TEDSummit
Marwa Al-Sabouni: How Syria's architecture laid the foundation for brutal war
Marwa Al-Sabouni: 建筑结构是如何成为叙利亚残忍战争的导火索的
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是什么导致了叙利亚战争？压迫，旱灾以及宗教方面的差异都扮演着关键的角色。但是Marwa Al-Sabouni提出了另一个原因：建筑。她从霍姆斯市通过网络告诉我们，在这过去的六年里，她目睹了战争把城市撕裂的过程。Al-Sabouni 提出叙利亚的建筑把曾经包容的，多文化的社会分裂成了，只有单一特征的，被阶级和宗教区分的飞地。现在，这个国家的未来就取决于重建的方式上了。
Marwa Al-Sabouni - Architect
Marwa Al-Sabouni suggests that architecture played a crucial role in the slow unraveling of Syrian cities' social fabric, preparing the way for once-friendly groups to become enemies instead of neighbors. Full bio
Marwa Al-Sabouni suggests that architecture played a crucial role in the slow unraveling of Syrian cities' social fabric, preparing the way for once-friendly groups to become enemies instead of neighbors. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
Hi. My name is Marwa,
and I'm an architect.
and I'm an architect.
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嗨，我的名字是马尔瓦
我是一个建筑师
我是一个建筑师
00:23
I was born and raised in Homs,
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我出生成长在霍姆斯
00:25
a city in the central
western part of Syria,
western part of Syria,
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一个位于叙利亚中西部的城市
00:27
and I've always lived here.
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我从来没离开过这里
00:29
After six years of war,
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在为期六年的战争之后
00:31
Homs is now a half-destroyed city.
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霍姆斯现在已经是一个被摧毁掉一半的城市
00:34
My family and I were lucky;
our place is still standing.
our place is still standing.
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我的家庭和我是幸运的
我们的家仍然存在
我们的家仍然存在
00:37
Although for two years,
we were like prisoners at home.
we were like prisoners at home.
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尽管在这两年中
我们就像囚犯一般呆在家中
我们就像囚犯一般呆在家中
00:40
Outside there were demonstrations
and battles and bombings and snipers.
and battles and bombings and snipers.
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在外面，示威运动，战争
炸弹和狙击手无处不在
炸弹和狙击手无处不在
00:46
My husband and I used to run
an architecture studio
an architecture studio
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我丈夫和我曾经
运营一个建筑工作室
运营一个建筑工作室
00:49
in the old town main square.
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在老城区的中心广场
00:51
It's gone, as is most
of the old town itself.
of the old town itself.
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它被摧毁了，就像
大部分老城区一样
大部分老城区一样
00:54
Half of the city's other neighborhoods
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城市其它地区的一半
00:56
are now rubble.
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现在是断壁残璋
00:58
Since the ceasefire in late 2015,
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自从2015后半叶的停火开始
01:00
large parts of Homs
have been more or less quiet.
have been more or less quiet.
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霍姆斯的大部分地区
都或多或少的萧条了
都或多或少的萧条了
01:03
The economy is completely broken,
and people are still fighting.
and people are still fighting.
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经济被完全破坏
人们还在相互争斗
人们还在相互争斗
01:07
The merchants who had stalls
in the old city market
in the old city market
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商人们不再在老城区的商场营业
01:09
now trade out of sheds on the streets.
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而在街上搭棚子进行交易
01:12
Under our apartment, there is a carpenter,
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在我们的公寓下面，
有着木工店，糖果店，肉店，印刷店，
小作坊以及更多小商铺
小作坊以及更多小商铺
01:14
sweetshops, a butcher, a printing house,
workshops, among many more.
workshops, among many more.
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01:20
I have started teaching part-time,
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我开始在业余时间教课
01:22
and with my husband,
who juggles several jobs,
who juggles several jobs,
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而我的丈夫在多个工作中挣扎
01:24
we've opened a small bookshop.
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我们开了个小书店
01:26
Other people do all sorts
of jobs to get by.
of jobs to get by.
