TED2017
Robert Sapolsky: The biology of our best and worst selves
Robert Sapolsky: Biologija našeg najboljeg i najgoreg sebstva
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,818,106 views
Kako ljudi mogu biti toliko suosjećajni i altruistični – a opet tako brutalni i nasilni? Kako bi razumio zašto radimo to što radimo, neurozanstvenik Robert Sapolsky gleda krajnji kontekst, ispitujući radnje u vremenskom rasponu od sekundi do milijuna godina prije nego što su se dogodile. U ovom očaravajućem govoru, podijelit će s nama svoja inovativna istraživanja biologije koja vode naša najgora i najbolja ponašanja.
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writer
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
Robert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Chris Anderson: So Robert
spent the last few years
spent the last few years
0
760
2696
Chris Anderson: Robert je proveo
zadnjih nekoliko godina
zadnjih nekoliko godina
00:15
think about how weird human behavior is,
1
3480
2336
razmišljajući kako je
čudno ljudsko ponašanje,
čudno ljudsko ponašanje,
00:17
and how inadequate most
of our language trying to explain it is.
of our language trying to explain it is.
2
5840
4216
te kako je većina našeg
jezika nedovoljno da ga objasni.
jezika nedovoljno da ga objasni.
00:22
And it's very exciting to hear him
explain some of the thinking behind it
explain some of the thinking behind it
3
10080
4376
Vrlo je uzbudljivo čuti ga kako
objašnjava neka razmišljanja iza toga
objašnjava neka razmišljanja iza toga
00:26
in public for the first time.
4
14480
1656
po prvi put u javnosti.
00:28
Over to you now, Robert Sapolsky.
5
16160
2096
Sada ste vi na redu, Robert Sapolsky.
00:30
(Applause)
6
18280
2960
(Pljesak)
00:35
Robert Sapolsky: Thank you.
7
23040
1616
Robert Sapolsky: Hvala vam.
00:36
The fantasy always runs
something like this.
something like this.
8
24680
2480
Fantazija uvijek ide ovako nekako.
00:39
I've overpowered his elite guard,
9
27960
2176
Pobijedio sam njegovu elitnu gardu,
00:42
burst into his secret bunker
10
30160
1935
provalio u njegov tajni bunker
00:44
with my machine gun ready.
11
32119
1817
sa spremnom strojnicom.
00:45
He lunges for his Luger.
12
33960
1896
On poseže za svojim Lugerom.
00:47
I knock it out of his hand.
13
35880
1816
Izbijam mu ga iz ruke.
00:49
He lunges for his cyanide pill.
14
37720
2336
Poseže za svojom tabletom cijanida.
00:52
I knock that out of his hand.
15
40080
1736
Izbijam mu i to iz ruke.
00:53
He snarls,
16
41840
1296
On zareži,
00:55
comes at me with otherworldly strength.
17
43160
2216
nasrne na mene sa izvanrednom snagom.
00:57
We grapple, we fight,
18
45400
1696
Hrvamo se, borimo se,
00:59
I manage to pin him down
19
47120
1896
Uspjevam ga savladati
01:01
and put on handcuffs.
20
49040
1560
i staviti mu lisičine.
01:03
"Adolf Hitler," I say,
21
51480
2016
"Adolfe Hitlere" kažem
01:05
"I arrest you for crimes
against humanity."
against humanity."
22
53520
2840
„uhićeni ste za zločine
protiv čovječnosti.“
protiv čovječnosti.“
01:10
Here's where the Medal of Honor
version of the fantasy ends
version of the fantasy ends
23
58000
2976
Ovo je gdje verzija fantazije
Medalje časti završava
Medalje časti završava
01:13
and the imagery darkens.
24
61000
1856
i gdje slike zatamnjuju.
01:14
What would I do if I had Hitler?
25
62880
1719
Što bih ja napravio da imam Hitlera?
01:17
It's not hard to imagine
once I allow myself.
once I allow myself.
26
65160
2760
Nije teško zamisliti
jednom kad si dopustim.
jednom kad si dopustim.
01:20
Sever his spine at the neck.
27
68720
2136
Prerezao bi mu kralježnicu
na razini vrata.
na razini vrata.
01:22
Take out his eyes with a blunt instrument.
28
70880
2376
Iskopao bi mu oči tupim instrumentom.
01:25
Puncture his eardrums. Cut out his tongue.
29
73280
2776
Probušio bubnjiće. Izrezao jezik.
01:28
Leave him alive on a respirator,
30
76080
2136
Ostavio bih ga živog na respiratoru,
01:30
tube-fed, not able to speak
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
or move or see or hear, just to feel,
31
78240
5296
hranjenog na cjevčicu, onemogućio govor
kretanje, vid, sluh, samo da osjeti,
kretanje, vid, sluh, samo da osjeti,
01:35
and then inject him
with something cancerous
with something cancerous
32
83560
3256
i potom bih mu injicirao nešto kancerogeno
01:38
that's going to fester and pustulate
33
86840
2256
koje će se gnojiti i pustulirati
01:41
until every cell in his body
is screaming in agony,
is screaming in agony,
34
89120
3936
dok svaka stanica u njegovom tijelu
ne bude vrištala u agoniji,
ne bude vrištala u agoniji,
01:45
until every second
feels like an eternity in hell.
feels like an eternity in hell.
35
93080
3240
dok svaka sekunda ne
bude kao vječnost u paklu.
bude kao vječnost u paklu.
01:49
That's what I would do to Hitler.
36
97680
1840
To je ono što bih napravio Hitleru.
01:53
I've had this fantasy since I was a kid,
37
101920
2016
Imam ovu fantaziju
otkako sam bio dijete,
otkako sam bio dijete,
01:55
still do sometimes,
38
103960
1496
još uvijek imam nekad,
01:57
and when I do, my heart speeds up --
39
105480
2656
i kad imam, srce mi ubrza --
02:00
all these plans for the most evil,
wicked soul in history.
wicked soul in history.
