TED2013
Sugata Mitra: Build a School in the Cloud
Sugata Mitra: 建立雲端的學校
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在 TED2013 的舞臺上，Sugata Mitra 許下了他的 TED 獎心願：幫助我設計雲端的學校，一個印度的學習實驗室，一個孩子們可以探索和互相學習的地方——藉助來自雲端的資源和嚮導。來聽聽他的激動人心的願景——自我組織學習環境 (SOLE)，來 tedprize.org上瞭解更多。
Sugata Mitra - Education researcher
Educational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another. Full bio
Educational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
What is going to be the future of learning?
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未來的學習是怎樣的？
00:22
I do have a plan,
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我的確有一個計劃，
00:24
but in order for me to tell you what that plan is,
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但是爲了告訴你這個計劃是怎樣的，
00:27
I need to tell you a little story,
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我需要先講一個小故事，
00:30
which kind of sets the stage.
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來給大家一個背景。
00:33
I tried to look at
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我曾經嘗試著尋找
00:35
where did the kind of learning we do in schools,
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我們今天在學校裡的教育方式，
00:38
where did it come from?
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它究竟是從哪裡來的？
00:41
And you can look far back into the past,
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這個問題的答案當然可以追溯到很久以前，
00:43
but if you look at present-day schooling the way it is,
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但是只要你看看今天學校教育的方式，
00:47
it's quite easy to figure out where it came from.
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你能很容易弄清它來自哪裡。
00:51
It came from about 300 years ago,
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它來自大約300年前，
00:55
and it came from the last
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而且它來自地球上最後
00:57
and the biggest of the empires on this planet. ["The British Empire"]
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且最大的帝國(大不列顛帝國)。
01:00
Imagine trying to run the show,
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想像一下，
01:02
trying to run the entire planet,
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在沒有電腦、沒有電話的時代
01:05
without computers, without telephones,
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要管理整個世界
01:08
with data handwritten on pieces of paper,
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卻僅僅依靠在紙上寫字，
01:13
and traveling by ships.
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和在船上航行。
01:16
But the Victorians actually did it.
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但是維多利亞女王時代的人們做到了。
01:18
What they did was amazing.
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他們做了一件不可思議的事。
01:21
They created a global computer
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他們建造了一台環球電腦，
01:25
made up of people.
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完全由人組成的。
01:28
It's still with us today.
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甚至今天還在我們身邊
01:30
It's called the bureaucratic administrative machine.
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這台機器叫做官僚體系
01:36
In order to have that machine running,
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爲了讓這台機器運行
01:39
you need lots and lots of people.
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需要大量的人
01:42
They made another machine to produce those people:
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他們建造了另一台機器來生產這些人 ：
01:46
the school.
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學校。
01:49
The schools would produce the people
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學校生產出的人，
01:52
who would then become parts of the
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就是這台官僚機器
01:56
bureaucratic administrative machine.
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的零件。
01:59
They must be identical to each other.
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他們必須是完全標準的、可替換的。
02:04
They must know three things:
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他們必須知道三件事：
02:06
They must have good handwriting, because the data is handwritten;
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他們必須會寫字，因為數據是手寫的；
02:09
they must be able to read;
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他們必須會認字；
02:11
and they must be able to do multiplication,
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他們必須會
心算加減乘除。
02:13
division, addition and subtraction in their head.
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02:17
They must be so identical that you could pick one up from New Zealand
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他們必須是完完全全一樣的人
如果你從他們中
任挑一個從紐西蘭運到加拿大，
任挑一個從紐西蘭運到加拿大，
02:21
and ship them to Canada
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02:23
and he would be instantly functional.
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他馬上就可以工作。
02:27
The Victorians were great engineers.
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維多利亞時代
是偉大工程師的時代
是偉大工程師的時代
02:30
They engineered a system that was so robust
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他們製作的系統是如此強大，
02:33
that it's still with us today,
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以致我們今天仍在使用，
02:36
continuously producing identical people
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持續地生產同樣的人，
02:40
for a machine that no longer exists.