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其他人做各种工作来维持生计
01:30
When I look at my destroyed city,
of course, I ask myself:
of course, I ask myself:
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当我看着我被摧毁的家乡
无法避免地， 我问我自己：
无法避免地， 我问我自己：
01:34
What has led to this senseless war?
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是什么导致了这场毫无意义的战争？
01:36
Syria was largely a place of tolerance,
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叙利亚是个包容的城市
01:39
historically accustomed to variety,
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历史上的包容多样性
01:41
accommodating a wide range
of beliefs, origins, customs,
of beliefs, origins, customs,
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广泛地接纳不同的信仰
血统，文化
血统，文化
01:44
goods, food.
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商品和食物
01:46
How did my country --
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我的国家是如何
01:47
a country with communities
living harmoniously together
living harmoniously together
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一个从前所有人都能
和谐地生活在一起
和谐地生活在一起
01:50
and comfortable in discussing
their differences --
their differences --
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而且乐于讨论
他们的不同的国家--
他们的不同的国家--
01:52
how did it degenerate into civil war,
violence, displacement
violence, displacement
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是怎么堕落进内战
变得充斥着暴力，人们流离失所
变得充斥着暴力，人们流离失所
01:56
and unprecedented sectarian hatred?
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并且陷入这个前所未有的宗教仇恨中的？
02:00
There were many reasons
that had led to the war --
that had led to the war --
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我觉得，有很多原因导致了这场战争--
02:03
social, political and economic.
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社会的，政治的以及经济的原因
02:05
They all have played their role.
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它们都在这场战争中饰演了推动者。
02:07
But I believe there is one key reason
that has been overlooked
that has been overlooked
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但是我觉得有一个关键的因素被人们忽视了，
02:11
and which is important to analyze,
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而且这个因素对理解这一切非常重要，
02:13
because from it will largely depend
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因为通过它，可以极大程度上地判定
02:15
whether we can make sure
that this doesn't happen again.
that this doesn't happen again.
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我们是否可以让它不再发生。
02:19
And that reason is architecture.
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这个原因，就是建筑学。
02:21
Architecture in my country
has played an important role
has played an important role
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建筑学在我的国家扮演了一个重要的角色，
02:24
in creating, directing and amplifying
conflict between warring factions,
conflict between warring factions,
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在创造，引导和扩大敌对双方的冲突方面
02:28
and this is probably true
for other countries as well.
for other countries as well.
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这可能对于其他国家也有同样的作用。
02:31
There is a sure correspondence
between the architecture of a place
between the architecture of a place
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一个地方的建筑和这个地方社区的个性
02:35
and the character of the community
that has settled there.
that has settled there.
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有着明显的相关。
02:38
Architecture plays a key role
in whether a community crumbles
in whether a community crumbles
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建筑扮演者关键的角色，无论是在分散的社区
02:42
or comes together.
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还是在统一的社区。
02:44
Syrian society has long lived
the coexistence
the coexistence
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在叙利亚，不同的传统和背景
02:46
of different traditions and backgrounds.
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已经共存了很长时间。
02:48
Syrians have experienced
the prosperity of open trade
the prosperity of open trade
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叙利亚在开放贸易和构建和谐社会上经验丰富。
02:51
and sustainable communities.
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02:53
They have enjoyed the true meaning
of belonging to a place,
of belonging to a place,
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他们享受着真正的归属感，
02:56
and that was reflected
in their built environment,
in their built environment,
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这个也体现在他们的建筑情况上
02:59
in the mosques and churches
built back-to-back,
built back-to-back,
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体现在伊斯兰教寺院和基督教堂紧贴的围墙上；
03:01
in the interwoven souks and public venues,
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体现在各种交织的露天市场和各类公共场所上；
03:04
and the proportions and sizes based
on principles of humanity and harmony.
on principles of humanity and harmony.
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以及各种从人性与和谐原则上设计的各种尺寸和大小。
03:08
This architecture of mixity
can still be read in the remains.
can still be read in the remains.
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这种混合的建筑风格即使只剩下残骸，依然可以被人们认出。
03:12
The old Islamic city in Syria
was built over a multilayered past,
was built over a multilayered past,
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叙利亚的老伊斯兰教城建立于更为复杂的过去。
03:16
integrating with it
and embracing its spirit.
and embracing its spirit.