40
108160
4880
svi ti planovi za najgoru,
najizopačeniju dušu u povijesti.
najizopačeniju dušu u povijesti.
02:05
But there's a problem,
41
113840
1256
Ali postoji problem,
02:07
which is I don't actually believe
in souls or evil,
in souls or evil,
42
115120
2896
koji je da zapravo ne vjerujem
u dušu ili zlo,
u dušu ili zlo,
02:10
and I think wicked belongs in a musical.
43
118040
2536
i mislim da opakost spada u mjuzikl.
02:12
But there's some people
I would like to see killed,
I would like to see killed,
44
120600
2416
Ali postoje ljudi koje bih
volio vidjeti ubijene,
volio vidjeti ubijene,
02:15
but I'm against the death penalty.
45
123040
1816
ali sam protiv smrtne kazne.
02:16
But I like schlocky violent movies,
46
124880
2096
Ali volim jeftine, nasilne filmovi,
02:19
but I'm for strict gun control.
47
127000
1776
ali sam za strogu kontrolu oružja.
02:20
But then there was a time
I was at a laser tag place,
I was at a laser tag place,
48
128800
3056
Ali opet bilo je vrijeme,
kada sam bio na laser tag-u,
kada sam bio na laser tag-u,
02:23
and I had such a good time
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
hiding in a corner shooting at people.
49
131880
3880
i izvrsno se zabavljao sakrivajući
se u kutu i pucajući na ljude.
se u kutu i pucajući na ljude.
02:28
In other words, I'm your basic
confused human when it comes to violence.
confused human when it comes to violence.
50
136360
4800
Drugim riječima, ja sam vaše osnovno
zbunjeno ljudsko biće što se tiče nasilja.
zbunjeno ljudsko biće što se tiče nasilja.
02:33
Now, as a species, we obviously
have problems with violence.
have problems with violence.
51
141760
3336
Kao vrsta, očito imamo
problema s nasiljem.
problema s nasiljem.
02:37
We use shower heads to deliver poison gas,
52
145120
3056
Koristimo tuševe za
dostavu otrovnog plina,
dostavu otrovnog plina,
02:40
letters with anthrax,
airplanes as weapons,
airplanes as weapons,
53
148200
3096
pisma sa antraksom,
avione kao oružja,
avione kao oružja,
02:43
mass rape as a military strategy.
54
151320
1856
masovno silovanje kao vojnu strategiju.
02:45
We're a miserably violent species.
55
153200
2280
Mi smo bijedno nasilna vrsta.
02:47
But there's a complication,
56
155920
1496
Ali postoji komplikacija,
02:49
which is we don't hate violence,
57
157440
2376
a to je da ne mrzimo nasilje,
02:51
we hate the wrong kind.
58
159840
1856
već mrzimo krivu vrstu nasilja.
02:53
And when it's the right kind,
59
161720
1456
A kada je prava vrsta,
02:55
we cheer it on, we hand out medals,
60
163200
2496
tada navijamo za nju, dajemo medalje,
02:57
we vote for, we mate with
our champions of it.
our champions of it.
61
165720
3136
glasamo za nju, parimo se
s prvacima tog nasilja.
s prvacima tog nasilja.
03:00
When it's the right kind of violence,
62
168880
1816
Kada je prava vrsta nasilja,
03:02
we love it.
63
170720
1200
obožavamo ga.
03:04
And there's another complication,
64
172520
1656
I postoji još jedna komplikacija,
03:06
which is, in addition to us
being this miserably violent species,
being this miserably violent species,
65
174200
4056
a to je, uz to što smo takva
bijedno nasilna vrsta,
bijedno nasilna vrsta,
03:10
we're also this extraordinarily
altruistic, compassionate one.
altruistic, compassionate one.
66
178280
3800
mi smo također nevjerojatno
altruistična, suosjećana vrsta.
altruistična, suosjećana vrsta.
03:15
So how do you make sense
of the biology of our best behaviors,
of the biology of our best behaviors,
67
183520
3296
Kako onda objašnjavate biologiju
naših najboljih ponašanja,
naših najboljih ponašanja,
03:18
our worst ones and all of those
ambiguously in between?
ambiguously in between?
68
186840
4016
naših najgorih te svih onih
neodređeno između?
neodređeno između?
03:22
Now, for starters,
69
190880
1256
Sad, za početak,
03:24
what's totally boring is understanding
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
the motoric aspects of the behavior.
70
192160
4296
ono što je stvarno dosadno jest
razumjevanje motoričkog aspekta ponašanja.
razumjevanje motoričkog aspekta ponašanja.
03:28
Your brain tells your spine,
tells your muscles
tells your muscles
71
196480
3176
Vaš mozak kaže vašoj kralježnici
koja kaže vašim mišićima
koja kaže vašim mišićima
03:31
to do something or other,
72
199680
1256
da naprave ovo ili ono,
03:32
and hooray, you've behaved.
73
200960
1936
i hura, ponašali ste se.
03:34
What's hard is understanding
the meaning of the behavior,
the meaning of the behavior,
74
202920
3656
Ono što je teško jest
razumjevanje značenja ponašanja,
razumjevanje značenja ponašanja,
03:38
because in some settings,
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
75
206600
3816
jer u nekim okolnostima povlačenje
okidača je strašan čin;
okidača je strašan čin;
03:42
in others, it's heroically
self-sacrificial.
self-sacrificial.
76
210440
2976
a u drugima, to je herojski samožrtvujuće.
03:45
In some settings, putting your hand
one someone else's
one someone else's
77
213440
2936
U nekim okolnostima,
držanje nekoga za ruku
držanje nekoga za ruku
03:48
is deeply compassionate.
78
216400
1456
je duboko suosjećajno.
03:49
In others, it's a deep betrayal.
79
217880
1896
U drugima, to je duboka izdaja.
03:51
The challenge is to understand
80
219800
1536
Izazov je razumjeti
03:53
the biology of the context
of our behaviors,
of our behaviors,
81
221360
3256
biologiju konteksta naših ponašanja,
03:56
and that's real tough.
