liver.
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kot sta srce in jetra.
11:58
This keeps the fetus alive in the short-term,
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To na kratki rok omogoča preživetje zarodka,
12:01
but the bill comes due later on in life
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a račun je treba plačati kasneje v življenju,
12:04
when those other organs, deprived early on,
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ki ti drugi organi, ki so na začetku čutili pomanjkanje,
12:06
become more susceptible to disease.
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postanejo bolj dovzetni za bolezen.
12:09
But that may not be all that's going on.
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A morda to ni vse, kar se dogaja.
12:12
It seems that fetuses are taking cues
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Videti je, da zarodki sprejemajo namige
12:14
from the intrauterine environment
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iz medmaterničnega okolja
12:17
and tailoring their physiology accordingly.
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in jim prilagodijo svojo fiziologijo.
12:19
They're preparing themselves
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Pripravljajo se
12:21
for the kind of world they will encounter
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na svet, ki ga bodo spoznali
12:23
on the other side of the womb.
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na drugi strani maternice.
12:25
The fetus adjusts its metabolism
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Zarodek prilagodi svoj metabolizem
12:27
and other physiological processes
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in druge fiziološke procese,
12:30
in anticipation of the environment that awaits it.
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v pričakovanju okolja, v katerega bo vstopil.
12:33
And the basis of the fetus' prediction
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In osnova za zarodkovo napoved
12:36
is what its mother eats.
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je to, s čimer se hrani njegova mati.
12:38
The meals a pregnant woman consumes
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Obroki, ki jih uživa nosečnica,
12:40
constitute a kind of story,
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so nekakšna zgodba,
12:42
a fairy tale of abundance
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pravljica o blagostanju
12:44
or a grim chronicle of deprivation.
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ali žalosten zapis o pomanjkanju.
12:47
This story imparts information
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Ta zgodba daje informacije,
12:50
that the fetus uses
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ki jih zarodek uporabi,
12:52
to organize its body and its systems --
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da organizira svoje telo in svoje sisteme --
12:54
an adaptation to prevailing circumstances
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kot prilagoditev na prevladujoče okoliščine,
12:57
that facilitates its future survival.
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kar bo olajšalo njegovo preživetje.
13:00
Faced with severely limited resources,
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Če je soočen z omejenimi viri,
13:03
a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements
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bo manjši otrok z manjšimi potrebami po energiji
13:06
will, in fact, have a better chance
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pravzaprav imel več možnosti
13:08
of living to adulthood.
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preživetja do odraslosti.
13:10
The real trouble comes
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Težava se začne,
13:12
when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators,
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kadar so nosečnice v nekem smislu nezanesljive pripovedovalke,
13:15
when fetuses are led
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ko zarodek misli,
13:17
to expect a world of scarcity
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da mora pričakovati svet pomanjkanja,
13:19
and are born instead into a world of plenty.
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rodi pa se v svet blagostanja.
13:22
This is what happened to the children of the Dutch "Hunger Winter."
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To se je zgodilo otrokom nizozemske "zime lakote".
13:25
And their higher rates of obesity,
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Višja pojavnost debelosti,
13:27
diabetes and heart disease
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sladkorne bolezni in srčnih obolenj
13:29
are the result.
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je rezultat tega.
13:31
Bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie
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Telesa, prilagojena na to, da izkoristijo vsako kalorijo,
13:34
found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories
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so se znašla med odvečnimi kalorijami
13:36
of the post-war Western diet.
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povojnega zahodnega načina prehrane.
13:39
The world they had learned about while in utero
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Svet, ki so ga spoznali v maternici,
13:42
was not the same
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ni bil enak tistemu,
13:44
as the world into which they were born.
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v katerega so se rodili.
13:47
Here's another story.
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Tule je še ena zgodba.
13:49
At 8:46 a.m. on September 11th, 2001,
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11. septembra 2011 ob 8.46 zjutraj
13:53
there were tens of thousands of people
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je bilo v bližini Svetovnega trgovinskega centra (WTC)
13:55
in the vicinity of the World Trade Center
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v New Yorku
13:57
in New York --
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na desettisoče ljudi --
13:59
commuters spilling off trains,
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vozači, ki so sestopali z vlakov,
14:01
waitresses setting tables for the morning rush,
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natakarice, ki so pripravljale mize za jutranji naval,
14:04
brokers already working the phones on Wall Street.
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borzniki z Wall Streeta, ki so že viseli na telefonih.
14:08
1,700 of these people were pregnant women.
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Od tega je bilo 1.700 nosečnic.
14:11
When the planes struck and the towers collapsed,
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Ko sta letali zadeli in sta se stolpa porušila,
14:14
many of these women experienced the same horrors
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je veliko teh žensk doživelo enako strahoto
14:17
inflicted on other survivors of the disaster --
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kot drugi preživeli v tej katastrofi --
14:20
the overwhelming chaos and confusion,
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neverjeten kaos in zmešnjavo,
14:22
the rolling clouds
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valeče se oblake
14:24
of potentially toxic dust and debris,
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potencialno strupenega prahu in ruševin,
14:28
the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
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ter razbijanje srca v strahu za svoja življenja.
