TED2011
Ron Gutman: The hidden power of smiling
Ron Gutman: El poder ocult del somriure.
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Ron Gutman revisa un grapat d'estudis sobre el somriure i mostra algunsresultats sorprenents. Sabies que el teu somriure pot predir quan de temps viuràs, i que un simple somriure té un efecte mesurable en el teu benestar general? Prepara't per exercitar uns quants muscles facials mentre aprens més sobre aquest comportament contagiós evolucionari.
Ron Gutman - Entrepreneur
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero.
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De petit, sempre vaig voler ser un superheroi.
00:18
I wanted to save the world and then make everyone happy.
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Volia salvar el món i fer feliç a tothom.
00:21
But I knew that I'd need superpowers
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Però sabia que no tenia superpoders
00:23
to make my dreams come true.
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per a fer els somnis realitat.
00:25
So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys
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Així que sovint m'embarcava en viatges imaginaris
00:28
to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton,
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per a trobar objectes intergalàctics del planeta Kripton,
00:31
which was a lot of fun,
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els quals eren molt divertits,
00:33
but didn't get much result.
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però no donaven massa resultats.
00:35
When I grew up and realized
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En crèixer, em vaig adonar
00:37
that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers,
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que la ciència ficció no era una bona font de superpoders,
00:40
I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science,
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així que vaig optar per embarcar-me en un viatge en la ciència real.
00:43
to find a more useful truth.
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per a trobar una veritat més útil.
00:45
I started my journey in California
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Vaig començar el viatge a Califòrnia
00:48
with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study
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amb un estudi longitudinal de 30 anys a Berkley
00:51
that examined the photos of students
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que examinava fotos d'estudiants
00:53
in an old yearbook
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en un antic anuari
00:55
and tried to measure their success and well-being
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i intentava mesurar el seu futur i benestar
00:57
throughout their life.
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durant la seva vida.
00:59
By measuring their student smiles,
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Mesurant els somriures dels estudiants,
01:01
researchers were able to predict
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els investigadors podien predir
01:03
how fulfilling and long-lasting
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com de satisfactori i durador
01:05
a subject's marriage will be,
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seria el seu casament,
01:08
how well she would score
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quins resultats obtindria
01:10
on standardized tests of well-being
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en tests estàndar de benestar
01:12
and how inspiring she would be to others.
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i si inspiraria a d'altres.
01:16
In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture.
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En un altre anuari, vaig trobar la foto de Barry Obama.
01:19
When I first saw his picture,
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En veure la seva foto per primer cop,
01:21
I thought that these superpowers came from his super collar.
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vaig pensar que els seus superpoders venien de les seves súper-solapes.
01:25
But now I know it was all in his smile.
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Però ara sé que tot estava en el seu somriure.
01:28
Another aha! moment
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Un altre moment AHA!
01:30
came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project
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va ser durant un projecte de recerca de la universitat de Wayne State el 2010
01:33
that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards
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que mirava cromos de beisbol d'abans del 1950
01:36
of Major League players.
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de jugadors de la Major League.
01:38
The researchers found
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Els investigadors van descobrir
01:40
that the span of a player's smile
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que l'amplada del somriure dels jugadors
01:42
could actually predict the span of his life.
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podia preveure l'abast de la seva vida.
01:45
Players who didn't smile in their pictures
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Els jugadors que no somreien a la foto
01:48
lived an average of only 72.9 years,
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vivien una mitjana de només 72.9 anys,
01:51
where players with beaming smiles
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mentre que els jugadors amb grans somriures
01:53
lived an average of almost 80 years.
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vivien una mitjana de gairebé 80 anys.
01:56
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
01:58
The good news is that we're actually born smiling.
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Les bones notícies és que naixem somrient.
02:01
Using 3D ultrasound technology,
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Amb teconologia d'ultrasons en 3D,
02:03
we can now see that developing babies appear to smile,
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podem veure que nadons en desenvolupament sembla que somriuen,
02:06
even in the womb.
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fins i tot al ventre matern.
02:08
When they're born,
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Quan neixen,
02:10
babies continue to smile --
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els nadons continuen somrient,
02:12
initially, mostly in their sleep.
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al principi, sobretot mentre dormen.
02:14
And even blind babies smile
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Fins i tot nadons cecs somriuen
02:16
to the sound of the human voice.
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davant el so de la veu humana.
02:19
Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically-uniform
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Somriure és una de les expresions humanes més bàsiques
02:22
expressions of all humans.
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i biològicament uniformes.