82
224640
1600
i to je jako teško.
03:59
One thing that's clear, though,
is you're not going to get anywhere
is you're not going to get anywhere
83
227040
3176
Jedna stvar koja je jasna,
jest da nećete dospjeti nigdje
jest da nećete dospjeti nigdje
04:02
if you think there's going to be
the brain region or the hormone
the brain region or the hormone
84
230240
4416
ako mislite da će postojati
regija mozga ili hormon
regija mozga ili hormon
04:06
or the gene or the childhood experience
85
234680
2736
ili gen ili iskustvo iz djetinjstva
04:09
or the evolutionary mechanism
that explains everything.
that explains everything.
86
237440
3080
ili evolucijski mehanizam
koji objašnjava sve.
koji objašnjava sve.
04:13
Instead, every bit of behavior
has multiple levels of causality.
has multiple levels of causality.
87
241040
5120
Umjesto toga, svaki komadić našeg
ponašanja ima nekoliko razina uzročnosti.
ponašanja ima nekoliko razina uzročnosti.
04:18
Let's look at an example.
88
246800
1400
Pogledajmo primjer.
04:20
You have a gun.
89
248840
1200
Imate pištolj.
04:22
There's a crisis going on:
90
250720
1576
Odvija se krizna situacija:
04:24
rioting, violence, people running around.
91
252320
2576
Nered, nasilje, ljudi trče okolo.
04:26
A stranger is running at you
in an agitated state --
in an agitated state --
92
254920
3176
Stranac trči prema vama
u agitiranom stanju --
u agitiranom stanju --
04:30
you can't quite tell if the expression
is frightened, threatening, angry --
is frightened, threatening, angry --
93
258120
5096
ne možete jasno razaznati je li
izraz lica uplašen, prijeteći, ljut --
izraz lica uplašen, prijeteći, ljut --
04:35
holding something
that kind of looks like a handgun.
that kind of looks like a handgun.
94
263240
3216
drži nešto što izgleda kao pištolj.
04:38
You're not sure.
95
266480
1216
Niste sigurni.
04:39
The stranger comes running at you
96
267720
1896
Stranac trči prema vama
04:41
and you pull the trigger.
97
269640
1736
i vi povučete okidač.
04:43
And it turns out
that thing in this person's hand
that thing in this person's hand
98
271400
2936
I ispostavi se da je stvari njegovoj ruci
04:46
was a cell phone.
99
274360
1200
bila mobitel.
04:48
So we asked this biological question:
100
276200
2216
Pa smo mi zapitali ovo biološko pitanje:
04:50
what was going on
that caused this behavior?
that caused this behavior?
101
278440
3176
što se događalo da je
uzrokovalo takvo ponašanje?
uzrokovalo takvo ponašanje?
04:53
What caused this behavior?
102
281640
1896
Što je uzrokovalo takvo ponašanje?
04:55
And this is a multitude of questions.
103
283560
2296
I to je mnoštvo pitanja.
04:57
We start.
104
285880
1216
Počinjemo.
04:59
What was going on in your brain
one second before you pulled that trigger?
one second before you pulled that trigger?
105
287120
4416
Što se događalo u vašem mozgu jednu
sekundu prije nego što ste povukli okidač?
sekundu prije nego što ste povukli okidač?
05:03
And this brings us into the realm
of a brain region called the amygdala.
of a brain region called the amygdala.
106
291560
3696
I to nas dovodi u oblast regije
mozga zvane amigdala.
mozga zvane amigdala.
05:07
The amygdala, which is
central to violence, central to fear,
central to violence, central to fear,
107
295280
3936
Amigdala, koja je centralna nasilju,
centralna strahu,
centralna strahu,
05:11
initiates volleys of cascades
108
299240
2696
započinje bujicu kaskada
05:13
that produce pulling of a trigger.
109
301960
2256
koja proizvode povlačenje okiača.
05:16
What was the level of activity
in your amygdala one second before?
in your amygdala one second before?
110
304240
3680
Koja je bila razina aktivnosti u
vašoj amigdali jednu sekundu prije?
vašoj amigdali jednu sekundu prije?
05:20
But to understand that,
we have to step back a little bit.
we have to step back a little bit.
111
308880
3376
Ali kako bismo to razumjeli,
trebamo se malo vratiti.
trebamo se malo vratiti.
05:24
What was going on in the environment
seconds to minutes before
seconds to minutes before
112
312280
3576
Što se događalo u okolišu u
sekundama, minutama prije
sekundama, minutama prije
05:27
that impacted the amygdala?
113
315880
1736
što je utjecalo na amigdalu?
05:29
Now, obviously, the sights,
the sounds of the rioting,
the sounds of the rioting,
114
317640
3096
Sad, očito, prizori, zvukovi nereda,
05:32
that was pertinent.
115
320760
1216
to je bilo značajno.
05:34
But in addition,
116
322000
1216
Ali još k tome,
05:35
you're more likely to mistake
a cell phone for a handgun
a cell phone for a handgun
117
323240
3456
veća je vjerojatnost da ćete
zamjeniti mobitel za pištolj
zamjeniti mobitel za pištolj
05:38
if that stranger was male
118
326720
2256
ako je stranac bio muškarac
05:41
and large and of a different race.
119
329000
2600
i velik i druge rase.
05:44
Furthermore, if you're in pain,
120
332360
2136
Nadalje, ako vas boli,
05:46
if you're hungry, if you're exhausted,
121
334520
2176
ako ste gladni, ako ste iscrpljeni,
05:48
your frontal cortex
is not going to work as well,
is not going to work as well,
122
336720
2536
vaš frontalni korteks također neće raditi,
05:51
part of the brain whose job it is
to get to the amygdala in time
to get to the amygdala in time
123
339280
3656
dio mozga čiji je posao da dođe
do amigdale na vrijeme
do amigdale na vrijeme
05:54
saying, "Are you really sure
that's a gun there?"
that's a gun there?"
124
342960
3280
i kaže „Jesi li stvarno sigurna
da je tamo pištolj?“
da je tamo pištolj?“
05:58
But we need to step further back.
