TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
Alison Killing: Ada cara yang lebih baik untuk meninggal, dan arsitektur bisa membantu
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Dalam pembicaraan singkat yang provokatif ini, arsitek Alison Killing mengulas bangunan di mana terjadi kematian dan orang melalui kondisi sekarat - pemakaman, rumah sakit, tempat tinggal. Cara kita meninggal mengalami perubahan, dan cara kita membangun tempat untuk meninggal... yah, mungkin sebaiknya juga. Ini pemahaman menarik yang mengejutkan terhadap aspek tersembunyi dari kota-kota dan kehidupan kita.
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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Saya ingin menceritakan kisah
tentang kematian dan arsitektur.
tentang kematian dan arsitektur.
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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Seratus tahun lalu, kita umumnya meninggal
akibat penyakit menular seperti pneumonia,
akibat penyakit menular seperti pneumonia,
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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yang bila sudah menyerang, akan sebabkan
kematian dengan cepat.
kematian dengan cepat.
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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Orang umumnya meninggal di rumah,
di kasur sendiri, dirawat oleh keluarga,
di kasur sendiri, dirawat oleh keluarga,
00:28
although that was the default option
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meski itu merupakan pilihan standar
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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karena banyak orang tidak bisa
mengakses perawatan medis.
mengakses perawatan medis.
00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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Lalu, di abad ke-20 banyak hal
yang berubah.
yang berubah.
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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Orang kembangkan obat baru
seperti penisilin
seperti penisilin
00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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sehingga orang bisa mengobati
penyakit menular itu.
penyakit menular itu.
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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Teknologi medis baru,
seperti mesin sinar-X diciptakan.
seperti mesin sinar-X diciptakan.
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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Dan karena alatnya
begitu besar dan mahal,
begitu besar dan mahal,
00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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kita perlu bangunan besar
dan terpusat untuk menyimpannya,
dan terpusat untuk menyimpannya,
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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yang berkembang menjadi
rumah sakit modern kita.
rumah sakit modern kita.
00:51
After the Second World War,
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Setelah Perang Dunia II,
00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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banyak negara mendirikan
sistem kesehatan universal
sistem kesehatan universal
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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agar semua orang yang perlu perawatan
bisa menerimanya.
bisa menerimanya.
00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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Hasilnya adalah perpanjangan usia
dari hanya 45 tahun di awal abad
dari hanya 45 tahun di awal abad
01:02
to almost double that today.
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sampai nyaris 2 kali lipatnya sekarang.
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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Abad ke-20 masa dengan optimisme besar
mengenai hal yang bisa ditawarkan sains.
mengenai hal yang bisa ditawarkan sains.
01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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Tapi dengan semua fokus terarah pada
kehidupan, kematian dilupakan,
kehidupan, kematian dilupakan,
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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meski cara kita hadapi kematian
berubah drastis.
berubah drastis.
01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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Saya seorang arsitek,
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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yang selama satu setengah tahun terakhir
memperhatikan perubahan ini
memperhatikan perubahan ini
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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dan artinya bagi arsitektur berkaitan
dengan kematian dan sekarat.
dengan kematian dan sekarat.
01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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Kita kini umumnya meninggal
akibat penyakit kanker dan jantung,
akibat penyakit kanker dan jantung,
01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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hingga mengindikasikan banyak diantara
kita yang akan melalui penyakit kronis panjang
kita yang akan melalui penyakit kronis panjang
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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pada akhir usia kita.
01:32
During that period,
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Selama masa itu,
01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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kita mungkin akan habiskan banyak waktu di
rumah sakit, klinik atau panti perawatan.
rumah sakit, klinik atau panti perawatan.
01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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Kini, kita semua pernah
ke rumah sakit modern.
ke rumah sakit modern.
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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Anda tahu lampu neon dan
koridor panjang tanpa akhir,
koridor panjang tanpa akhir,
01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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berikut deretan kursi yang tidak nyaman.
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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Arsitektur rumah sakit telah meraih
reputasi yang buruk.
reputasi yang buruk.
01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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Tapi, hal mengejutkan adalah
ternyata tidak selalu seperti ini.
ternyata tidak selalu seperti ini.
01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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Ini adalah L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
yang dibangun 1419 oleh Brunelleschi,
yang dibangun 1419 oleh Brunelleschi,
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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salah seorang arsitek
paling terkenal & berpengaruh di masanya.
paling terkenal & berpengaruh di masanya.
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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Ketika memandang bangunan ini,
lalu memikirkan rumah sakit saat ini,
lalu memikirkan rumah sakit saat ini,
02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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hal yang membuat saya takjub adalah
ambisi pada bangunan ini.
ambisi pada bangunan ini.
