TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
Alison Killing: Postoji bolji način umiranja i arhitektura može pomoći
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U ovom kratkom, provokativnom govoru, arhitektica Alison Killing gleda na zgrade gdje se smrt i umiranje događaju -- groblja, bolnice, domovi. Način na koji umiremo se mijenja, a način na koji gradimo za smrt ... pa, možda bi se i to trebalo promijeniti. Iznenađujuće je fascinantno gledati na skrivene djelove naših gradova i naših života.
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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Želim vam ispričati
priču o smrti i arhitekturi.
priču o smrti i arhitekturi.
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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Prije sto godina, često smo umirali od
zaraznih bolesti, kao što je upala pluća,
zaraznih bolesti, kao što je upala pluća,
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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koje bi nam, kada bi nas uhvatile,
ubrzo oduzele život.
ubrzo oduzele život.
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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Pretežno smo umirali u svom domu,
u krevetima dok se obitelj brinula o nama,
u krevetima dok se obitelj brinula o nama,
iako je to bilo dosta često
00:28
although that was the default option
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jer puno ljudi nije imalo
pristup zdravstvenoj njezi.
pristup zdravstvenoj njezi.
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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I onda se u 20. stoljeću
puno stvari promijenilo.
puno stvari promijenilo.
00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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Razvili smo nove lijekove,
kao što je penicilin
kao što je penicilin
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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kako bismo mogli liječiti zarazne bolesti.
Izumljeni su novi medicinski aparati,
kao što je rendgen.
kao što je rendgen.
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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Zbog toga što su bili veliki i skupi,
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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trebali smo velike, centralizirane
zgrade u kojima bi ih držali,
zgrade u kojima bi ih držali,
00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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koje su postale naše moderne bolnice.
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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00:51
After the Second World War,
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Nakon II. svjetskog rata,
puno je zemalja postavilo
opće zdravstvene ustanove
opće zdravstvene ustanove
00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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kako bi svi koji ga trebaju,
imali pristup liječenju.
imali pristup liječenju.
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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Zbog toga se životni vijek produljio
s oko 45 godina na početku stoljeća
s oko 45 godina na početku stoljeća
na skoro dvostruko više danas.
01:02
to almost double that today.
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20. stoljeće je bilo vrijeme
ogromnog optimizma
ogromnog optimizma
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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oko znanosti
i mogućnosti koje nam nudi,
i mogućnosti koje nam nudi,
01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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ali zbog cijelog fokusa oko života,
smrt je bila zaboravljena,
smrt je bila zaboravljena,
iako se naš pristup smrti
promijenio dramatično.
promijenio dramatično.
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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Ja sam arhitekt,
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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i tijekom prošlih godinu i pol
sam promatrala ove promjene
sam promatrala ove promjene
i što to znači za arhitekturu
povezanu za smrt i umiranje.
povezanu za smrt i umiranje.
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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Sada često umiremo od
raka i bolesti srca,
raka i bolesti srca,
01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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što znači da će mnogi od nas imati
duga razdoblja kroničnih bolesti
duga razdoblja kroničnih bolesti
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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na kraju naših života.
Kroz taj period,
01:32
During that period,
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najvjerojatnije ćemo provesti puno vremena
u bolnicama, domovima za nemoćne i njegu.
u bolnicama, domovima za nemoćne i njegu.
01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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Svi smo bili u modernoj bolnici.
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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Znate za fluorescentna svjetla
i beskrajne hodnike
i beskrajne hodnike
01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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i za redove neudobnih stolica.
Arhitektura bolnica je
zaradila svoj loš ugled.
zaradila svoj loš ugled.
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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Ali, iznenađujuće je to,
da nije oduvijek bilo ovako.
da nije oduvijek bilo ovako.
01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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Ovo je L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
izgrađena 1419. od strane Brunelleschija,
izgrađena 1419. od strane Brunelleschija,
koji je bio jedan od najpoznatijih
i najutjecajnijih arhitekta u tom vremenu.
i najutjecajnijih arhitekta u tom vremenu.
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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I kada gledam ovu zgradu
i onda pomislim na današnje bolnice,
i onda pomislim na današnje bolnice,
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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zadivljuje me ambicija ove zgrade.