125
346800
2136
Ali trebamo se još vratiti unazad.
06:00
Now we have to look
at hours to days before,
at hours to days before,
126
348960
3176
Sada trebamo pogledati sate, dane prije
06:04
and with this, we have entered
the realm of hormones.
the realm of hormones.
127
352160
2976
i sa ovim, ušli smo u oblast hormona.
06:07
For example, testosterone,
128
355160
2136
Primjerice, testosteron
06:09
where regardless of your sex,
129
357320
1736
gdje bez obzira na vaš spol,
06:11
if you have elevated
testosterone levels in your blood,
testosterone levels in your blood,
130
359080
2856
ako imate povišene razine
testosterona u vašoj krvi,
testosterona u vašoj krvi,
06:13
you're more likely to think
a face with a neutral expression
a face with a neutral expression
131
361960
3376
veća je vjerojatnost da ćete misliti
da lice s neutralnim izrazom
da lice s neutralnim izrazom
06:17
is instead looking threatening.
132
365360
2056
izgleda prijeteće.
06:19
Elevated testosterone levels,
elevated levels of stress hormones,
elevated levels of stress hormones,
133
367440
3856
Povišene razine testosterona,
povišene razine hormona stresa,
povišene razine hormona stresa,
06:23
and your amygdala
is going to be more active
is going to be more active
134
371320
2296
i vaša amigdala će biti više aktivna
06:25
and your frontal cortex
will be more sluggish.
will be more sluggish.
135
373640
2480
a vaš frontalni korteks će biti više trom.
06:29
Pushing back further,
weeks to months before,
weeks to months before,
136
377200
2856
Gledajući dalje unazad,
tjednima do mjesecima prije,
tjednima do mjesecima prije,
06:32
where's the relevance there?
137
380080
1456
Gdje je ovdje relevantnost?
06:33
This is the realm of neural plasticity,
138
381560
2536
Ovo je oblast neuralne plastičnosti,
06:36
the fact that your brain
can change in response to experience,
can change in response to experience,
139
384120
3936
činjenice da se vaš mozak može
promjeniti u odgovoru na iskustvo,
promjeniti u odgovoru na iskustvo,
06:40
and if your previous months
have been filled with stress and trauma,
have been filled with stress and trauma,
140
388080
4176
i ako su vaši prethodni mjeseci bili
ispunjeni stresom i traumom,
ispunjeni stresom i traumom,
06:44
your amygdala will have enlarged.
141
392280
1856
vaša amigdala će se povećati.
06:46
The neurons will have become
more excitable,
more excitable,
142
394160
2216
Neuroni će postati više podražljivi,
06:48
your frontal cortex would have atrophied,
143
396400
2336
vaš frontalni korteks će atrofirati,
06:50
all relevant to what happens
in that one second.
in that one second.
144
398760
2800
sve relevantno za to što se
dogodi u toj jednoj sekundi.
dogodi u toj jednoj sekundi.
06:54
But we push back even more, back years,
145
402320
2656
Ali ako pogledamo još više unazad,
godinama unazad,
godinama unazad,
06:57
back, for example, to your adolescence.
146
405000
2496
unazad, primjerice, u vašu adolescenciju.
06:59
Now, the central fact
of the adolescent brain
of the adolescent brain
147
407520
2496
Sad, glavna činjenica
adolescentnog mozga
adolescentnog mozga
07:02
is all of it is going full blast
148
410040
2736
jest da cijeli ide punom parom
07:04
except the frontal cortex,
149
412800
1696
osim frontalnog korteksa,
07:06
which is still half-baked.
150
414520
1736
koji je još uvijek napola ispečen.
07:08
It doesn't fully mature
until you're around 25.
until you're around 25.
151
416280
3176
Ne sazrijeva potpuno do vaše 25. godine.
07:11
And thus, adolescence and early adulthood
152
419480
3216
Zbog toga, adolescencija
i mlada odrasla dob
i mlada odrasla dob
07:14
are the years where environment
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
153
422720
5136
su godine gdje okoliš i iskustvo oblikuju
vaš frontalni korteks
vaš frontalni korteks
07:19
into the version you're going to have
as an adult in that critical moment.
as an adult in that critical moment.
154
427880
3800
u verziju koju ćete imati
kao odrasla osoba.
kao odrasla osoba.
07:24
But pushing back even further,
155
432800
1776
Ali ako pogledamo nazad još dalje,
07:26
even further back
to childhood and fetal life
to childhood and fetal life
156
434600
3456
čak još dalje u djetinjstvo
i fetalni život
i fetalni život
07:30
and all the different versions
that that could come in.
that that could come in.
157
438080
2816
i sve različite verzije u
kojima je to moglo doći.
kojima je to moglo doći.
07:32
Now, obviously, that's the time
that your brain is being constructed,
that your brain is being constructed,
158
440920
3256
Sad, očito, to je vrijeme kada
se vaš mozak sastavlja,
se vaš mozak sastavlja,
07:36
and that's important,
159
444200
1216
i to je važno,
07:37
but in addition,
experience during those times
experience during those times
160
445440
3296
ali k tome iskustvo tijekom toga vremena
07:40
produce what are called
epigenetic changes,
epigenetic changes,
161
448760
2976
proizvodi takozvane epigenetske promjene,
07:43
permanent, in some cases,
162
451760
1656
trajne, u nekim slučajevima,
07:45
permanently activating
certain genes, turning off others.
certain genes, turning off others.
163
453440
4336
trajno aktivirajući pojedine gene,
a isključujući druge.
a isključujući druge.
07:49
And as an example of this,
164
457800
1496
I kao primjer ovoga,
07:51
if as a fetus you were exposed to a lot
of stress hormones through your mother,
of stress hormones through your mother,
165
459320
5016
ako ste kao fetus bili izloženi velikim
količinama hormona stresa vaše majke,
količinama hormona stresa vaše majke,
07:56
epigenetics is going to produce
your amygdala in adulthood
your amygdala in adulthood
166
464360
3416
epigenetika će proizvesti vašu
amigdalu u odrasloj dobi
amigdalu u odrasloj dobi
07:59
as a more excitable form,
167
467800
1936
kao više podražljiviji oblik,
08:01
and you're going to have
elevated stress hormone levels.
elevated stress hormone levels.
