Robert Sapolsky: The biology of our best and worst selves
Roberts Sapolskis: Labais un ļaunais mūsos – ko par to atklāj bioloģija?
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
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spent the last few years
Pēdējos gadus Roberts ir pavadījis,
ir cilvēka uzvedība
of our language trying to explain it is.
mēģinājumiem to izskaidrot.
explain some of the thinking behind it
skaidrojam dažas no šīm idejām –
something like this.
against humanity."
par noziegumiem pret cilvēci.”
version of the fantasy ends
beidzas, un skats kļūst drūmāks.
būtu manās rokās?
once I allow myself.
pie mākslīgās elpināšanas,
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
kustēties, redzēt vai dzirdēt, tikai just,
with something cancerous
is screaming in agony,
kliegtu agonijā,
feels like an eternity in hell.
sāk sisties straujāk,
wicked soul in history.
samaitātākajai dvēselei vēsturē.
in souls or evil,
dvēselēm un ļaunumam,
I would like to see killed,
redzēt nogalinātus,
I was at a laser tag place,
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
slēpties stūrī un šaut uz cilvēkiem.
confused human when it comes to violence.
esmu parasts, apmulsis cilvēks.
have problems with violence.
ir problēmas ar vardarbību.
lai ielaistu indīgu gāzi,
airplanes as weapons,
lidmašīnas – kā ieročus,
kā militāro stratēģiju.
mēs pasniedzam medaļas,
our champions of it.
mēs pārojamies ar tās čempioniem.
mums tā patīk.
being this miserably violent species,
nožēlojami vardarbīga suga,
altruistic, compassionate one.
altruistiski un līdzjūtīgi.
of the biology of our best behaviors,
mūsu labākajai rīcībai,
ambiguously in between?
neskaidrajai pa vidu?
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
tells your muscles
jūsu mugurkaulam, muskuļiem
the meaning of the behavior,
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
ir šausminoša rīcība,
self-sacrificial.
one someone else's
uz otra cilvēka rokas
of our behaviors,
is you're not going to get anywhere
jūs nenonāksiet pie atbildes,
the brain region or the hormone
smadzeņu daļa vai hormons,
that explains everything.
kas visu izskaidro.
has multiple levels of causality.
ir vairāki cēlonības līmeņi.
apkārt skraida cilvēki,
in an agitated state --
is frightened, threatening, angry --
vai sejā ir bailes, draudi, dusmas, –
that kind of looks like a handgun.
kas izskatās pēc pistoles.
that thing in this person's hand
ar bioloģiju saistīto jautājumu:
that caused this behavior?
one second before you pulled that trigger?
sekundi pirms nospiedāt gaili?
of a brain region called the amygdala.
mandeļveida kodola – valstību.
central to violence, central to fear,
par vardarbību, par bailēm,
in your amygdala one second before?
jūsu mandeļveida kodolā sekundi pirms?
we have to step back a little bit.
seconds to minutes before
izpaudās mandeļveida kodolā?
the sounds of the rioting,
protams, attiecas uz lietu.
a cell phone for a handgun
ka telefonu noturēsiet par pistoli,
is not going to work as well,
tik labi nestrādās –
to get to the amygdala in time
ir laikus nokļūt līdz mandeļveida kodolam,
that's a gun there?"
at hours to days before,
stundas, dienas iepriekš,
the realm of hormones.
testosterone levels in your blood,
testosterona līmenis,
a face with a neutral expression
ka neitrāla sejas izteiksme
elevated levels of stress hormones,
paaugstināts stresa hormonu līmenis,
is going to be more active
will be more sluggish.
weeks to months before,
mēnešu attālā pagātnē, –
can change in response to experience,
piedzīvotā ietekmē.
have been filled with stress and trauma,
ir bijuši stresa un traumu pilni,
būs palielinājies.
more excitable,
in that one second.
kas notiek tajā vienā sekundē.
pirms vairākiem gadiem –
līdz pusaudža gadiem.
of the adolescent brain
strādā ar pilnu jaudu,
until you're around 25.
līdz aptuveni 25 gadu vecumam.
un agra jaunība ir tas laiks,
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
veido pieres smadzeņu garozu
as an adult in that critical moment.
tajā kritiskajā mirklī.
to childhood and fetal life
kad bijāt vien embrijs,
that that could come in.
kas tolaik varēja rasties.
that your brain is being constructed,
kad veidojās jūsu smadzenes,
experience during those times
epigenetic changes,
certain genes, turning off others.
paliekoši aktivē, bet citus izslēdz.
of stress hormones through your mother,
lielam daudzumam stresa hormonu,
your amygdala in adulthood
mandeļveida kodolu veidos uzbudināmāku,
elevated stress hormone levels.
stresa hormonu līmenis.
was a collection of genes.
important to all of this,
determine anything,
in different environments.