14:30
About a year after 9/11,
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Približno leto dni po 11. septembru
14:32
researchers examined a group of women
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so raziskovalci pregledali skupino žensk,
14:35
who were pregnant
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ki so bile noseče,
14:37
when they were exposed to the World Trade Center attack.
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ko so bile priča napadu na WTC.
14:39
In the babies of those women
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V otrocih tistih žensk,
14:41
who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or PTSD,
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ki so razvile posttravmatski sindrom (PTSD)
14:44
following their ordeal,
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po tem doživetju,
14:46
researchers discovered a biological marker
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so raziskovalci odkrili biološki znak
14:49
of susceptibility to PTSD --
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nagnjenosti k PTSD --
14:51
an effect that was most pronounced
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učinek, ki je bil najbolj očiten
14:54
in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe
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pri dojenčkih, katerih matere so katastrofo doživele
14:57
in their third trimester.
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v zadnjem trimestru nosečnosti.
14:59
In other words,
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Z drugimi besedami,
15:01
the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome
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matere s posttravmatskim sindromom
15:04
had passed on a vulnerability to the condition
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so občutljivost na to stanje prenesle
15:07
to their children while they were still in utero.
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na svoje otroke, ko so bili ti še v maternici.
15:10
Now consider this:
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Zdaj pa razmislite o tem:
15:12
post-traumatic stress syndrome
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posttravmatski sindrom
15:14
appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong,
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je, kot kaže, zelo huda reakcija na stres,
15:17
causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering.
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ki žrtvam povzroči ogromno nepotrebnega trpljenja.
15:21
But there's another way of thinking about PTSD.
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Je pa še en pogled na PTSD.
15:24
What looks like pathology to us
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Kar se nam zdi kot patologija,
15:27
may actually be a useful adaptation
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je morda uporabna prilagoditev
15:29
in some circumstances.
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na določene okoliščine.
15:31
In a particularly dangerous environment,
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V posebej nevarnem okolju
15:34
the characteristic manifestations of PTSD --
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lahko značilne manifestacije PTSD --
15:37
a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings,
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hiper-zavedanje svojega okolja,
15:40
a quick-trigger response to danger --
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hitro reagiranje na nevarnost --
15:43
could save someone's life.
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rešijo življenje.
15:46
The notion that the prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive
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Ideja, da je predporodni prenos rizika za PTSD prilagoditven,
15:50
is still speculative,
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je še vedno le spekulativna,
15:52
but I find it rather poignant.
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a meni se zdi precej ostra.
15:55
It would mean that, even before birth,
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To bi pomenilo, da matere še pred rojstvom
15:57
mothers are warning their children
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opozorijo svoje otroke,
15:59
that it's a wild world out there,
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da jih čaka nevaren svet,
16:01
telling them, "Be careful."
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in jim naročijo: "Bodi previden."
16:04
Let me be clear.
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Naj bom čisto jasna.
16:06
Fetal origins research is not about blaming women
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Raziskave o izvoru zarodkov niso namenjene obtoževanju žensk
16:09
for what happens during pregnancy.
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za to, kar se zgodi med nosečnostjo.
16:11
It's about discovering how best to promote
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Gre za odkrivanje, kako najbolje spodbujati
16:14
the health and well-being of the next generation.
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zdravje in dobro počutje naslednje generacije.
16:17
That important effort must include a focus
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Ta pomemben trud mora vsebovati osredotočanje
16:19
on what fetuses learn
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na to, česa se zarodek nauči
16:21
during the nine months they spend in the womb.
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v devetih mesecih, ki jih preživi v maternici.
16:24
Learning is one of life's most essential activities,
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Učenje je ena bistvenih življenjskih dejavnosti
16:27
and it begins much earlier
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in začne se mnogo bolj zgodaj,
16:29
than we ever imagined.
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kot smo si kdajkoli predstavljali.
16:31
Thank you.
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Hvala.
16:33
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Annie Murphy Paul - Science authorAnnie Murphy Paul investigates how life in the womb shapes who we become.
Why you should listen
To what extent the conditions we encounter before birth influence our individual characteristics? It‘s the question at the center of fetal origins, a relatively new field of research that measures how the effects of influences outside the womb during pregnancy can shape the physical, mental and even emotional well-being of the developing baby for the rest of its life.
Science writer Annie Murphy Paul calls it a gray zone between nature and nurture in her book Origins, a history and study of this emerging field structured around a personal narrative -- Paul was pregnant with her second child at the time. What she finds suggests a far more dynamic nature between mother and fetus than typically acknowledged, and opens up the possibility that the time before birth is as crucial to human development as early childhood.
Annie Murphy Paul | Speaker | TED.com