168
469760
2640
i imat će te povišene
razine hormona stresa.
razine hormona stresa.
08:04
But pushing even further back,
169
472960
1896
Ali gledajući još dalje unazad,
08:06
back to when you were just a fetus,
170
474880
1696
unazad kad ste bili samo fetus,
08:08
back to when all you were
was a collection of genes.
was a collection of genes.
171
476600
2816
kad se bili samo skupina gena.
08:11
Now, genes are really
important to all of this,
important to all of this,
172
479440
2376
Sad, geni su važni u svemu ovome,
08:13
but critically, genes don't
determine anything,
determine anything,
173
481840
2736
ali kritično, geni ne odrođuju ništa,
08:16
because genes work differently
in different environments.
in different environments.
174
484600
3640
jer geni različito funkcioniraju
u različitim okolišima.
u različitim okolišima.
08:20
Key example here:
175
488640
1256
Ključan primjer ovdje:
08:21
there's a variant of a gene called MAO-A,
176
489920
3136
postoji varijanta jednog gena zvana MAO-A,
08:25
and if you have that variant,
177
493080
1656
i ako imate tu varijantu,
08:26
you are far more likely
to commit antisocial violence
to commit antisocial violence
178
494760
4656
puno je veća vjerojatnost da ćete
počiniti antisocijalno nasilje
počiniti antisocijalno nasilje
08:31
if, and only if,
you were abused as a child.
you were abused as a child.
179
499440
3976
ako, i jedino ako, ste bili
zlostavljani kao dijete.
zlostavljani kao dijete.
08:35
Genes and environment interact,
180
503440
2376
Geni i okoliš uzajmno djeluju,
08:37
and what's happening in that one second
before you pull that trigger
before you pull that trigger
181
505840
3616
i ono što se događa u toj jednoj sekundi
prije nego što povučete taj okidač
prije nego što povučete taj okidač
08:41
reflects your lifetime
of those gene-environment interactions.
of those gene-environment interactions.
182
509480
4240
odražava cijeli život tih interakcija
između gena i okoliša.
između gena i okoliša.
08:46
Now, remarkably enough,
we've got to push even further back now,
we've got to push even further back now,
183
514679
3617
Sad, izvanredno, trebamo
se vratiti još i dalje sada,
se vratiti još i dalje sada,
08:50
back centuries.
184
518320
1376
unazad stoljećima.
08:51
What were your ancestors up to.
185
519720
2336
Što su vaši preci radili.
08:54
And if, for example,
they were nomadic pastoralists,
they were nomadic pastoralists,
186
522080
3176
I ako, na primjer, su bili
nomadski pastiri,
nomadski pastiri,
08:57
they were pastoralists,
187
525280
1256
bili su pastiri,
08:58
people living in deserts or grasslands
188
526560
2576
ljudi koji žive po pustinjama i livadama
09:01
with their herds of camels, cows, goats,
189
529160
2656
sa svojim krdima deva, krava, koza,
09:03
odds are they would have invented
what's called a culture of honor
what's called a culture of honor
190
531840
4056
izgledi da su izumili ono
što se zove kultura časti
što se zove kultura časti
09:07
filled with warrior classes,
191
535920
2216
ispunjena klasama ratnika,
09:10
retributive violence, clan vendettas,
192
538160
2696
odmazdnim nasiljem,
klanovskim krvnim osvetama,
klanovskim krvnim osvetama,
09:12
and amazingly, centuries later,
193
540880
2256
i nevjerojatno, stoljećima poslije,
09:15
that would still be influencing
the values with which you were raised.
the values with which you were raised.
194
543160
3680
to bi još uvijek utjecalo na
vrijednosti u kojima ste odgojeni.
vrijednosti u kojima ste odgojeni.
09:19
But we've got to push even further back,
195
547800
2136
Ali moramo se vratiti još više unazad,
09:21
back millions of years,
196
549960
1736
nazad milijunima godina,
09:23
because if we're talking about genes,
197
551720
2056
jer ako pričamo o genima,
09:25
implicitly we're now talking
about the evolution of genes.
about the evolution of genes.
198
553800
3656
implicitno sada pričamo o evoluciji gena.
09:29
And what you see is, for example,
199
557480
2216
I ono što vidite, na primjer,
09:31
patterns across different primate species.
200
559720
2496
su obrasci među
različitim vrstama primata.
različitim vrstama primata.
09:34
Some of them have evolved
for extremely low levels of aggression,
for extremely low levels of aggression,
201
562240
4416
Neke od njih su evoluirale s
ekstremno niskim razinama agresije,
ekstremno niskim razinama agresije,
09:38
others have evolved
in the opposite direction,
in the opposite direction,
202
566680
2536
dok su druge evoluirale
u suprotnom smjeru,
u suprotnom smjeru,
09:41
and floating there in between
by every measure are humans,
by every measure are humans,
203
569240
3896
a plutajući negdje između
u svakoj mjeri su ljudi,
u svakoj mjeri su ljudi,
09:45
once again this confused,
barely defined species
barely defined species
204
573160
3896
još jednom ova zbunjena,
jedva definirana vrsta,
jedva definirana vrsta,
09:49
that has all these potentials
to go one way or the other.
to go one way or the other.
205
577080
3240
koja ima sve ove potencijale da
ide u jednom ili drugom smjeru.
ide u jednom ili drugom smjeru.
09:53
So what has this gotten us to?
206
581560
1816
Do čega nas je ovo dovelo?