02:24
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea,
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En un estudi realitzat a Papua Nova Guinea,
02:26
Paul Ekman,
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en Paul Ekman,
02:28
the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions,
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l'investigador d'expresions facials més conegut del món,
02:31
found that even members of the Fore tribe,
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va descobrir que els membres de la tribu Fore,
02:34
who were completely disconnected from Western culture,
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que estaven totalment desconectats de la cultura occidental,
02:37
and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
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i coneguts pels seus rituals inusuals de canibalisme,
02:41
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations
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atribueixen somriures per descriure situacions
02:44
the same way you and I would.
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igual que ho fariem nosaltres.
02:46
So from Papua New Guinea
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Doncs des de Papua Nova Guinea
02:49
to Hollywood
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fins Hollywood
02:51
all the way to modern art in Beijing,
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passant per l'art modern de Beijing,
02:54
we smile often,
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sovint somriem,
02:56
and you smile to express joy
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i somriem per expresar alegria
02:58
and satisfaction.
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i satisfacció.
03:00
How many people here in this room
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Quanta gent en aquesta sala
03:02
smile more than 20 times per day?
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somriu més de 20 cops al dia?
03:04
Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow.
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Aixequeu la mà si ho feu. Oh, vaja.
03:07
Outside of this room,
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Fora d'aquesta sala,
03:09
more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day,
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més d'una tercera part de nosaltres somriem més de 20 cops al dia,
03:12
whereas less than 14 percent of us
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mentre que menys del 14%
03:15
smile less than five.
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somriu menys de 5 cops.
03:17
In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers
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De fet, els que tenen els superpoders més increïbles
03:20
are actually children,
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són els nens
03:23
who smile as many as 400 times per day.
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que somriuen fins a 400 cops al dia.
03:26
Have you ever wondered why being around children
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Us heu preguntat mai perquè estant amb nens
03:28
who smile so frequently
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que somriuen tant sovint
03:30
makes you smile very often?
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et fa somriure tant?
03:34
A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden
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Un estudi recent de la universitat d'Uppsala a Suècia
03:36
found that it's very difficult to frown
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va descobrir que és molt difícil estar enfadat
03:39
when looking at someone who smiles.
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quan mires a algú que somriu.
03:41
You ask, why?
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Us preguntareu, per què?
03:43
Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious,
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Perquè somriure és evolucionariament contagiós,
03:45
and it suppresses the control
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i suprimeix el control
03:47
we usually have on our facial muscles.
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que normalment tenim sobre els muscles facials.
03:50
Mimicking a smile
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Imitar un somriure
03:52
and experiencing it physically
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i experimentar-lo físicament
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help us understand whether our smile is fake or real,
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ens ajuda a entendre si un somriure és fals o real,
03:58
so we can understand the emotional state
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per a poder entendre l'estat emocional
04:00
of the smiler.
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de qui somriu.
04:02
In a recent mimicking study
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En un estudi recent de la imitació
04:04
at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France,
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de la universitat de Clermont-Ferrand a França,
04:07
subjects were asked to determine
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es demanava als subjectes que decidissin
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whether a smile was real or fake
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si un somriure era real o fals
04:11
while holding a pencil in their mouth
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mentre tenien un llapis a la boca
04:13
to repress smiling muscles.
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per a reprimir els muscles de somriure.
04:15
Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges,
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Sense el llapis, els subjectes eres jutges excel.lents,
04:18
but with the pencil in their mouth --
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però amb el llapis a la boca,
04:20
when they could not mimic the smile they saw --
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quan no podien imitar el somriure que veien,
04:23
their judgment was impaired.
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s'anul.lava el seu judici.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
04:27
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species,"
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A més de crear la teoria de l'evolució a "L'orígen de les espècies",
04:30
Charles Darwin also wrote
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en Charles Darwin també va escriure
04:32
the facial feedback response theory.
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la teoria sobre les respostes facials.
04:34
His theory states
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La seva teoria diu
04:36
that the act of smiling itself
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que l'acte de somriure en si
04:38
actually makes us feel better --
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ens fa sentir millor,
04:40
rather than smiling being merely a result
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enlloc de veure el somriure com a resultat
04:42
of feeling good.
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de sentir-se bé.
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In his study,
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En el seu estudi,
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Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne,
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en Darwin cita el neuròleg francès Guillaume Duchenne,
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who used electric jolts to facial muscles
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que utilitzava descàrregues elèctriques en els muscles facials
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to induce and stimulate smiles.
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per induir i estimular somriures.
04:54
Please, don't try this at home.
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Si us plau, no ho intenteu a casa.
04:56
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
04:58
In a related German study,
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En un estudi alemany relacionat,
05:00
researchers used fMRI imaging
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els investigadors van fer servir imatges per ressonància magnètica funcional
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to measure brain activity
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per a mesurar l'activitat cerebral
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before and after injecting Botox
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abans i després d'injectar Botox
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to suppress smiling muscles.