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即便那個控制全球的機器已經不存在了。
02:45
The empire is gone,
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不列顛帝國已經滅亡了，
02:47
so what are we doing with that design
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我們該拿
這個製造一模一樣人的機器怎麼辦，
02:50
that produces these identical people,
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02:53
and what are we going to do next
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我們下一步該做什麽，
02:56
if we ever are going to do anything else with it?
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如果我們真的需要做些什麽的話？
“我們所知的學校已經過時了”
03:00
["Schools as we know them are obsolete"]
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03:01
So that's a pretty strong comment there.
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我知道這是一個令人難以接受的觀點。
03:03
I said schools as we know them now, they're obsolete.
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但是，我只說我們現在所知的學校過時了。
03:07
I'm not saying they're broken.
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我沒有說學校的教育壞掉了。
03:09
It's quite fashionable to say that the education system's broken.
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現在很流行說我們的教育體系壞掉了。
03:12
It's not broken. It's wonderfully constructed.
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它沒有壞掉。它簡直構建地太完美了。
03:15
It's just that we don't need it anymore. It's outdated.
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只是我們不再需要它了，它過時了。
03:22
What are the kind of jobs that we have today?
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我們今天的工作都是怎樣的？
03:24
Well, the clerks are the computers.
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電腦就是我們的職員，
03:26
They're there in thousands in every office.
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每個辦公室就有幾千部，
03:29
And you have people who guide those computers
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然後我們有操縱電腦的人，
03:32
to do their clerical jobs.
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讓電腦去做各種計算
03:34
Those people don't need to be able to write beautifully by hand.
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他們不需要會寫漂亮的字，
03:38
They don't need to be able to multiply numbers in their heads.
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他們不需要會心算乘法，
03:41
They do need to be able to read.
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他們甚至不需要會認字，
03:43
In fact, they need to be able to read discerningly.
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實際上，他們只要會區分
不同的字符就足夠了。
不同的字符就足夠了。
03:47
Well, that's today, but we don't even know
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而這只是我們現在的工作，
03:50
what the jobs of the future are going to look like.
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但我們根本不知道
未來的工作會變得怎樣。
未來的工作會變得怎樣。
03:53
We know that people will work from wherever they want,
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我們知道人們可以在任何地方上班，
03:55
whenever they want, in whatever way they want.
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任何時間上班，用任何方式上班。
03:59
How is present-day schooling going to prepare them
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可是，我們現在的學校要怎樣讓學生
04:03
for that world?
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對未來的工作做好準備?
04:05
Well, I bumped into this whole thing completely by accident.
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其實我初次思考這個問題完全是湊巧，
04:10
I used to teach people how to write computer programs
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14年前，我曾經在新德里
04:13
in New Delhi, 14 years ago.
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教學生寫電腦程式。
04:15
And right next to where I used to work, there was a slum.
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而緊靠著我工作的地方就有一個貧民窟，
04:19
And I used to think, how on Earth are those kids
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我曾經想，要究竟怎樣
04:22
ever going to learn to write computer programs?
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那些貧民窟的孩子
才能學會寫電腦程式？
才能學會寫電腦程式？
04:24
Or should they not?
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或者他們就不該學？
04:27
At the same time, we also had lots of parents,
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同時，我們有很多有錢的家長，
04:30
rich people, who had computers,
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有錢能買幾台電腦放在家的，
04:32
and who used to tell me, "You know, my son,
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時不時告訴我：“我那個兒子啊，
04:36
I think he's gifted,
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真是天才啊，
04:38
because he does wonderful things with computers.
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他用電腦做了很多很多了不起的事
04:41
And my daughter -- oh, surely she is extra-intelligent."
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還有我女兒--哦，我肯定她智商超群。”
04:45
And so on. So I suddenly figured that,
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就像這樣一直講下去。所以我突然就想，
04:47
how come all the rich people are having
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爲什麽這些天賦過人的孩子
04:48
these extraordinarily gifted children?