09:55
Basically, what we're seeing here is,
207
583400
1976
U osnovi, ono što vidimo ovdje je,
09:57
if you want to understand a behavior,
208
585400
1896
ako želite razumjeti neko ponašanje,
09:59
whether it's an appalling one,
a wondrous one,
a wondrous one,
209
587320
2856
bilo da je užasno ili čudesno,
10:02
or confusedly in between,
210
590200
1736
ili zbunjujući između,
10:03
if you want to understand that,
211
591960
1536
ako želite to razumjeti,
10:05
you've got take into account
what happened a second before
what happened a second before
212
593520
3456
morate uzeti u obzir što se
dogodilo od sekundu prije
dogodilo od sekundu prije
10:09
to a million years before,
213
597000
1456
do milijun godina prije,
10:10
everything in between.
214
598480
1656
te sve između.
10:12
So what can we conclude at this point?
215
600160
1976
Što možemo zaključiti u ovom trenutku?
10:14
Officially, it's complicated.
216
602160
2296
Službeno, komplicirano je.
10:16
Wow, that's really helpful.
217
604480
1616
Vau, to jako pomaže.
10:18
It's complicated,
218
606120
1256
Komplicirano je,
10:19
and you'd better be
real careful, real cautious
real careful, real cautious
219
607400
3576
i najbolje vam je da bute
jako oprezni, jako pažljivi
jako oprezni, jako pažljivi
10:23
before you conclude
you know what causes a behavior,
you know what causes a behavior,
220
611000
3336
prije nego zaključite što
uzrokuje neko ponašanje,
uzrokuje neko ponašanje,
10:26
especially if it's a behavior
you're judging harshly.
you're judging harshly.
221
614360
2760
pogotovo ako je to ponašanje
koje teško osuđujete.
koje teško osuđujete.
10:30
Now, to me, the single most important
point about all of this
point about all of this
222
618600
3976
Sad, za mene, najvažnija
poanta svega ovoga
poanta svega ovoga
10:34
is one having to do with change.
223
622600
2376
ima veze s promjenom.
10:37
Every bit of biology I have mentioned here
can change in different circumstances.
can change in different circumstances.
224
625000
6376
Svaki djelić biologije koji sam spomenuo
se može promjeniti u drukčijim okolnostim.
se može promjeniti u drukčijim okolnostim.
10:43
For example, ecosystems change.
225
631400
2816
Primjerice, ekosistemi se mjenjaju.
10:46
Thousands of years ago,
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
the Sahara was a lush grassland.
226
634240
4416
Tisućama godina prije,
Sahara je bila bujni pašnjak.
Sahara je bila bujni pašnjak.
10:50
Cultures change.
227
638680
1616
Kulture se mijenjaju.
10:52
In the 17th century, the most terrifying
people in Europe were the Swedes,
people in Europe were the Swedes,
228
640320
4336
U 17. stoljeću, najstrašniji
ljudi europi su bili Šveđani,
ljudi europi su bili Šveđani,
10:56
rampaging all over the place.
229
644680
1736
divljajući svuda.
10:58
This is what the Swedish
military does now.
military does now.
230
646440
2176
Ovo je što švedska vojska radi sada.
11:00
They haven't had a war in 200 years.
231
648640
1840
Nisu ratovali 200 godina.
11:03
Most importantly,
232
651280
1456
Najvažnije,
11:04
brains change.
233
652760
1616
mozgovi se mijenjaju.
11:06
Neurons grow new processes.
234
654400
2016
Neuronima izrastaju novi nastavci.
11:08
Circuits disconnect.
235
656440
1456
Mreže se odspajaju.
11:09
Everything in the brain changes,
236
657920
1656
Sve se u mozgu mijenja,
11:11
and out of this come extraordinary
examples of human change.
examples of human change.
237
659600
5200
i iz ovoga dolaze nevjerojatni
primjeri ljudske promjene.
primjeri ljudske promjene.
11:17
First one:
238
665400
1616
Prvi primjer:
11:19
this is a man named John Newton,
239
667040
1696
ovo je čovjek po imenu John Newton,
11:20
a British theologian
240
668760
1336
Britanski teolog
11:22
who played a central role in the abolition
of slavery from the British Empire
of slavery from the British Empire
241
670120
4736
koji je igrao središnju ulogu u
ukidanju ropstva u Britanskom Carstvu
ukidanju ropstva u Britanskom Carstvu
11:26
in the early 1800s.
242
674880
2016
u ranom 19. stoljeću.
11:28
And amazingly, this man
spent decades as a younger man
spent decades as a younger man
243
676920
4736
I nevjerojatno, ovaj čovjek je proveo
desetljeća kao mlađi čovjek
desetljeća kao mlađi čovjek
11:33
as the captain of a slave ship,
244
681680
2136
kao kapetan ropskog broda,
11:35
and then as an investor in slavery,
245
683840
2936
a potom kao investitor u ropstvo,
11:38
growing rich from this.
246
686800
2136
zarađujući od toga.
11:40
And then something changed.
247
688960
2656
A potom se nešto promjenilo.
11:43
Something changed in him,
248
691640
1536
Nešto se promjenilo u njemu,
11:45
something that Newton himself celebrated
in the thing that he's most famous for,
in the thing that he's most famous for,
249
693200
5256
nešto što je sam Newton proslavio
u stvari za koju je najpoznatiji,
u stvari za koju je najpoznatiji,
11:50
a hymn that he wrote:
250
698480
1616
u himni koju je napisao:
11:52
"Amazing Grace."
251
700120
1400
„Čudesna milost.“
11:55
This is a man named Zenji Abe
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
on the morning of December 6, 1941,
252
703040
4896
Ovo je čovjek po imenu Zenji Abe
ujutro 6. prosinca, 1941.,
ujutro 6. prosinca, 1941.,
11:59
about to lead a squadron of Japanese
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
253
707960
4976
dok upravo vodi odred Japanskih
bombardera u napad na Pearl Harbor.
bombardera u napad na Pearl Harbor.
12:04
And this is the same man
50 years later to the day
50 years later to the day
254
712960
3536
A ovo je isti čovjek 50 godina poslije
12:08
hugging a man who survived
the attack on the ground.
the attack on the ground.
255
716520
3576
grleći čovjeka koji je
preživio napad na tlu.
preživio napad na tlu.