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它整合和容纳了各种精神。
03:18
So did its communities.
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当地的人们也是如此。
03:20
People lived and worked with each other
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他们生活在一起，工作在一起，
03:22
in a place that gave them
a sense of belonging
a sense of belonging
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在一个给予他们归属感的地方，
03:24
and made them feel at home.
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让他们有家的感觉。
03:26
They shared a remarkably
unified existence.
unified existence.
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他们共同拥有了一个极为和谐的共生环境。
03:29
But over the last century,
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但是在上个世纪，
03:31
gradually this delicate balance
of these places has been interfered with;
of these places has been interfered with;
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渐渐地，这种地方间的脆弱的平衡被打破了：
03:35
first, by the urban planners
of the colonial period,
of the colonial period,
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首先，那些殖民时期的城市规划者，
03:38
when the French went
enthusiastically about,
enthusiastically about,
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当法国人热忱地在叙利亚城市里到处走动，
03:40
transforming what they saw
as the un-modern Syrian cities.
as the un-modern Syrian cities.
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他们认为叙利亚是一个不符合时代，未发展的城市。
03:43
They blew up city streets
and relocated monuments.
and relocated monuments.
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他们炸掉了城市街道还转移了纪念碑。
03:48
They called them improvements,
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他们美其名曰改良，
03:50
and they were the beginning
of a long, slow unraveling.
of a long, slow unraveling.
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然后他们开始了一个又长又慢的拆毁。
03:53
The traditional urbanism
and architecture of our cities
and architecture of our cities
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霍姆斯的传统城市和建筑
03:56
assured identity and belonging
not by separation,
not by separation,
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确保了特征和和归属感并不是依靠分裂，
03:59
but by intertwining.
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而是依靠不同文化之间的交流，融合。
04:01
But over time, the ancient became
worthless, and the new, coveted.
worthless, and the new, coveted.
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但是随着时间流去，这些古老的东西失去了其意义，而新的事物取代了它们。
04:05
The harmony of the built environment
and social environment
and social environment
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建筑环境和社会环境之间的和谐
04:08
got trampled over
by elements of modernity --
by elements of modernity --
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被现代元素取代--
04:11
brutal, unfinished concrete blocks,
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被那些残忍的，未完成的混凝土砖块，
04:13
neglect, aesthetic devastation,
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和对文化的忽视，对审美的破化，
04:16
divisive urbanism that zoned
communities by class, creed or affluence.
communities by class, creed or affluence.
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被那些用社会等级，宗教信仰和经济情况来划分人民的城市分裂主义踩在脚下
04:21
And the same was happening
to the community.
to the community.
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而这同样发生在了社会阶层上。
04:24
As the shape of the built
environment changed,
environment changed,
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当建筑环境发生了改变，
04:26
so the lifestyles and sense
of belonging of the communities
of belonging of the communities
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生活方式和人民的归属感
04:30
also started changing.
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也开始改变。
04:32
From a register
of togetherness, of belonging,
of togetherness, of belonging,
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建筑，从一个亲密和归属的象征，
04:34
architecture became
a way of differentiation,
a way of differentiation,
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变成了一种区别人民的方法。
04:37
and communities started drifting apart
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人们开始相互疏远。
04:39
from the very fabric
that used to unite them,
that used to unite them,
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她原是一个用来团结人们的结构，
04:42
and from the soul of the place that used
to represent their common existence.
to represent their common existence.
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原是一个用来象征他们和谐共存的地方精神。
04:47
While many reasons had led
to the Syrian war,
to the Syrian war,
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尽管许多原因最终导致了这场战争
04:49
we shouldn't underestimate
the way in which,
the way in which,
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但是我们不应该低估这个因素：
04:51
by contributing to the loss
of identity and self-respect,
of identity and self-respect,
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随着特征和自尊的消失，
04:55
urban zoning and misguided,
inhumane architecture
inhumane architecture
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城市的分区，和错误，薄情的的建筑
04:59
have nurtured sectarian
divisions and hatred.
divisions and hatred.