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都生在有錢人的家裡？
04:51
(Laughter)
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（笑）
04:53
What did the poor do wrong?
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窮人們做錯了什麽？
04:55
I made a hole in the boundary wall
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我在我的辦公室
04:58
of the slum next to my office,
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靠貧民窟的牆上挖了一個洞，
05:00
and stuck a computer inside it just to see what would happen
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然後把一台電腦放進洞裡。我想知道的是，
05:03
if I gave a computer to children who never would have one,
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如果我把一台電腦給一個不懂英語，
05:06
didn't know any English, didn't know what the Internet was.
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不知道網際網路，且從沒有碰過電腦的孩子，
會發生甚麼事。
會發生甚麼事。
05:09
The children came running in.
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孩子們跑了過來，
05:10
It was three feet off the ground, and they said, "What is this?"
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指著離地三英寸的那台電腦問我：“這是什麽？”
05:13
And I said, "Yeah, it's, I don't know."
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然後我說：“這個嘛，它是......我也不知道。”
05:16
(Laughter)
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（笑）
05:18
They said, "Why have you put it there?"
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他們說：“爲什麽你把它放在那裡？”
05:20
I said, "Just like that."
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我說：“就是放在這裡。”
05:22
And they said, "Can we touch it?"I said, "If you wish to."
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他們說：“我們可以碰它嗎？”
我說：“如果你們想的碰的話。”
我說：“如果你們想的碰的話。”
05:25
And I went away.
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然後我就走開了。
05:27
About eight hours later,
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大概八小時以後，
05:29
we found them browsing and teaching each other how to browse.
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我們回到那裡，發現那些孩子
在互相教對方怎麼上網。
在互相教對方怎麼上網。
05:32
So I said, "Well that's impossible, because --
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我說：“這是不可能的，因為，
05:34
How is it possible? They don't know anything."
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這怎麼可能？他們什麽都不知道。”
05:38
My colleagues said, "No, it's a simple solution.
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我的同事說：“不是這樣的，事情很簡單
05:41
One of your students must have been passing by,
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你的一個學生肯定有從這裡路過，
05:43
showed them how to use the mouse."
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告訴了他們怎麼用滑鼠。”
05:45
So I said, "Yeah, that's possible."
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我說：“沒錯，這很有可能。”
05:47
So I repeated the experiment. I went 300 miles out of Delhi
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所以我重複了這個實驗。
我來到離德里300英里遠的地方，
我來到離德里300英里遠的地方，
05:50
into a really remote village
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在一個真正的窮鄉僻壤，
05:52
where the chances of a passing software development engineer
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在那裡有一個軟體開發工程師路過的機率，
05:56
was very little. (Laughter)
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很小很小（笑）
06:00
I repeated the experiment there.
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我在那裡做了同樣的實驗，
06:03
There was no place to stay, so I stuck my computer in,
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那裡沒有地方可以長住，
所以我把電腦嵌到牆裡，
所以我把電腦嵌到牆裡，
06:05
I went away, came back after a couple of months,
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就離開了，並在幾個月以後才回來，
06:07
found kids playing games on it.
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並發現孩子們在用電腦玩遊戲，
06:09
When they saw me, they said,
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當他們看見我，他們說，
06:10
"We want a faster processor and a better mouse."
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“我們想要一個更快的處理器和更好的滑鼠。”
06:13
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:17
So I said, "How on Earth do you know all this?"
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所以我說：“你們到底是怎麼知道這些的？”
06:20
And they said something very interesting to me.
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他們的回答很有趣，
06:23
In an irritated voice, they said,
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他們用一種惱怒的口吻說
06:24
"You've given us a machine that works only in English,
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“你給了我們一台只能顯示英文的機器，
06:27
so we had to teach ourselves English in order to use it." (Laughter)
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所以我們不得不先自學英語再來用它。”
06:33
That's the first time, as a teacher,
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這是我作為一個老師
06:35
that I had heard the word "teach ourselves" said so casually.
