TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
Alison Killing: Zomrieť sa dá lepšie a architektúra tomu môže napomôcť
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V tejto krátkej a provokatívnej reči si architektka Alison Killing všíma stavby spojené so smrťou: cintoríny, nemocnice, domovy. Mení sa spôsob, akým zomierame, a spôsob, akým staviame budovy, kde zomrieme by sa možno tiež mal zmeniť. Je to prekvapivý a fascinujúci pohľad na jednu skrytú stránku našich miest a našich životov.
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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Chcela by som vám rozpovedať príbeh
o smrti a architektúre.
o smrti a architektúre.
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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Pred 100 rokmi sa umieralo
na nákazlivé choroby
na nákazlivé choroby
ako zápal pľúc, ktoré, keď sa nezastavili,
s nami rýchlo skoncovali.
s nami rýchlo skoncovali.
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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Obyčajne sa umieralo doma v posteli,
kde sa o umierajúcich starala ich rodina.
kde sa o umierajúcich starala ich rodina.
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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00:28
although that was the default option
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Bolo to bežné, lebo mnohí
nemali prístup
k zdravotnej starostlivosti.
k zdravotnej starostlivosti.
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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Neskôr, v 20. storočí, sa veľa zmenilo.
00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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Vyvinuli sa nové lieky ako penicilín
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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a takéto infekčné choroby sa dali liečiť.
Vyvinuli sa nové technológie ako röntgen.
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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Nakoľko tieto prístroje
boli veľké a drahé,
boli veľké a drahé,
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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boli potrebné veľké centralizované budovy,
ktoré sa premenili na dnešné nemocnice.
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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Po 2. svetovej vojne si mnohé krajiny
00:51
After the Second World War,
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00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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zriadili všeobecné zdravotné poistenie,
aby všetci mohli dostávať
potrebnú starostlivosť.
potrebnú starostlivosť.
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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Výsledkom bolo,
00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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že priemerná dĺžka života vzrástla
z približne 45 rokov na začiatku storočia
z približne 45 rokov na začiatku storočia
01:02
to almost double that today.
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na takmer dvojnásobok dnes.
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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20. storočie bolo plné optimizmu o tom,
čo veda dokáže ponúknuť,
čo veda dokáže ponúknuť,
01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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ale so všetkou pozornosťou
upriamenou na život
upriamenou na život
sme zabudli na smrť,
dokonca sa dramaticky zmenilo
aj to, ako ju vnímame.
aj to, ako ju vnímame.
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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Som architektka
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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a pozorovala som tieto zmeny
posledný rok a pol.
posledný rok a pol.
Rozmýšľala som,
čo znamenajú pre architektúru
čo znamenajú pre architektúru
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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a jej vzťah so smrťou.
01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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Dnes sa umiera
na rakovinu a srdcové choroby
na rakovinu a srdcové choroby
01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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a to znamená, že mnohí
budeme ku koncu života dlho
trpieť chronickými chorobami.
trpieť chronickými chorobami.
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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Pravdepodobne strávime veľa času
v nemocniciach, hospicoch a domovoch.
v nemocniciach, hospicoch a domovoch.
01:32
During that period,
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01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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Všetci sme boli v nemocnici.
01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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Poznáme tie fluorescentné svetlá,
nekonečné chodby
nekonečné chodby
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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a rady nepohodlných stoličiek.
Nemocničná architektúra
má právom zlú povesť.
má právom zlú povesť.
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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Prekvapujúce je, že nie vždy to tak bolo.
01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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Toto je L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
ktorú postavil v roku 1419 Brunelleschi,
ktorú postavil v roku 1419 Brunelleschi,
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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jeden z najslávnejších a najvplyvnejších
architektov tej doby.
architektov tej doby.
Keď vidím túto stavbu a pomyslím
na dnešné nemocnice,
na dnešné nemocnice,
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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prekvapuje ma jej ambicióznosť.
Je to skutočne veľkolepá stavba.