12:12
And as an old man,
256
720120
1416
I kao star čovjek,
12:13
Zenji Abe came to a collection
of Pearl Harbor survivors
of Pearl Harbor survivors
257
721560
4416
Zenji Abe je došao do skupine ljudi
koji su preživjeli Pearl Harbor
koji su preživjeli Pearl Harbor
12:18
at a ceremony there
258
726000
1416
na tamošnjoj ceremoniji
12:19
and in halting English apologized
for what he had done as a young man.
for what he had done as a young man.
259
727440
4320
i na oklijevajućem engleskom ispričao se
za stvari koje je učinio kao mlad čovjek.
za stvari koje je učinio kao mlad čovjek.
12:24
Now, it doesn't always require decades.
260
732760
1896
Sad, nisu uvijek potrebna desetljeća.
12:26
Sometimes, extraordinary change
could happen in just hours.
could happen in just hours.
261
734680
3696
Nekad se izvanredna promjena može
dogoditi u samo nekoliko sati.
dogoditi u samo nekoliko sati.
12:30
Consider the World War I
Christmas truce of 1914.
Christmas truce of 1914.
262
738400
4376
Pogledajte primirje na Božić tijekom
Prvog svjetskog rata 1914.
Prvog svjetskog rata 1914.
12:34
The powers that be
had negotiated a brief truce
had negotiated a brief truce
263
742800
3136
Tadašnje sile su izpregovarale
kratko primirje
kratko primirje
12:37
so that soldiers could go out,
264
745960
1616
kako bi vojnici mogli izaći van,
12:39
collect bodies from no-man's-land
in between the trench lines.
in between the trench lines.
265
747600
3896
te prikupiti tijela iz ničje
zemlje između rovova.
zemlje između rovova.
12:43
And soon British and German soldiers
266
751520
2936
I ubrzo su britanski i njemački vojnici
12:46
were doing that,
267
754480
1456
to radili,
12:47
and then helping each other carry bodies,
268
755960
2456
i potom su pomagali
jedni drugima nositi tijela,
jedni drugima nositi tijela,
12:50
and then helping each other
dig graves in the frozen ground,
dig graves in the frozen ground,
269
758440
3656
te pomagali jedni drugima pri kopanju
grobova u zamrznutoj zemlji,
grobova u zamrznutoj zemlji,
12:54
and then praying together,
270
762120
1256
i potom se molili zajedno,
12:55
and then having Christmas together
and exchanging gifts,
and exchanging gifts,
271
763400
2816
te slavili Božić zajedno
i razmjenjivali darove,
i razmjenjivali darove,
12:58
and by the next day,
they were playing soccer together
they were playing soccer together
272
766240
3216
te do idućeg dana su
zajedno igrali nogomet
zajedno igrali nogomet
13:01
and exchanging addresses
so they could meet after the war.
so they could meet after the war.
273
769480
3376
i razmjenjivali adrese da se
mogu vidjeti poslije rata.
mogu vidjeti poslije rata.
13:04
That truce kept going
until the officers had to arrive
until the officers had to arrive
274
772880
3976
To primirje je trajalo dok
činovnici nisu morali doći
činovnici nisu morali doći
13:08
and said, "We will shoot you
275
776880
1496
i reći, „Pucat ćemo u vas
13:10
unless you go back
to trying to kill each other."
to trying to kill each other."
276
778400
2496
ako se ne vratite nazad i
pokušate pobiti jedni druge.“
pokušate pobiti jedni druge.“
13:12
And all it took here was hours
277
780920
2136
I sve što je trebalo
ovdje je nekoliko sati
ovdje je nekoliko sati
13:15
for these men to develop
a completely new category of "us,"
a completely new category of "us,"
278
783080
4336
za ove ljude da razviju potpuno
novu kategoriju „nas“,
novu kategoriju „nas“,
13:19
all of us in the trenches here
279
787440
1896
svih nas ovdje u rovovima,
13:21
on both sides, dying for no damn reason,
280
789360
2776
na obje strane, umirući
bez ikakvog razloga,
bez ikakvog razloga,
13:24
and who is a "them,"
those faceless powers behind the lines
those faceless powers behind the lines
281
792160
3656
i tko su neki „oni“,
te bezlične snage iza linija
te bezlične snage iza linija
13:27
who were using them as pawns.
282
795840
1600
koje su ih koristile za pijune.
13:30
And sometimes,
change can occur in seconds.
change can occur in seconds.
283
798680
3200
A ponekad se promjena može
dogoditi u sekundama.
dogoditi u sekundama.
13:34
Probably the most horrifying event
in the Vietnam War
in the Vietnam War
284
802720
3336
Vjerojatno najstrašniji
događaj Vijetnamskog rata
događaj Vijetnamskog rata
13:38
was the My Lai Massacre.
285
806080
1896
je bio My Lai masakr.
13:40
A brigade of American soldiers
286
808000
2016
Brigada američkih vojnika
13:42
went into an undefended
village full of civilians
village full of civilians
287
810040
3016
je bila ušla u nebranjeno selo puno civila
13:45
and killed between 350 and 500 of them,
288
813080
3536
i ubila između 350 i 500 njih,
13:48
mass-raped women and children,
289
816640
2856
masovno silovala žene i djecu,
13:51
mutilated bodies.
290
819520
1576
unakazila tijela.
13:53
It was appalling.
291
821120
1216
To je bilo užasno.
13:54
It was appalling because it occurred,
because the government denied it,
because the government denied it,
292
822360
4256
Bilo je užasno jer se dogodilo,
jer je to vlada porekla,
jer je to vlada porekla,
13:58
because the US government eventually
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
293
826640
4376
jer je američka vlada konačno učinila
ništa više od manje disciplinske mjere,
ništa više od manje disciplinske mjere,
14:03
and appalling because it almost certainly
was not a singular event.
was not a singular event.
294
831040
4256
i bilo je užasno jer to gotovo sigurno
nije bio jedini takav događaj.
nije bio jedini takav događaj.