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per impedir els muscles de somriure.
05:10
The finding supported Darwin's theory
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Els resultats recolzaren la teoria de Darwin
05:12
by showing that facial feedback
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mostrant que la resposta facial
05:14
modifies the neural processing
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modifica el procès neural
05:16
of emotional content in the brain
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del contingut emocional del cervell
05:18
in a way that helps us feel better when we smile.
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de manera que ens ajuda a sentir-nos millor en somriure.
05:22
Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism
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Somriure estimula el mecanisme de recompensa del cervell
05:24
in a way that even chocolate --
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de manera que ni tan sols la xocolata,
05:26
a well-regarded pleasure inducer --
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un inductor del plaer ben conegut,
05:29
cannot match.
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no hi pot competir.
05:31
British researchers found that one smile
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Investigadors britànics van descobrir que un somriure
05:34
can generate the same level of brain stimulation
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pot generar el mateix nivell d'estimulació cerebral
05:37
as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
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que 2.000 barres de xocolata.
05:40
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
05:42
Wait. The same study found
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Un moment. El mateix estudi mostra
05:45
that smiling is as stimulating
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que somriure és tan estimulant
05:47
as receiving up to 16,000 pounds Sterling in cash.
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com rebre 16.000 lliures en efectiu.
05:52
That's like 25 grand a smile.
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És com un somriure de 18.000 euros.
05:54
It's not bad.
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No està malament.
05:56
And think about it this way:
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I mireu-ho així:
05:58
25,000 times 400 --
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18.000 vegades 400,
06:00
quite a few kids out there
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bastants nens es senten
06:02
feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
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com el milionari Mark Zuckerberg cada dia.
06:05
And, unlike lots of chocolate,
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I, a diferència de molta xocolata,
06:07
lots of smiling can actually make you healthier.
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molts somriures poden fer-te sentir més sa.
06:10
Smiling can help reduce the level
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Somriure pot ajudar a reduir el nivell
06:12
of stress-enhancing hormones
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d'hormones que provoquen estrés
06:14
like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine,
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com el cortisol, l'adrenalina o la dopamina,
06:17
increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones
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i augmenta el nivell d'hormones que milloren l'humor
06:19
like endorphin
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com l'endorfina
06:21
and reduce overall blood pressure.
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i reduèixen la pressió sanguínea.
06:23
And if that's not enough,
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I per si això no fos prou,
06:25
smiling can actually make you look good
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somriure ens fa quedar bé
06:27
in the eyes of others.
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davant dels altres.
06:29
A recent study at Penn State University
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Un estudi recent de la universitat de Penn State
06:31
found that when you smile,
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va descobrir que quan somrius
06:33
you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous,
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no només sembles més simpàtic i cortès,
06:36
but you actually appear to be more competent.
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sinó que sembles més competent.
06:40
So whenever you want to look great and competent,
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Així que si vols tenir un aspecte fantàstic i competent,
06:42
reduce your stress
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reduir el teu estrés
06:44
or improve your marriage,
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i millorar el teu matrimoni,
06:46
or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate --
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o sentir-te com si acabessis de menjar-te un munt de xocolata de la millor,
06:49
without incurring the caloric cost --
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sense cap cost calòric,
06:52
or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket
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o com si trobessis 18.000 euros a la butxaca
06:54
of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages,
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d'una jaqueta vella que fa anys que no et posaves,
06:57
or whenever you want to tap into a superpower
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o quan vulguis tenir un superpoder
07:01
that will help you and everyone around you
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que t'ajudarà a tú i tothom que t'envolta
07:04
live a longer, healthier, happier life,
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a viure una vida més llarga, sana i feliç,
07:07
smile.
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somriu.
07:09
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ron Gutman - EntrepreneurRon Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Why you should listen
Ron Gutman is the founder of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for immediate access to relevant, reliable and trusted health answers and tips from a network of doctors. Before this, he founded and led an online consumer health company that developed the world's largest community of independent health writers; it was acquired in early 2009.
As a graduate student at Stanford, Gutman organized and led a multidisciplinary group of faculty and graduate students from the schools of Engineering, Medicine, Business, Psychology and Law to conduct research in personalized health and to design ways to help people live healthier, happier lives. He is an angel investor and advisor to health and technology companies such as Rock Health (the first Interactive Health Incubator) and Harvard Medical School's SMArt Initiative ("Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies"). He's the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Find links to all the studies that Gutman references in his talk right here >>
Ron Gutman | Speaker | TED.com