TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
Alison Killing: Hi ha una manera millor de morir i l'arquitectura hi pot ajudar
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En aquesta xerrada breu i provocadora, l'arquitecta Alison Killing parla dels edificis relacionats amb la mort: cementiris, hospitals, cases. La manera com morim està canviant i els espais que construïm per morir... potser també haurien de canviar. És una manera sorprenent i fascinant de veure una part amagada de les nostres ciutats i de les nostres vides.
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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M'agradaria explicar-vos una història
sobre la mort i l'arquitectura.
sobre la mort i l'arquitectura.
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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Fa cent anys, ens moríem
d'infeccions, com la pneumònia,
d'infeccions, com la pneumònia,
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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que, si ens agafaven fort
se'ns enduien ben de pressa.
se'ns enduien ben de pressa.
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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Normalment ens moríem a casa,
al llit, cuidats per la família,
al llit, cuidats per la família,
00:28
although that was the default option
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això era la opció més normal
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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perquè la majoria
no tenia accés a la medicina.
no tenia accés a la medicina.
00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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Al segle XX van cambiar
molt les coses.
molt les coses.
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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Noves medecines, com la penicil·lina,
00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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permetien curar
les malalties infeccioses.
les malalties infeccioses.
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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Es van inventar noves tecnologies,
com els raigs X.
com els raigs X.
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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I com que eren tan grans i cares,
00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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calia construir grans edificis
on posar-les,
on posar-les,
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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que es van convertir
en els hospitals moderns.
en els hospitals moderns.
00:51
After the Second World War,
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Després de la Segona Guerra Mundial,
00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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molts països van crear
sistemes de sanitat universals
sistemes de sanitat universals
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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perquè tothom pogués accedir
al tractament necessari.
al tractament necessari.
00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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I com a resultat, l'esperança de vida
va passar dels 45 anys a principi de segle
va passar dels 45 anys a principi de segle
01:02
to almost double that today.
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a gairebé el doble avui en dia.
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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El segle XX va ser un temps d'optimisme
sobre el que la ciència ens podia oferir,
sobre el que la ciència ens podia oferir,
01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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però amb tota aquesta atenció en la vida,
ens vam oblidar de la mort,
ens vam oblidar de la mort,
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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inclús quan canviava totalment
com veiem la mort.
com veiem la mort.
01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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Jo sóc arquitecta
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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i durant l'últim any i mig
he investigat aquests canvis
he investigat aquests canvis
i el que signifiquen per l'arquitectura
relacionada amb la mort.
relacionada amb la mort.
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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Avui en dia ens morim
de càncer o malalties del cor,
de càncer o malalties del cor,
01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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per tant, molts patirem
un llarg període de malaltia crònica
un llarg període de malaltia crònica
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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al final de la vida.
Durant aquest període,
01:32
During that period,
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01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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passarem molt de temps
en hospitals, hospicis i residències.
en hospitals, hospicis i residències.
01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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Tots hem estat en un hospital modern.
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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En coneixem els fluorescents
i els passadissos interminables
i els passadissos interminables
01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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i les cadires incòmodes.
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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L'arquitectura dels hospitals
s'ha guanyat la mala reputació que té.
s'ha guanyat la mala reputació que té.
01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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Però el que sorprèn és que
no sempre havia estat així.
no sempre havia estat així.
01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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Aquest és L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
construït el 1419 per Brunelleschi,
construït el 1419 per Brunelleschi,
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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un dels arquitectes més famosos
i influents del seu temps.
i influents del seu temps.
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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I quan mires aquest edifici i
penses en els hopitals d'avui,
penses en els hopitals d'avui,
02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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el que em sorprèn és
l'ambició d'aquest edifici.
l'ambició d'aquest edifici.
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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És ben bé un gran edifici.
02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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Té aquests patis al mig
02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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perquè les habitacions
tinguin claror i aire fresc,
tinguin claror i aire fresc,
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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i les habitacions són grans
amb els sostres alts,
amb els sostres alts,
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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perquè siguin més acollidores
per als pacients.
per als pacients.
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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I és bonic també.
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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Sembla que ens haguem oblidat
que això és possible en un hospital.
que això és possible en un hospital.
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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Si volem millors edificis
on morir, n'hem de parlar,
on morir, n'hem de parlar,
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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però com que el tema de la mort
no ens resulta fàcil
no ens resulta fàcil
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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no en parlem,
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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i no qüestionem com la societat
ens plantegem la mort.
ens plantegem la mort.
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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Una de les coses que més em va sorprendre
de la investigació
de la investigació
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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és la facilitat amb què canvien
les actituds.
les actituds.
Aquest és el primer crematori
del Regne Unit,
del Regne Unit,
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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construït a Woking als voltants del 1870.
02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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Quan el van construir, hi va haver
protestes a la localitat.
protestes a la localitat.
La cremació no era acceptable socialment,
el 99,8 % de la gent s'enterrava.
el 99,8 % de la gent s'enterrava.
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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Ara, cent anys després, es crema
en el 75 % dels casos.
en el 75 % dels casos.
02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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De fet la gent està oberta al canvi
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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si hi ha l'oportunitat de parlar-ne.
03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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Aquesta conversa sobre la mort
i l'arquitectura
i l'arquitectura
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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és el que volia iniciar quan
vaig fer la meva primera exposició
vaig fer la meva primera exposició
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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a Venècia el juny,
que es titulava "Mort a Venècia".
que es titulava "Mort a Venècia".
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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La idea era que fos divertida
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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perquè la gent s'hi pogués implicar.
03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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Aquí hi ha un dels objectes exposats,
un mapa interactiu de Londres
un mapa interactiu de Londres
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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que mostra la quantitat del sòl
a la ciutat
a la ciutat
03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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que es dedica a la mort,
03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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i quan hi passes la mà per sobre,
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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el nom del terreny, de l'edifici
o del cementiri apareix.
o del cementiri apareix.
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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Un altre dels objectes exposats
és una sèrie de postals
és una sèrie de postals
03:37
that people could take away with them.
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que la gent es pot endur.
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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Mostren habitatges, hospitals,
03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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cementiris i tanatoris,
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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i expliquen la història
dels diferents espais
dels diferents espais
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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pels quals passem
abans i després de la mort.
abans i després de la mort.
03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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Volíem demostrar que
on morim
on morim
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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és una part clau de com morim.
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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El més extrany és com la gent
va reaccionar a l'exposició,
va reaccionar a l'exposició,
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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especialment a les parts audiovisuals.
04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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Hi havia gent que ballava, corria, saltava
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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intentant activar els objectes
de maneres diferents
de maneres diferents
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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i hi havia un moment en què paraven
04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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i recordaven que estaven en una exposició
sobre la mort,
sobre la mort,
04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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i que potser no era així com
s'havien de comportar.
s'havien de comportar.
04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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Però de fet, em pregunto
si hi ha una manera
si hi ha una manera
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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d'actuar envers la mort.
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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I si no, voldria saber
què creieu que és una bona mort,
què creieu que és una bona mort,
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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i com hauria de ser l'arquitectura
que l'acompanya,
que l'acompanya,
04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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i si hauria de ser una mica menys així
i una mica més així.
i una mica més així.
04:34
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
(Aplaudiments)
04:36
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com