To je jednostavno stvarno sjajna zgrada.
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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Ima ta dvorišta u sredini
02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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Tako da sve sobe imaju
dnevno svjetlo i svjež zrak,
dnevno svjetlo i svjež zrak,
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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te su sobe velike i imaju visoke stropove,
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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tako da je udobnije biti u njima.
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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I još je prekrasna.
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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Nekako smo zaboravili da je to
uopće moguće za jednu bolnicu.
uopće moguće za jednu bolnicu.
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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Ako želimo bolje bolnice za umiranje,
onda moramo o tome pričati,
onda moramo o tome pričati,
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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ali samu temu smrti smatramo neugodnom,
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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ne razgovaramo o tome,
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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i ne propitujemo kako se mi,
kao društvo, nosimo sa smrću.
kao društvo, nosimo sa smrću.
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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Jedna od stvari koja me je
iznenadila najviše je
iznenadila najviše je
koliko su zapravo promjenjivi stavovi.
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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Ovo je prvi krematorij
u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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koji je izgrađen u Wokingu 1870-ih.
02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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I kada je prvi put izgrađen,
izbili su prosvjedi u lokalnom selu.
izbili su prosvjedi u lokalnom selu.
Kremiranje nije bilo društveno
i 99,8 % ljudi je bilo zakopano.
i 99,8 % ljudi je bilo zakopano.
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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Pa opet, samo sto godina kasnije,
tri četvrtine nas biva kremirano.
tri četvrtine nas biva kremirano.
02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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Ljudi su zapravo jako otvoreni
prema promjenama
prema promjenama
ako im je dana šansa da
razgovaraju o tome.
razgovaraju o tome.
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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Ovaj razgovor o smrti i arhitekturi
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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je s čim sam htjela započeti kada
sam napravila prvu izložbu o tome
sam napravila prvu izložbu o tome
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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u Veneciji u lipnju,
koja se zove "Smrt u Veneciji."
koja se zove "Smrt u Veneciji."
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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Osmišljena je da bude prilično zaigrana
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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da se ljudi doslovno angažiraju u njoj.
03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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Ovo je jedan od naših izložaka,
a to je interaktivna karta Londona
a to je interaktivna karta Londona
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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koja pokazuje koliko nekretnina u gradu
služe našoj smrti i umiranju,
03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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i mahanjem ruke preko karte,
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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imena tih nekretnina, zgrada
ili groblja, se otkrivaju.
ili groblja, se otkrivaju.
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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Još jedan od naših izložaka
je niz razglednica,
je niz razglednica,
03:37
that people could take away with them.
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koje ljudi mogu uzeti sa sobom.
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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I na njima su domovi i bolnice
03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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i groblja i mrtvačnice
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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i pričaju priče tih različitih prostora
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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kroz koje prolazimo
na jednoj ili drugoj strani smrti.
na jednoj ili drugoj strani smrti.
03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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Htjeli smo pokazati da gdje umiremo
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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je ključni dio načina na koji umiremo.
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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Najčudniji je bio način na koji su
posjetitelji reagirali na izložbu,
posjetitelji reagirali na izložbu,
pogotovo na zvučno-vizualna djela.
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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Bilo je ljudi koji su plesali
i trčali i skakali
i trčali i skakali
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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pokušavajući aktivirati izloške
na različite načine,
na različite načine,
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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i u određenom trenutku nekako bi stali
04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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i prisjetili se da su na izložbi o smrti,
04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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i da to možda nije način na koji
bi se trebali ponašati.
bi se trebali ponašati.
04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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Ipak, htjela bih pitati
postoji li način
postoji li način
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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na koji bi se trebali ponašati oko smrti,
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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i ako ne postoji, onda vam savjetujem
da razmišljate što je dobra smrt,
da razmišljate što je dobra smrt,
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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i kakva bi arhitektura koja uzdržava
dobru smrt mogla biti,
dobru smrt mogla biti,
04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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i ne bi li mogla biti malo manje ovakva,
a malo više ovakva?
a malo više ovakva?
04:34
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Pljesak)
04:36
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com