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第一次聽到“自學”這個詞
被說得這樣輕鬆。
被說得這樣輕鬆。
06:40
Here's a short glimpse from those years.
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這有一段來自那些時候的影片剪輯，
06:44
That's the first day at the Hole in the Wall.
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這是牆裡有洞的第一天，
06:46
On your right is an eight-year-old.
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右邊是一個八歲的孩子，
06:49
To his left is his student. She's six.
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他的左邊是他的學生。她只有六歲。
06:54
And he's teaching her how to browse.
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而小男孩在教小女孩怎麼上網。
06:58
Then onto other parts of the country,
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接著我在印度的其它地方，
07:01
I repeated this over and over again,
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不斷地重複這個實驗，
07:03
getting exactly the same results that we were.
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得到完全一樣的結果。
07:07
["Hole in the wall film - 1999"]
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“電影：牆裡有洞-1999”
07:11
An eight-year-old telling his elder sister what to do.
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一個八歲的小男孩
在教他的姐姐要怎麼做，
在教他的姐姐要怎麼做，
07:20
And finally a girl explaining in Marathi what it is,
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最後一個女孩用馬拉地語
解釋了它是什麽，
解釋了它是什麽，
07:25
and said, "There's a processor inside."
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她說：“裡面有一個處理器。”
07:30
So I started publishing.
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然後我開始發表我的發現。
07:32
I published everywhere. I wrote down and measured everything,
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我在各處發表論文。我衡量並寫下所有事情。
07:35
and I said, in nine months, a group of children
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然後我說，在九個月內
07:37
left alone with a computer in any language
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給任何一群孩子一台任意語言的電腦
07:40
will reach the same standard as an office secretary in the West.
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他們可以做到如同西方辦公室職員的水準。
07:44
I'd seen it happen over and over and over again.
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我已經看到這樣的事
一而再再而三地發生。
一而再再而三地發生。
07:49
But I was curious to know, what else would they do
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但是我還是好奇，
他們還能達到什麽樣的程度，
他們還能達到什麽樣的程度，
07:52
if they could do this much?
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既然他們已經可以做這麼多的話？
07:54
I started experimenting with other subjects,
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我開始嘗試其它主題，
07:56
among them, for example, pronunciation.
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其中包括，舉個例子，發音
07:59
There's one community of children in southern India
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印度南邊有一個社區，
08:02
whose English pronunciation is really bad,
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孩子們的英語發音真的很差，
08:05
and they needed good pronunciation because that would improve their jobs.
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而且他們需要好的發音
因為那可以帶來更好的工作。
因為那可以帶來更好的工作。
08:08
I gave them a speech-to-text engine in a computer,
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我給他們的電腦上安裝了
一個自動語音識別的軟體，
一個自動語音識別的軟體，
08:12
and I said, "Keep talking into it until it types what you say."
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然後我說：“跟它說話直到
它能把你說的打在螢幕上。”
它能把你說的打在螢幕上。”
08:15
(Laughter)
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（笑）
08:20
They did that, and watch a little bit of this.
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他們成功了，來看一段短片，
08:25
Computer: Nice to meet you.Child: Nice to meet you.
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電腦：很高興認識你。孩子：很高興認識你。
08:31
Sugata Mitra: The reason I ended with the face
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我讓這個短片結束在這位年輕女士的臉上，
08:33
of this young lady over there is because I suspect many of you know her.
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是因為我懷疑你們之中的許多人認識她。
08:37
She has now joined a call center in Hyderabad
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她現在在海德巴拉一個呼叫中心工作
08:40
and may have tortured you about your credit card bills
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她可能因為你的信用卡帳單折磨過你。
08:45
in a very clear English accent.
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用很標準的英語。
08:50
So then people said, well, how far will it go?
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然後人們會說，那麼，他們的程度可以到哪?
08:54
Where does it stop?
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終點在哪裡？
08:56
I decided I would destroy my own argument
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我決定我要否定我自己的觀點，
08:59
by creating an absurd proposition.