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培育了宗教的分裂和仇恨。
05:02
Over time, the united city
has morphed into a city center
has morphed into a city center
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长久以来，和谐的社会已经变得
05:05
with ghettos along its circumference.
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贫民区紧贴着中心城区。
05:08
And in turn, the coherent communities
became distinct social groups,
became distinct social groups,
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同时，紧密联系着的人们分成了不同的团体，
05:12
alienated from each other
and alienated from the place.
and alienated from the place.
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相互之间开始疏离，疏远。
05:17
From my point of view,
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我觉得，
05:18
losing the sense of belonging to a place
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一个地方的归属感
05:20
and a sense of sharing it
with someone else
with someone else
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和人们交流意愿的消失
05:22
has made it a lot easier to destroy.
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让它变得非常容易被摧毁。
05:25
The clear example can be seen
in the informal housing system,
in the informal housing system,
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一个明显的例子就是简陋的住房制度：
05:28
which used to host, before the war,
over 40 percent of the population.
over 40 percent of the population.
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在战争之前，这里居住着超过百分之四十的人口。
05:33
Yes, prior to the war,
almost half of the Syrian population
almost half of the Syrian population
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是的，在战争之前，大约一半的叙利亚人民
05:37
lived in slums,
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居住在贫民窟。
05:38
peripheral areas
without proper infrastructure,
without proper infrastructure,
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外围地区没有完好的基础设施，
05:41
made of endless rows of bare block boxes
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一行行的简陋毛料组成了这片区域，
05:44
containing people,
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容纳着人们。
05:46
people who mostly belonged
to the same group,
to the same group,
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人民基本上都属于同一个团体，
05:48
whether based on religion,
class, origin or all of the above.
class, origin or all of the above.
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基于宗教，阶级，出身或其他因素。
05:53
This ghettoized urbanism
proved to be a tangible precursor of war.
proved to be a tangible precursor of war.
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这种集中营似的城市
被证明是一种明显的战争先兆。
被证明是一种明显的战争先兆。
05:58
Conflict is much easier
between pre-categorized areas --
between pre-categorized areas --
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在被疏远的地区之间，
冲突变得更加容易发生--
冲突变得更加容易发生--
06:01
where the "others" live.
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也就是在 ‘其他人’ 居住的地方。
06:03
The ties that used
to bind the city together --
to bind the city together --
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曾经使城市连接在一起的纽带--
06:06
whether they were social,
through coherent building,
through coherent building,
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建筑物紧密联合，连接了不同阶级；
06:08
or economic, through trade in the souk,
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露天市场的交易连接了不同经济基础的人们；
06:11
or religious, through
the coexistent presence --
the coexistent presence --
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这些共生的存在连接了不同信仰的人们，
06:14
were all lost in the misguided
and visionless modernization
and visionless modernization
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都已经消失在了建筑环境的误导
06:17
of the built environment.
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和未经考虑的现代化之中
06:19
Allow me an aside.
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请允许我说句题外话
06:21
When I read about heterogeneous urbanism
in other parts of the world,
in other parts of the world,
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当我了解到存在于世界另一个部分的各种城市化，
06:25
involving ethnic neighborhoods
in British cities
in British cities
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例如，英国城市的民族聚集区
06:28
or around Paris or Brussels,
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巴黎周边 和 布鲁塞尔，
06:30
I recognize the beginning
of the kind of instability
of the kind of instability
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我感觉到了不稳定的开始。
06:33
we have witnessed
so disastrously here in Syria.
so disastrously here in Syria.
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这种不稳定我们已经在叙利亚的灾难中见识到了，
06:38
We have severely destroyed cities,
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我们已经狠狠地摧毁了几个城市
06:40
such as Homs, Aleppo,
Daraa and many others,
Daraa and many others,
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像霍姆斯，阿勒颇，德拉以及很多其他城市
06:43
and almost half of the population
of the country is now displaced.
of the country is now displaced.
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大约一半的人口已经被取代。
06:47
Hopefully, the war will end,
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但愿，战争将会结束，
06:49
and the question that,
as an architect, I have to ask, is:
as an architect, I have to ask, is:
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作为一个建筑师，我必须问一个问题：
06:53
How do we rebuild?
