TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
艾莉森·基林: 建築風格可以協助提供一個更好的死亡方式
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
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在這短短的、具挑動性的演講中，艾莉森·基林研究死亡，即將死亡時，人們所處的建築物，如墓地、醫院和家裡。我們死亡的方式已在改變，我們建立的死亡方式等等。嗯，或許也應該要這麼做。這是一場令人驚訝且引發人們去思考我們的城市，我們的生活被隱藏的一面。
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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我想和各位講一個
關於死亡和跟建築風格的故事。
關於死亡和跟建築風格的故事。
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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一百年前，
人們多死於傳染性疾病，如肺炎
人們多死於傳染性疾病，如肺炎
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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一旦病情蔓延，
很快就會奪走我們的生命。
很快就會奪走我們的生命。
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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我們往往選擇死在家裡，
臨終前，在自己的床上，受家人照顧，
臨終前，在自己的床上，受家人照顧，
00:28
although that was the default option
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雖然這是內定好的選擇
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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因為很多人缺乏醫療照護。
00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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接著到了二十世紀，一切大不同。
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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研發出新的藥物像是盤尼西林
00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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所以我們可以治療傳染性疾病。
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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新的醫療科技，
像是 X 光機也在這時出現。
像是 X 光機也在這時出現。
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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這些器材龐大且昂貴，
00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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需要放置在寬敞集中的場所，
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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這些地方漸漸形成現代的醫院。
00:51
After the Second World War,
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第二次世界大戰之後，
00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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許多國家建立全民醫療照護系統
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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任何有需要的人都能接受治療。
00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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結果人們的壽命
在這個世紀初以來
在這個世紀初以來
01:02
to almost double that today.
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人們的壽命從 45 歲
到現在幾乎增加了兩倍。
到現在幾乎增加了兩倍。
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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二十世是科學發展最為樂觀的時代，
01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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人們一直關注壽命議題，
卻忽略死亡的議題，
卻忽略死亡的議題，
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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甚至死亡的方法也有戲劇性的改變。
01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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既然，我是個建築師，
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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過去一年半來我關注這些改變
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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以及這些變化
對建築與死亡關連的意義。
對建築與死亡關連的意義。
01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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現代人大多死於癌症或是心臟疾病，
01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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也就是說，
大部分的人臨終前
大部分的人臨終前
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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會長時間面臨慢性疾病。
01:32
During that period,
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在這段期間，
01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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我們大部份的時間在醫院裡、
安養院、居家照顧中心。
安養院、居家照顧中心。
01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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我們去過現代化的醫院。
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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你知道那些日光燈和沒有盡頭的長廊
01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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以及一排排坐起來不舒服的椅子。
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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醫院建築已擁有壞名聲。
01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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但令人訝異的是
不是所有的醫院皆是如此。
不是所有的醫院皆是如此。
01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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這是 1419 年由布魯內勒斯基
所建造的孤兒院，
所建造的孤兒院，
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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他是當時最有名，
最有影響力的建築師之一。
最有影響力的建築師之一。
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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當我看著這棟建築物
再想想現在的醫院建築，
再想想現在的醫院建築，
02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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令我驚訝的是
這棟建築物的偉大目標。
這棟建築物的偉大目標。
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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真是一座偉大的建築物。
02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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中間有個庭院
02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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所以每個房間
都有陽光和新鮮空氣，
都有陽光和新鮮空氣，
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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房間很大，有很高的天花板，
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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住在裡面感到更加舒服。
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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這建築物也很美。
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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不知怎麼地，
我們忘了這是一家醫院。
我們忘了這是一家醫院。
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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如果我們要死在比較好的地方，
那我們要來討論一下，
那我們要來討論一下，
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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因為我們發現死亡這個議題
讓人感到不舒服，
讓人感到不舒服，
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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我們就逃避不想談，
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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作為社會一份子
不去問死亡的方式。
不去問死亡的方式。
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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在我的研究中，
最令我感到驚奇的一件事是
最令我感到驚奇的一件事是
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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多變的態度實際上是如何變化的。
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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這是英國第一座火葬場，
02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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於 1870 年建造於英國沃金。
02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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在建造完成之初，
當地居民提出抗議。
當地居民提出抗議。
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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火葬不為當時的社會所接受，
有 99.8% 的人選擇土葬。
有 99.8% 的人選擇土葬。
02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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100 年後的今天，
有四分之三的人選擇火葬。
有四分之三的人選擇火葬。
02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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事實上，
人們是以開放的心態面對改變
人們是以開放的心態面對改變
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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只要有機會去談論相關議題。
03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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所以我以死亡和建築的對談
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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作為起點，
六月我在威尼斯
六月我在威尼斯
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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舉辦我的第一場展覽，
稱為「魂斷威尼斯」
稱為「魂斷威尼斯」
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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這展覽設計得相當活潑
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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所以人們可以真正融入其中。
03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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這是我們其中之一的展覽，
是一個互動式的倫敦地圖
是一個互動式的倫敦地圖
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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顯示倫敦市裡留給死人及垂死之人
03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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地產的數量。
03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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當你的手滑過地圖，
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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就可以看到地產，建築物及公墓的名稱。
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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另一個展覽品
是一系列的明信片
是一系列的明信片
03:37
that people could take away with them.
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可以免費自行拿取。
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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還顯示房子和醫院
03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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公墓和太平間的位置，
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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他們也講述不同空間，
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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穿越時空到死亡的故事。
03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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我們要展示的是
人們在哪裡死亡
人們在哪裡死亡
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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是我們如何死亡的核心部分。
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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最奇怪的事情是
參觀者反應的方式，
參觀者反應的方式，
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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特別是視聽教學產品。
04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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我們讓參觀者跳舞、奔跑和跳躍，
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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有如試著以不同方式
與展出的產品互動，
與展出的產品互動，
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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在特定的時點上
參觀者會停止
參觀者會停止
04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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記住他們是在參觀
一場有關死亡的展覽，
一場有關死亡的展覽，
04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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或許這不是你應該去做事。
04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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事實上，我有個問題，
是否有一種方式
是否有一種方式
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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在死亡這個議題上，
有你應該去做的事，
有你應該去做的事，
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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若沒有，我要求你去想關於
什麼是好的死亡，
什麼是好的死亡，
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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以及你想到的
好的死亡場所的建築物是什麼樣子，
好的死亡場所的建築物是什麼樣子，
04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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可能不是很少像是這樣，
多一點像這個樣子？
多一點像這個樣子？
04:34
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com