14:07
This man, Hugh Thompson, this is the man
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
295
835320
5096
Ovaj čovjek, Hugh Thompson, ovo je čovjek
koji je zaustavio My Lai masakr.
koji je zaustavio My Lai masakr.
14:12
He was piloting a helicopter gunship,
296
840440
2616
Bio je pilotirao ratnim helikopterom
14:15
landed there, got out
297
843080
1816
sletio tamo, izašao
14:16
and saw American soldiers shooting babies,
298
844920
3056
i vidio kako američki
vojnici pucaju na bebe,
vojnici pucaju na bebe,
14:20
shooting old women,
299
848000
1376
pucaju na stare žene,
14:21
figured out what was going on,
300
849400
1896
shvatio što se događa
14:23
and he then took his helicopter
301
851320
2096
te potom je uzeo svoj helikopter
14:25
and did something that undid
his lifetime of conditioning
his lifetime of conditioning
302
853440
3976
i učinio nešto što je poništilo
njegov cijeli život uvjetovanja
njegov cijeli život uvjetovanja
14:29
as to who is an "us" and who is a "them."
303
857440
2056
o tome tko su „mi“ i tko su „oni“.
14:31
He landed his helicopter
304
859520
1856
Sletio je helikopterom
14:33
in between some surviving villagers
and American soldiers
and American soldiers
305
861400
3616
između nekih preživjelih
seljana i američkih vojnika
seljana i američkih vojnika
14:37
and he trained his machine guns
on his fellow Americans,
on his fellow Americans,
306
865040
3656
i usmjerio svoje strojnice na
svoje ortake amerikance
svoje ortake amerikance
14:40
and said, "If you don't stop the killing,
I will mow you down."
I will mow you down."
307
868720
3880
i rekao, „Ako ne prestanete ubijati,
pokosit ću vas.“
pokosit ću vas.“
14:46
Now, these people
are no more special than any of us.
are no more special than any of us.
308
874560
2976
Sad, ovi ljudi nisu ništa više
posebni od bilo koga od nas.
posebni od bilo koga od nas.
14:49
Same neurons, same neurochemicals,
309
877560
2576
Isti neuroni, isti neurotransmiteri,
14:52
same biology.
310
880160
1320
ista biologija.
14:54
What we're left with here
is this inevitable cliche:
is this inevitable cliche:
311
882400
3376
Ono što nam ostaje ovdje
jest ovaj neizbježni kliše;
jest ovaj neizbježni kliše;
14:57
"Those who don't study history
are destined to repeat it."
are destined to repeat it."
312
885800
2736
„Oni koji ne proučavaju povijest
su osuđeni da ju ponavljaju.“
su osuđeni da ju ponavljaju.“
15:00
What we have here is the opposite of it.
313
888560
2176
Ono što imamo ovjde je suprotno od toga.
15:02
Those who don't study the history
of extraordinary human change,
of extraordinary human change,
314
890760
4256
Oni koji ne proučavaju povijest
nevjerojatne ljudske promjene,
nevjerojatne ljudske promjene,
15:07
those who don't study the biology
of what can transform us
of what can transform us
315
895040
3536
oni koji ne proučavaju biologiju toga
što nas može transformirati
što nas može transformirati
15:10
from our worst to our best behaviors,
316
898600
2496
od naših najgori do
naših najboljih ponašanja,
naših najboljih ponašanja,
15:13
those who don't do this
are destined not to be able
are destined not to be able
317
901120
3056
oni koji ovo ne rade su
osuđeni da neće moći
osuđeni da neće moći
15:16
to repeat these incandescent,
magnificent moments.
magnificent moments.
318
904200
3880
ponoviti ove sjajne,
veličanstvene trenutke.
veličanstvene trenutke.
15:20
So thank you.
319
908480
1200
Hvala vam.
15:22
(Applause)
320
910040
4080
(Pljesak)
15:32
CA: Talks that really give you
a new mental model about something,
a new mental model about something,
321
920040
3496
CA: Govori koji vam daju novi
umni model o nekoj stvari,
umni model o nekoj stvari,
15:35
those are some of my favorite TED Talks,
322
923560
1936
su meni među najdražim TED govorima,
15:37
and we just got one.
323
925520
1720
i upravo smo dobili jedan.
15:39
Robert, thank you so much for that.
Good luck with the book.
Good luck with the book.
324
927960
2856
Roberte, hvala vam puno
na tome. Sretno s knjigom.
na tome. Sretno s knjigom.
15:42
That was amazing,
325
930840
1256
Ovo je bilo nevjerojatno,
15:44
and we're going to try and get you
to come here in person one year.
to come here in person one year.
326
932120
3176
i pokušat ćemo vas osobno
dovesti ovdje jedne godine.
dovesti ovdje jedne godine.
15:47
Thank you so much.
327
935320
1216
Hvala vam puno.
15:48
RS: Thank you. Thank you all.
328
936560
1480
RS: Hvala vam. Hvala vam svima.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Sapolsky - Neuroscientist, primatologist, writerRobert Sapolsky is one of the leading neuroscientists in the world, studying stress in primates (including humans).
Why you should listen
We all have some measure of stress, and Robert Sapolsky explores its causes as well as its effects on our bodies (his lab was among the first to document the damage that stress can do to our hippocampus). In his research, he follows a population of wild baboons in Kenya, who experience stress very similarly to the way humans do. By measuring hormone levels and stress-related diseases in each primate, he determines their relative stress, looking for patterns in personality and social behavior that might contribute. These exercises have given Sapolsky amazing insight into all primate social behavior, including our own.
He has been called "one of the best scientist-writers of our time" by Oliver Sacks. Sapolsky has produced, in addition to numerous scientific papers, books for broader audiences, including A Primate’s Memoir: A Neuroscientist’s Unconventional Life Among the Baboons, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: Stress Disease and Coping, and The Trouble with Testosterone.
His latest book, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, examines human behavior in search of an answer to the question: Why do we do the things we do?
Robert Sapolsky | Speaker | TED.com