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我们要如何去重建？
06:55
What are the principles
that we should adopt
that we should adopt
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我们应该采取的原则又是什么？
06:57
in order to avoid repeating
the same mistakes?
the same mistakes?
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这是为了避免我们再犯同样的错误。
07:01
From my point of view, the main focus
should be on creating places
should be on creating places
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以我来看，我们应该建造
07:04
that make their people feel they belong.
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让人们能有归属感的房屋。
07:06
Architecture and planning
need to recapture
need to recapture
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建筑和规划需要重新使用
07:09
some of the traditional values
that did just that,
that did just that,
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那些能创造和平共处环境的
07:12
creating the conditions
for coexistence and peace,
for coexistence and peace,
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传统价值观，
07:15
values of beauty
that don't exhibit ostentation,
that don't exhibit ostentation,
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重拾对美的审视，而不仅仅是追求排场，
07:18
but rather, approachability and ease,
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而是追求更重要的，亲和性和实用性，
07:21
moral values that promote
generosity and acceptance,
generosity and acceptance,
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以及慷慨和包容的道德观。
07:24
architecture that is for everyone
to enjoy, not just for the elite,
to enjoy, not just for the elite,
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建筑是让任何人都可以享受的东西，
不应只是为了精英们。
不应只是为了精英们。
07:28
just as used to be in the shadowed alleys
of the old Islamic city,
of the old Islamic city,
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就像以前在老叙利亚城市里的小巷一样，
07:32
mixed designs that encourage
a sense of community.
a sense of community.
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多方混合的设计促进了人民之间团结。
07:36
There is a neighborhood here in Homs
that's called Baba Amr
that's called Baba Amr
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在霍姆斯有一个地区叫做巴巴阿姆鲁，
07:39
that has been fully destroyed.
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已经完全的被摧毁了。
07:41
Almost two years ago,
I introduced this design
I introduced this design
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大约在两年前，为了重建它
07:44
into a UN-Habitat competition
for rebuilding it.
for rebuilding it.
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我向联合国人居署介绍了这种设计。
07:47
The idea was to create an urban fabric
inspired by a tree,
inspired by a tree,
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这种设计是为了创造一种以树为原型的城市结构，
07:51
capable of growing
and spreading organically,
and spreading organically,
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它能有机的增长和扩张。
07:54
echoing the traditional bridge
hanging over the old alleys,
hanging over the old alleys,
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它模仿了老街巷的传统桥梁
07:57
and incorporating apartments,
private courtyards, shops,
private courtyards, shops,
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并且合并了公寓，私人庭院，超市
08:01
workshops, places for parking
and playing and leisure,
and playing and leisure,
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小作坊，停车场，娱乐和休闲场所，
08:05
trees and shaded areas.
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植物和遮阳区域。
08:07
It's far from perfect, obviously.
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很明显，它离完美还有很远的距离。
08:09
I drew it during the few hours
of electricity we get.
of electricity we get.
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我是在电力恢复的几个小时中画了它。
08:12
And there are many possible ways
to express belonging and community
to express belonging and community
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建筑上，还有很多的方法去展示
归属感和共同性。
08:16
through architecture.
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08:17
But compare it with the freestanding,
disconnected blocks
disconnected blocks
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但是政府为了重建巴巴阿姆鲁而设立的
08:20
proposed by the official project
for rebuilding Baba Amr.
for rebuilding Baba Amr.
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社区却是无情冰冷的。
08:24
Architecture is not the axis
around which all human life rotates,
around which all human life rotates,
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建筑不是生命转动的核心
08:28
but it has the power to suggest
and even direct human activity.
and even direct human activity.
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但是它有指示，甚至引导人类行为的力量。
08:33
In that sense, settlement,
identity and social integration
identity and social integration
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在这种意义上，移民，一致性和社会一体化
08:37
are all the producer and product
of effective urbanism.
of effective urbanism.
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都是有效的城市化的生产者和产品。
08:41
The coherent urbanism
of the old Islamic city
of the old Islamic city
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在老伊斯兰城，
08:44
and of many old European
towns, for instance,
towns, for instance,
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和许多其他老的欧洲城市，
08:47
promote integration,
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尽管他们提倡融合，
08:49
while rows of soulless housing
or tower blocks,
or tower blocks,
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但是这些一排排奢华的房屋和高楼大厦
08:52
even when they are luxurious,
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是没有灵魂的，
08:54
tend to promote isolation and "otherness."