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透過建立一個荒唐的理論。
09:02
I made a hypothesis, a ridiculous hypothesis.
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我做了一個假設，一個荒謬的假設。
09:06
Tamil is a south Indian language, and I said,
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泰米爾是印度南部的一種語言，而我說，
09:07
can Tamil-speaking children in a south Indian village
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南印度村莊說泰米爾語的孩子可以
09:10
learn the biotechnology of DNA replication in English
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通過一台街頭電腦學會
09:14
from a streetside computer?
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用英語寫的生物DNA複製理論嗎？
09:16
And I said, I'll measure them. They'll get a zero.
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然後我說，我會考他們，他們會得零分，
09:18
I'll spend a couple of months, I'll leave it for a couple of months,
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我會再花幾個月的時間，
把電腦留在那裡幾個月，
把電腦留在那裡幾個月，
09:21
I'll go back, they'll get another zero.
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然後再回去，他們還是會得零分
09:23
I'll go back to the lab and say, we need teachers.
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我會回到我的實驗室然後說，
我們需要老師。
我們需要老師。
09:28
I found a village. It was called Kallikuppam in southern India.
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我找到了一個村莊。
它叫做卡裡庫潘，位於印度南部。
它叫做卡裡庫潘，位於印度南部。
09:32
I put in Hole in the Wall computers there,
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我在牆裡裝了一台電腦
09:34
downloaded all kinds of stuff from the Internet about DNA replication,
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用網路下載了所有有關DNA複製的資料，
09:38
most of which I didn't understand.
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其中大部份我自己也不瞭解。
09:41
The children came rushing, said, "What's all this?"
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孩子們跑過來，說 “這是什麽？”
09:44
So I said, "It's very topical, very important. But it's all in English."
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然後我說：“它很專業，非常重要。
但是它的內容都是英語的”
但是它的內容都是英語的”
09:49
So they said, "How can we understand such big English words
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然後他們說：“我們怎麼能理解這麼多的英文單字
09:53
and diagrams and chemistry?"
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圖表和化學？”
09:55
So by now, I had developed a new pedagogical method,
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到那個時候，我已經創建了我的新教育學理論
09:58
so I applied that. I said, "I haven't the foggiest idea."
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所以我回答他們：“我也不知道。”
10:01
(Laughter)
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（笑）
10:04
"And anyway, I am going away."
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“而且反正我也要走了。”
10:07
(Laughter)
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（笑）
10:11
So I left them for a couple of months.
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然後我離開了他們幾個月。
10:15
They'd got a zero. I gave them a test.
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我測試了他們。他們確實得了零分
10:17
I came back after two months
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兩個月後我又回去了，
10:18
and the children trooped in and said, "We've understood nothing."
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孩子們聚在一起說：“我們什麽也不懂。”
10:22
So I said, "Well, what did I expect?"
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然後我說：“好吧，我能期望什麽？”
10:24
So I said, "Okay, but how long did it take you
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所以我說：“好的，但是你們用了多少時間
10:28
before you decided that you can't understand anything?"
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才決定不再看了？”
10:31
So they said, "We haven't given up.
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他們說：“我們還沒有放棄。
10:33
We look at it every single day."
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我們每天都有看。”
10:35
So I said, "What? You don't understand these screens
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然後我說：“什麽？你們不知道
這個螢幕上說了什麽，
這個螢幕上說了什麽，
10:37
and you keep staring at it for two months? What for?"
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但是你們盯著它看了兩個月？爲了什麽？”
10:40
So a little girl who you see just now,
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一個小女孩，你剛才看見的那個，
10:42
she raised her hand, and she says to me in broken Tamil and English,
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舉起手來，然後用半泰米爾半英語說道 :
10:45
she said, "Well, apart from the fact that
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“除了不正常的DNA分子
10:47
improper replication of the DNA molecule causes disease,
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會導致疾病的事實外，
10:50
we haven't understood anything else."
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我們還沒有理解任何別的東西。”
10:53
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑）（鼓掌）
10:59
So I tested them.