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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Ini benar-benar bangunan hebat.
02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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Dengan halaman di tengah
02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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hingga semua kamar
terkena sinar dan udara segar,
terkena sinar dan udara segar,
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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sementara kamarnya besar
dan beratap tinggi,
dan beratap tinggi,
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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agar kamarnya terasa lebih nyaman
untuk ditempati.
untuk ditempati.
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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Dan ini juga terkesan indah.
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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Entah bagaimana, kita melupakan bahwa
itu pun memungkinkan untuk rumah sakit.
itu pun memungkinkan untuk rumah sakit.
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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Bila kita menginginkan bangunan lebih baik
untuk meninggal, kita perlu membahasnya.
untuk meninggal, kita perlu membahasnya.
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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Tapi karena topik kematian
terasa tidak nyaman,
terasa tidak nyaman,
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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kita tidak membicarakannya,
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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dan kita tak persoalkan cara kita
sebagai masyarakat hadapi kematian.
sebagai masyarakat hadapi kematian.
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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Hal yang paling mengejutkan saya
dalam penelitian, kendati begitu,
dalam penelitian, kendati begitu,
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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adalah betapa mudahnya perilaku berubah.
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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Ini krematorium pertama di Inggris,
02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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yang dibangun oleh Woking
pada tahun 1870-an.
pada tahun 1870-an.
02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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Saat pertama kali dibangun terjadi protes
dari warga desa.
dari warga desa.
Kremasi belum diterima secara sosial
dan 99,8 persen orang dikubur.
dan 99,8 persen orang dikubur.
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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Namun sekarang, hanya satu abad kemudian,
tiga perempat orang dikremasi.
tiga perempat orang dikremasi.
02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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Orang sebenarnya sangat terbuka
pada perubahan
pada perubahan
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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jika mereka diberi kesempatan
untuk membahasnya.
untuk membahasnya.
03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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Jadi, pembicaraan tentang kematian
dan arsitektur inilah
dan arsitektur inilah
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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yang ingin saya mulai saat pertama
menggelar pameran tentang ini
menggelar pameran tentang ini
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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di Venesia pada bulan Juni,
yang disebut "Kematian di Venesia".
yang disebut "Kematian di Venesia".
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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Pameran dirancang cukup ringan
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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agar orang melibatkan diri
secara langsung.
secara langsung.
03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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Ini adalah salah satu pameran kami,
berupa peta interaktif London
berupa peta interaktif London
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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yang menunjukkan betapa banyaknya
perumahan di kota
perumahan di kota
03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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diserahkan akibat kematian & prosesnya,
03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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dan saat Anda melambaikan tangan
melewati peta,
melewati peta,
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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nama perumahan, gedung
atau pemakaman terungkap.
atau pemakaman terungkap.
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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Ekshibisi lain kami adalah
serangkaian kartu pos
serangkaian kartu pos
03:37
that people could take away with them.
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yang bisa orang bawa bersama mereka.
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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Kartunya menampilkan rumah orang
dan rumah sakit,
dan rumah sakit,
03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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pemakaman dan kamar mayat,
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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sambil mengungkapkan kisah tempat berbeda
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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yang kita lewati pada kedua sisi kematian.
03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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Kami ingin tunjukkan tempat
di mana kita meninggal
di mana kita meninggal
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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merupakan bagian utama
dari cara kita meninggal.
dari cara kita meninggal.
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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Hal teraneh adalah cara para pengunjung
bereaksi terhadap pameran ini,
bereaksi terhadap pameran ini,
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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khususnya karya audio-visual.
04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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Kami memiliki orang yang berdansa,
berlari dan melompat
berlari dan melompat
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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sambil berusaha memeriahkan pameran
dengan berbagai cara,
dengan berbagai cara,
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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lalu pada saat tertentu
mereka akan berhenti
mereka akan berhenti
dan teringat mereka berada
di pameran tentang kematian,
di pameran tentang kematian,
04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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dan itu mungkin bukan tindakan
yang seharusnya.
yang seharusnya.
04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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Tapi, sebenarnya saya akan bertanya
apakah ada satu cara
apakah ada satu cara
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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yang diharuskan sekitar orang meninggal,
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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dan bila tidak, saya mohon Anda berpikir
apa yang dianggap sebagai kematian baik,
apa yang dianggap sebagai kematian baik,
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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dan pendapat Anda mengenai arsitektur
apa yang bisa mendukung kematian baik.
apa yang bisa mendukung kematian baik.
04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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Mungkinkah tidak begitu menyerupai ini,
tapi lebih terlihat seperti ini?
tapi lebih terlihat seperti ini?
04:34
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
04:36
(Applause)
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(Tepuk Tangan)
Translated by Indriani S
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com