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这些条例清楚的都市化都倾向于宣传孤立主义和排他性。
08:57
Even simple things
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在这些城市中，甚至最简单的事情，
08:59
like shaded places or fruit plants
or drinking water inside the city
or drinking water inside the city
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像遮阳，水果种植，喝水，
09:03
can make a difference
in how people feel towards the place,
in how people feel towards the place,
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都会让人们感受到地位的不同
09:06
and whether they consider it
a generous place that gives,
a generous place that gives,
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无论政府认为它是一个大方的，
09:09
a place that's worth keeping,
contributing to,
contributing to,
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值得留念的，值得奉献的地方；
09:12
or whether they see it
as an alienating place,
as an alienating place,
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还是视它为一个疏远的地方，
09:15
full of seeds of anger.
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都让这个地方充满了愤怒的种子。
09:17
In order for a place to give,
its architecture should be giving, too.
its architecture should be giving, too.
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为了让一个地点给予人们东西，
它的建筑也应该有所给予。
它的建筑也应该有所给予。
09:22
Our built environment matters.
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我们的建筑环境很重要。
09:24
The fabric of our cities is reflected
in the fabric of our souls.
in the fabric of our souls.
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我们社会的结构反射了我们灵魂的结构。
09:28
And whether in the shape
of informal concrete slums
of informal concrete slums
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无论在非正规的水泥贫民窟，
09:31
or broken social housing
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还是被破坏的社会建筑，
09:33
or trampled old towns
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或者被践踏的老城，
09:35
or forests of skyscrapers,
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或是摩天大楼的森林，
09:36
the contemporary urban archetypes
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这个在整个中东地区出现的
09:39
that have emerged
all across the Middle East
all across the Middle East
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当代的都市形态
09:41
have been one cause of the alienation
and fragmentation of our communities.
and fragmentation of our communities.
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已经成为了社区异化和碎片化的原因之一。
09:46
We can learn from this.
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我们可以从中学习。
09:48
We can learn how to rebuild
in another way,
in another way,
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我们可以学习如何用另一种方式重建它，
09:51
how to create an architecture
that doesn't contribute only
that doesn't contribute only
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学习如何去建造一个不仅仅
09:54
to the practical and economic
aspects of people's lives,
aspects of people's lives,
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从实际和经济方面帮助人们，
09:57
but also to their social, spiritual
and psychological needs.
and psychological needs.
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而且对于社会，精神和心理需要能有所帮助的建筑。
10:02
Those needs were totally overlooked
in the Syrian cities before the war.
in the Syrian cities before the war.
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这些需求在战争之前被完全地忽视了。
10:06
We need to create again
cities that are shared
cities that are shared
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我们需要再一次建设
10:09
by the communities that inhabit them.
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被居民们所共有，居民乐于去分享的城市。
10:11
If we do so, people will not feel the need
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如果这样做，人们就不会再需要去追求
10:14
to seek identities opposed
to the other identities all around,
to the other identities all around,
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人和人之间的差异，
10:18
because they will all feel at home.
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因为他们会感受到家的温暖。
10:22
Thank you for listening.
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谢谢你们的聆听。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marwa Al-Sabouni - ArchitectMarwa Al-Sabouni suggests that architecture played a crucial role in the slow unraveling of Syrian cities' social fabric, preparing the way for once-friendly groups to become enemies instead of neighbors.
Why you should listen
Marwa Al-Sabouni was born in Homs, a city in the central-western part of the country, and has a PhD in Islamic Architecture. Despite the destruction of large parts of the city, she has remained in Homs with her husband and two children throughout the war. In her just-released book The Battle for Home (Thames & Hudson, 2016), she explores the role architecture and the built environment play in whether a community crumbles or comes together, and she offers insights on how her country (and a much-needed sense of identity) should be rebuilt so that it will not happen again.
Marwa Al-Sabouni | Speaker | TED.com