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然後我測試了他們，
11:03
I got an educational impossibility, zero to 30 percent
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我得到了一個教育學的奇蹟，
從零分到三十分
從零分到三十分
11:06
in two months in the tropical heat
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在兩個月時間內，在一個炎熱的熱帶村莊，
11:08
with a computer under the tree in a language they didn't know
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透過一台樹下的電腦
和一種他們不認識的語言
和一種他們不認識的語言
11:12
doing something that's a decade ahead of their time.
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做了一件超越他們時代整整十年的事情。
11:15
Absurd. But I had to follow the Victorian norm.
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不可思議。但是我還是要
遵循維多利亞時代的標準
遵循維多利亞時代的標準
11:20
Thirty percent is a fail.
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30分是不及格。
11:24
How do I get them to pass? I have to get them 20 more marks.
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怎樣才能讓他們通過？
我還要讓他們再得二十分
我還要讓他們再得二十分
11:27
I couldn't find a teacher. What I did find was a friend that they had,
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我找不到一個能教他們的老師。
我找到的是一個他們的朋友，
我找到的是一個他們的朋友，
11:31
a 22-year-old girl who was an accountant
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一個22歲的女孩，是一個會計，
11:34
and she played with them all the time.
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她總跟那些孩子玩在一起。
11:36
So I asked this girl, "Can you help them?"
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所以我問這個女孩：“你能幫幫他們嗎？”
11:38
So she says, "Absolutely not.
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她說：“絕對不可能。
11:41
I didn't have science in school. I have no idea
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我沒學過科學。
11:44
what they're doing under that tree all day long. I can't help you."
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我不知道他們整天在那棵樹下幹什麼。
我幫不了你。”
我幫不了你。”
11:48
I said, "I'll tell you what. Use the method of the grandmother."
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我說：“這麼說吧。用你奶奶的辦法。”
11:53
So she says, "What's that?"
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她說：“那是什麽？”
11:54
I said, "Stand behind them.
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我說：“站在他們後面，
11:56
Whenever they do anything, you just say,
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不管他們做了什麽，妳只要說
11:57
'Well, wow, I mean, how did you do that?
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'哇，太棒了，你們怎麼做到的？
12:00
What's the next page? Gosh, when I was your age, I could have never done that.'
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下一頁說了什麽？天哪，
我跟你們一樣大的時候，我絕不可能會做這個。’
我跟你們一樣大的時候，我絕不可能會做這個。’
12:03
You know what grannies do."
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你知道奶奶們怎麼說的。”
12:06
So she did that for two more months.
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所以她這樣做了兩個月
12:08
The scores jumped to 50 percent.
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孩子們的分數提高到50，
12:11
Kallikuppam had caught up
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卡裡庫潘趕上了
12:13
with my control school in New Delhi,
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我在新德裡的對比學校，
12:15
a rich private school with a trained biotechnology teacher.
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一個有專業生物老師的有錢私立學校。
12:19
When I saw that graph I knew there is a way to level the playing field.
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當我看到那張圖表的時候
我就知道有辦法提高他們的成績。
我就知道有辦法提高他們的成績。
12:24
Here's Kallikuppam.
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這就是卡裡庫潘。
12:26
(Children speaking) Neurons ... communication.
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(孩子在說話）神經.....交流。
12:34
I got the camera angle wrong. That one is just amateur stuff,
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我沒設好鏡頭角度。這個方面我是很業餘的，
12:38
but what she was saying, as you could make out,
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但是她所說的，正如你們聽見的一樣，
12:40
was about neurons, with her hands were like that,
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是關於神經，她的手像這樣
12:42
and she was saying neurons communicate.
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而她在說的是神經交流。
12:46
At 12.
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在12歲的時候
12:49
So what are jobs going to be like?
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那麼未來的工作是怎樣的？
12:53
Well, we know what they're like today.
