Robert Sapolsky: The biology of our best and worst selves
Robert Sapolsky: Biológia našeho najlepšieho a najhoršieho správania
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
spent the last few years
aké je ľudské správanie zvláštne
of our language trying to explain it is.
jazyk, keď sa ho snažíme vysvetliť.
explain some of the thinking behind it
jeho vysvetlenia určitých myšlienok
something like this.
against humanity."
version of the fantasy ends
keby som chytil Hitlera?
once I allow myself.
akonáhle si to dovolím.
Vyzeral mu jazyk.
kŕmeného cez hadičky,
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
vidieť a počuť, schopného len cítiť,
with something cancerous
niečím rakovinotvorným,
is screaming in agony,
nebude kričať v agónii dovtedy,
feels like an eternity in hell.
nepríde ako večnosť v pekle.
wicked soul in history.
skazenú dušu v histórii.
in souls or evil,
som najradšej videl mŕtvych,
I would like to see killed,
reguláciu strelných zbraní.
I was at a laser tag place,
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
sa v rohu a strieľať po ľuďoch.
confused human when it comes to violence.
zmätený človek, čo sa týka násilia.
have problems with violence.
očividne problém s násilím.
na podanie jedovatého plynu,
airplanes as weapons,
ako vojenskú stratégiu.
our champions of it.
being this miserably violent species,
altruistic, compassionate one.
nesebecký a milosrdný.
of the biology of our best behaviors,
nášho najlepšieho
ambiguously in between?
a všetkého medzi tým?
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
motorických aspektov správania.
tells your muscles
chrbtici, povie vašim svalom,
the meaning of the behavior,
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
je stlačiť spúšť otrasný čin
self-sacrificial.
one someone else's
ruku na ruku niekoho iného
so sebou nesie hlbokú zradu.
kontextu nášho správania
of our behaviors,
is you're not going to get anywhere
že sa nikam nedostanete,
the brain region or the hormone
jedna časť mozgu alebo hormón,
that explains everything.
ktorý všetko vysvetlí.
has multiple levels of causality.
má viaceré úrovne príčiny.
ľudia utekajú kade-tade.
in an agitated state --
smerom v rozrušenom stave,
is frightened, threatening, angry --
vystrašený, výhražný, nahnevaný,
that kind of looks like a handgun.
that thing in this person's hand
that caused this behavior?
sekundu predtým, než ste stlačili spúšť?
one second before you pulled that trigger?
of a brain region called the amygdala.
ktorá sa nazýva amygdala.
central to violence, central to fear,
centrom násilia a strachu,
in your amygdala one second before?
amygdale sekundu predtým?
we have to step back a little bit.
musíme sa trochu vrátiť.
seconds to minutes before
sekundy až minúty predtým,
the sounds of the rioting,
a cell phone for a handgun
že si pomýlite mobil so zbraňou,
is not going to work as well,
nebude fungovať správne,
to get to the amygdala in time
dostať sa k amygdale včas
that's a gun there?"
at hours to days before,
na hodiny až dni predtým,
the realm of hormones.
testosterone levels in your blood,
úroveň testosterónu v krvi,
a face with a neutral expression
že tvár s neutrálnym výrazom
elevated levels of stress hormones,
zvýšená úroveň stresového hormónu
is going to be more active
will be more sluggish.
weeks to months before,
týždne až mesiace predtým,
can change in response to experience,
môže zmeniť následkom skúsenosti
have been filled with stress and trauma,
mesiace boli plné stresu a traumy,
more excitable,
in that one second.
čo sa stalo v tú sekundu.
of the adolescent brain
until you're around 25.
až kým nebudete mať 25 rokov.
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
tvarujú prostredie a skúsenosti
as an adult in that critical moment.
dospelý človek v tom kritickom momente.
to childhood and fetal life
that that could come in.
ktoré tam spadajú.
that your brain is being constructed,
keď sa váš mozog vyvíja
experience during those times
epigenetic changes,
nazývame epigenetické zmeny,
certain genes, turning off others.
a deaktivujú určité gény.
of stress hormones through your mother,
stresových hormónov cez vašu matku,
your amygdala in adulthood
vašu amygdalu v dospelosti
elevated stress hormone levels.
hladinu stresových hormónov.
was a collection of genes.
important to all of this,
determine anything,
in different environments.
fungujú odlišne.
ktorý sa nazýva MAO-A,
to commit antisocial violence
že spáchate protispoločenské násilie,
you were abused as a child.