to commit antisocial violence
ka veiksiet antisociālu vardarbību,
you were abused as a child.
būsiet cietis no vardarbības.
before you pull that trigger
pirms nospiežat gaili,
of those gene-environment interactions.
jūsu mūža garumā.
we've got to push even further back now,
jāielūkojas vēl tālākā pagātnē –
they were nomadic pastoralists,
bija klejotāji-lopkopji,
kazu ganāmpulkiem,
what's called a culture of honor
radījuši tā dēvēto goda kultūru,
klanu asinsatriebība,
the values with which you were raised.
ar kurām uzaugāt.
about the evolution of genes.
raksturīgas dažādas iezīmes.
for extremely low levels of aggression,
līdz ļoti zemiem agresivitātes līmeņiem,
in the opposite direction,
by every measure are humans,
peld kaut kur pa vidu –
barely defined species
to go one way or the other.
iet vienā vai otrā virzienā.
a wondrous one,
vai patiesi brīnumaina,
what happened a second before
kas noticis sekundi iepriekš,
real careful, real cautious
patiešām piesardzīgi,
you know what causes a behavior,
you're judging harshly.
point about all of this
can change in different circumstances.
var mainīties, mainoties apstākļiem.
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
Sahāra bija sulīgas ganības.
people in Europe were the Swedes,
Eiropā bija zviedri,
military does now.
examples of human change.
cilvēcisko pārmaiņu piemēri.
of slavery from the British Empire
verdzības aizliegšanā Britu impērijā
spent decades as a younger man
jaunībā desmitiem gadu pavadīja
in the thing that he's most famous for,
tajā, kas viņu padarījis slavenu, –
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
1941. gada 6. decembra rītā,
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
eskadriļu uzbrukumā Pērlhārborai.
50 years later to the day
the attack on the ground.
kurš šajā uzbrukumā izdzīvoja.
of Pearl Harbor survivors
kopā sanākšanas ceremoniju
for what he had done as a young man.
par to, ko bija izdarījis, jauns būdams.
could happen in just hours.
var notikt dažās stundās.
Christmas truce of 1914.
Ziemassvētku pamieru 1914. gadā.
had negotiated a brief truce
bija vienojušies par īsu pamieru,
in between the trench lines.
pārnest kritušos,
dig graves in the frozen ground,
izrakt kapus sasalušajā zemē,
and exchanging gifts,
un apmainījās dāvanām,
they were playing soccer together
so they could meet after the war.
lai pēc kara varētu satikties.
until the officers had to arrive
līdz nācās ierasties virsniekiem
to trying to kill each other."
viens otru nogalināt.”
vien dažas stundas,
a completely new category of "us,"
bez jebkāda nolādēta iemesla, –
those faceless powers behind the lines
spēkus bez sejas otrpus frontes līnijai,
change can occur in seconds.
in the Vietnam War
Vjetnamas kara notikumus
village full of civilians
civiliedzīvotāju pilnā ciemā
because the government denied it,
jo valdība to noliedza,
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
tik vien kā uzšāva pa nagiem,
was not a singular event.
nebija atsevišķs gadījums.
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
šis ir vīrs, kas apturēja Mi Lai slaktiņu.
his lifetime of conditioning
viņa mūžilgo dalījumu,
and American soldiers
un amerikāņu karavīriem
on his fellow Americans,
pret saviem amerikāņu biedriem,
I will mow you down."
es jūs nopļaušu.”
are no more special than any of us.
par ikvienu no mums.
tās pašas neiroķīmiskās vielas,
is this inevitable cliche:
are destined to repeat it."
lemts to atkārtot.”
of extraordinary human change,
cilvēcisko pārmaiņu vēsturi,
of what can transform us
kas spējīgi mūs mainīt,
are destined not to be able
brīnišķīgos mirkļus.
magnificent moments.
a new mental model about something,
domāšanas modeli kaut kā izprašanai,
Good luck with the book.
Veiksmi ar topošo grāmatu!
mēs mēģināsim Jūs dabūt šurp klātienē.
to come here in person one year.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writerRobert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans).
Why you should listen
We all have some measure of stress, and Robert Sapolsky explores its causes as well as its effects on our bodies (his lab was among the first to document the damage that stress can do to our hippocampus). In his research, he follows a population of wild baboons in Kenya, who experience stress very similarly to the way humans do. By measuring hormone levels and stress-related diseases in each primate, he determines their relative stress, looking for patterns in personality and social behavior that might contribute. These exercises have given Sapolsky amazing insight into all primate social behavior, including our own.
He has been called "one of the best scientist-writers of our time" by Oliver Sacks. Sapolsky has produced, in addition to numerous scientific papers, books for broader audiences, including A Primate’s Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: Stress Disease and Coping, and The Trouble with Testosterone.
His latest book, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, examines human behavior in search of an answer to the question: Why do we do the things we do?
Robert Sapolsky | Speaker | TED.com