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我們知道它們今天是怎樣的，
12:55
What's learning going to be like? We know what it's like today,
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未來的學習是怎樣的？
我們知道今天的學習是怎樣的，
我們知道今天的學習是怎樣的，
12:57
children pouring over with their mobile phones on the one hand
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他們一手拿著手機
13:00
and then reluctantly going to school to pick up their books with their other hand.
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然後不情願地來到學校
用另一隻手拿起課本。
用另一隻手拿起課本。
13:04
What will it be tomorrow?
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明天會變得怎樣？
13:08
Could it be that we don't need to go to school at all?
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會變得我們都不需要去學校了嗎？
13:13
Could it be that, at the point in time when you need to know something,
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會變得，在你需要知道一些事情的時候
13:16
you can find out in two minutes?
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你能在兩分鐘內找到答案？
13:20
Could it be -- a devastating question,
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會變成——一個顛覆性的話題，
13:24
a question that was framed for me by Nicholas Negroponte --
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一個最初由Nicholas Negroponte
（“一個孩子一臺電腦”機構的創始人）
所提出的問題？
（“一個孩子一臺電腦”機構的創始人）
所提出的問題？
13:27
could it be that we are heading towards or maybe in
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我們會不會在走向一個
13:30
a future where knowing is obsolete?
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知識代表過時的未來？
13:33
But that's terrible. We are homo sapiens.
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但是這很糟糕。我們是智人。
13:36
Knowing, that's what distinguishes us from the apes.
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知識，是我們和猿猴最大的區別。
13:39
But look at it this way.
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但換個角度看看。
13:41
It took nature 100 million years
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猿猴用了一億年的時間，
13:44
to make the ape stand up
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才能用雙腳站立起來，
13:46
and become Homo sapiens.
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並成為智人。
13:48
It took us only 10,000 to make knowing obsolete.
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我們才用了1萬年就讓知識過時了。
13:52
What an achievement that is.
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這是怎樣的成就啊！
13:54
But we have to integrate that into our own future.
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但是我們還要把它融入到
我們自己的未來當中，
我們自己的未來當中，
13:58
Encouragement seems to be the key.
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鼓勵看起來就是那個秘訣。
14:01
If you look at Kuppam,
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如果你看看卡裡庫潘，
14:02
if you look at all of the experiments that I did,
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如果你看看我做的所有實驗，
14:05
it was simply saying, "Wow," saluting learning.
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它們都在說一件事：“太棒了” 激勵了學習。
14:12
There is evidence from neuroscience.
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神經科學有事實證明，
14:15
The reptilian part of our brain, which sits in the center of our brain,
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大腦的類爬蟲部份，位於大腦的中間，
14:18
when it's threatened, it shuts down everything else,
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當它受到威脅的時候，
它會把一切東西都關掉，
它會把一切東西都關掉，
14:21
it shuts down the prefrontal cortex, the parts which learn,
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它會關掉額前額葉皮層，
我們負責學習的部份，
我們負責學習的部份，
14:25
it shuts all of that down.
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它會把這個都關掉。
14:28
Punishment and examinations are seen as threats.
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懲罰和考試被當做是威脅。
14:32
We take our children, we make them shut their brains down,
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我們叫我們的孩子出來，
我們讓他們關掉大腦，
我們讓他們關掉大腦，
14:36
and then we say, "Perform."
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然後我們說：“表現吧！”
14:38
Why did they create a system like that?
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爲什麽我們要建立一個這樣的體系？
14:42
Because it was needed.
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因為它在過去是被需要的。
14:43
There was an age in the Age of Empires
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在帝國時代，
14:46
when you needed those people who can survive under threat.
280
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我們需要那些能在威脅裡生存的人，
14:50
When you're standing in a trench all alone,
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當你站在戰壕裡的時候，
14:53
if you could have survived, you're okay, you've passed.
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如果你活下來了，你就過關了。
14:57
If you didn't, you failed.
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如果你沒有，你就不合格。
15:00
But the Age of Empires is gone.
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但是帝國時代已經遠去了。
15:02
What happens to creativity in our age?