before you pull that trigger
sekundy predtým než stlačíte spúšť,
of those gene-environment interactions.
interakcií medzi génmi a prostredím.
we've got to push even further back now,
musíme teraz vrátiť ešte ďalej,
they were nomadic pastoralists,
alebo na pastvinách
what's called a culture of honor
že vynašli niečo ako kultúru cti,
the values with which you were raised.
s ktorými sme vychovávaní.
about the evolution of genes.
rozprávame o evolúcii génov.
for extremely low levels of aggression,
s extrémne nízkou úrovňou agresivity,
in the opposite direction,
by every measure are humans,
barely defined species
to go one way or the other.
ísť jedným alebo druhým smerom.
a wondrous one,
what happened a second before
real careful, real cautious
opatrní a obozretní predtým,
you know what causes a behavior,
čo je príčinou správania,
you're judging harshly.
ktoré prísne odsudzujete.
point about all of this
bod v tomto všetkom
can change in different circumstances.
ktorú som tu doteraz spomenul,
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
bola Sahara bujná lúka.
people in Europe were the Swedes,
najhrozivejší Európania Švédi,
military does now.
examples of human change.
príklady ľudských zmien.
of slavery from the British Empire
v zrušení otroctva v Britskej ríši
spent decades as a younger man
ako mladík desiatky rokov
in the thing that he's most famous for,
v tom, čím sa preslávil,
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
v ráno 6. decembra 1941,
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
bombardérov k útoku na Pearl Harbor.
50 years later to the day
o 50 rokov neskôr, v ten istý deň,
the attack on the ground.
ktorý prežil útok na základňu.
of Pearl Harbor survivors
preživších Pearl Harbor,
for what he had done as a young man.
za to, čo urobil ako mladý muž.
could happen in just hours.
nastať v priebehu pár hodín.
Christmas truce of 1914.
počas prvej svetovej vojny.
had negotiated a brief truce
in between the trench lines.
územia medzi zákopovými líniami.
vojaci začali vykonávať,
dig graves in the frozen ground,
hroby v zamrznutej zemi,
and exchanging gifts,
kde si vymenili darčeky
they were playing soccer together
so they could meet after the war.
aby sa mohli po vojne stretnúť.
until the officers had to arrive
to trying to kill each other."
k vzájomnému vraždeniu.“
a completely new category of "us,"
na novú kategóriu „my“,
those faceless powers behind the lines
change can occur in seconds.
nastať v priebehu sekúnd.
in the Vietnam War
udalosť Vietnamskej vojny
village full of civilians
dediny plnej civilistov
because the government denied it,
pretože to vláda poprela,
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
neurobila nič, okrem upozornenia,
was not a singular event.
nebola ojedinelá udalosť.
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
ktorý zastavil Masaker v My Lai.
strieľať deti a staré ženy,
his lifetime of conditioning
jeho doživotné predpoklady
and American soldiers
a americkými vojakmi
on his fellow Americans,
na vlastných Američanov
I will mow you down."
vraždením, tak vás všetkých rozsekám.“
are no more special than any of us.
is this inevitable cliche:
are destined to repeat it."
of extraordinary human change,
neobyčajných ľudských zmien,
of what can transform us
toho, čo nás môže zmeniť,
po naše najlepšie správanie,
are destined not to be able
odsúdení k neschopnosti
magnificent moments.
a new mental model about something,
dajú nový rozhľad,
obľúbených TED prednášok,
Veľa šťastia s tvojou knihou.
Good luck with the book.
priviesť na budúci rok.
to come here in person one year.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writerRobert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans).
Why you should listen
We all have some measure of stress, and Robert Sapolsky explores its causes as well as its effects on our bodies (his lab was among the first to document the damage that stress can do to our hippocampus). In his research, he follows a population of wild baboons in Kenya, who experience stress very similarly to the way humans do. By measuring hormone levels and stress-related diseases in each primate, he determines their relative stress, looking for patterns in personality and social behavior that might contribute. These exercises have given Sapolsky amazing insight into all primate social behavior, including our own.
He has been called "one of the best scientist-writers of our time" by Oliver Sacks. Sapolsky has produced, in addition to numerous scientific papers, books for broader audiences, including A Primate’s Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: Stress Disease and Coping, and The Trouble with Testosterone.
His latest book, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, examines human behavior in search of an answer to the question: Why do we do the things we do?
Robert Sapolsky | Speaker | TED.com