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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V strede sú dvory,
02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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aby mali všetky izby
denné svetlo a čerstvý vzduch,
denné svetlo a čerstvý vzduch,
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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izby sú veľké, s vysokými stropmi
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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a vďaka tomu pohodlnejšie pre pacientov.
Je aj krásna.
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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Nejako sme zabudli, že slová krásna
a nemocnica môžu stáť pri sebe.
a nemocnica môžu stáť pri sebe.
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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Ak však chceme lepšie miesta na smrť,
musíme o nej hovoriť.
musíme o nej hovoriť.
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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Smrť je ťažká téma,
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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a preto o nej nehovoríme
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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a nespochybňujeme spôsob,
akým k nej spoločnosť pristupuje.
akým k nej spoločnosť pristupuje.
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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Jedna z vecí, ktoré ma pri mojom výskume
najviac prekvapili,
najviac prekvapili,
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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bolo do akej miery sú naše postoje
náchylné na zmenu.
náchylné na zmenu.
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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Toto je prvé krematórium
vo Veľkej Británii
vo Veľkej Británii
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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postavené vo Workingu okolo roku 1870.
02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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Keď ho postavili, obyvatelia protestovali.
02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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Kremáciu spoločnosť neprijímala.
Pochovávalo sa 99,8 % mŕtvych.
Pochovávalo sa 99,8 % mŕtvych.
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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Dnes, iba 100 rokov odvtedy, sa podrobí
kremácii 75 % mŕtvych.
kremácii 75 % mŕtvych.
02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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Ľudia sú v skutočnosti zmene otvorení,
keď im o nej dovolíme hovoriť.
keď im o nej dovolíme hovoriť.
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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Tento rozhovor o smrti a architektúre
03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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som chcela začať,
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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keď som o tejto téme zorganizovala
moju prvú výstavu v júni v Benátkach,
moju prvú výstavu v júni v Benátkach,
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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ktorú som nazvala „Smrť v Benátkach“.
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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Mala byť hravá
a návštevníci sa mali, doslova, zabaviť.
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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Toto je jeden z predmetov,
interaktívna mapa Londýna,
interaktívna mapa Londýna,
ktorá ukazuje, koľko mestskej
zástavby je venovanej smrti.
zástavby je venovanej smrti.
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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Keď prejdete prstom po mape,
03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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objaví sa názov objektu,
budovy alebo cintorína.
budovy alebo cintorína.
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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Ďalšia časť expozície bol rad pohľadníc,
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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03:37
that people could take away with them.
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ktoré si mohli návštevníci vziať.
Boli to fotografie domovov,
nemocníc, cintorínov a márnic
nemocníc, cintorínov a márnic
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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a rozprávali príbeh týchto priestorov,
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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do ktorých sa dostaneme
pred smrťou či po smrti.
pred smrťou či po smrti.
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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Chceli sme ukázať, že miesto smrti
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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ovplyvňuje, ako zomrieme.
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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To najzvláštnejšie bola reakcia
návštevníkov na výstavu,
návštevníkov na výstavu,
hlavne na audiovizuálnu časť.
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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Niektorí tancovali, behali a skákali
s cieľom aktivovať diela rôznymi spôsobmi.
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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V istom momente sa zastavili
a spomenuli si,
a spomenuli si,
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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že sú na výstave o smrti
a že sa od nich možno
takéto správanie neočakáva.
takéto správanie neočakáva.
04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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Ja by som sa spýtala, či exituje spôsob,
ako by sme sa mali správať
v súvislosti so smrťou.
v súvislosti so smrťou.
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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Ak neexistuje, požiadala by som ich,
aby si premysleli,
aby si premysleli,
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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čo považujú za dobrú smrť,
aká architektúra by im k dobrej smrti
mohla napomôcť
mohla napomôcť
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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a či by tam malo byť trochu menej tohto
a trochu viac tohto.
04:34
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
(potlesk)
04:36
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com