285
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我們這個時代的創造力呢？
15:06
We need to shift that balance back
286
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我們需要把平衡
15:09
from threat to pleasure.
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從威脅移到樂趣。
15:12
I came back to England looking for British grandmothers.
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我來到英國尋找老奶奶們，
15:16
I put out notices in papers saying,
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我發傳單和登廣告說，
15:19
if you are a British grandmother, if you have broadband and a web camera,
290
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3420
如果你是英國奶奶，如果你有
寬頻網路和網絡攝影機，
寬頻網路和網絡攝影機，
15:23
can you give me one hour of your time per week for free?
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你可以每個星期免費給我一小時嗎？
15:26
I got 200 in the first two weeks.
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在前兩週有200個老奶奶報名。
15:28
I know more British grandmothers than anyone in the universe. (Laughter)
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全宇宙沒有人比我認識更多的英國老奶奶了。
15:33
They're called the Granny Cloud.
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她們被稱作奶奶雲，
15:37
The Granny Cloud sits on the Internet.
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奶奶雲位於網際網路上，
15:38
If there's a child in trouble, we beam a Gran.
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如果有一個孩子有問題，
我們就叫一個老奶奶過來。
我們就叫一個老奶奶過來。
15:43
She goes on over Skype and she sorts things out.
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她來到Skype上把孩子的問題解決掉。
15:46
I've seen them do it from a village called Diggles
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我曾經在一個叫地格斯的小鎮看她們做過，
15:50
in northwestern England,
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這個小鎮在英格蘭西北部
15:52
deep inside a village in Tamil Nadu, India,
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3304
和印度在內陸的塔姆里拿都村莊，
15:55
6,000 miles away.
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相隔6000英里。
15:58
She does it with only one age-old gesture.
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她只用了一個很老的手勢，
16:01
"Shhh."
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“噓”
16:03
Okay?
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好嗎？
16:06
Watch this.
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看這個。
16:07
Grandmother: You can't catch me. You say it.
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奶奶：你抓不住我。換你說。
16:11
You can't catch me.
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你抓不住我。
16:15
Children: You can't catch me.
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孩子：你抓不住我。
16:18
Grandmother: I'm the Gingerbread Man.Children: I'm the Gingerbread Man.
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奶奶：我是薑餅人。
孩子：我是薑餅人。
孩子：我是薑餅人。
16:24
Grandmother: Well done! Very good.
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奶奶：太棒了！很好。
16:28
SM: So what's happening here?
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到底這是怎麼回事？
16:31
I think what we need to look at is
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我覺得我們應該看看這個，
16:33
we need to look at learning
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我們應該把學習
16:35
as the product of educational self-organization.
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當做是自我組織教育的產物。
16:40
If you allow the educational process to self-organize,
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如果你允許教育過程自我組織，
16:42
then learning emerges.
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學習就發生了。
16:45
It's not about making learning happen.
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不是要迫使它發生，
16:47
It's about letting it happen.
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而是讓它自己發生。
16:50
The teacher sets the process in motion
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教師讓這個過程運轉起來，
16:53
and then she stands back in awe
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然後恭敬地站在後面，
16:56
and watches as learning happens.
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觀察學習過程的發生。
16:58
I think that's what all this is pointing at.
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我認為這就是所有一切實驗的指向。
17:01
But how will we know? How will we come to know?
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但是我們怎麼知道？我們將來怎麼知道？
17:04
Well, I intend to build
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我願意創造
17:05
these Self-Organized Learning Environments.
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這些自我組織的學習環境（SOLE）。
17:09
They are basically broadband, collaboration
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它們基本上是寬頻、合作
17:12
and encouragement put together.
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和激勵的共同體。
17:15
I've tried this in many, many schools.
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我曾經在很多的學校裡實驗，
17:16
It's been tried all over the world, and teachers
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在全世界實驗，
17:19
sort of stand back and say, "It just happens by itself?"
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而老師們站在一旁說：
“它（學習）就這樣自己發生了？”
“它（學習）就這樣自己發生了？”
17:23
And I said, "Yeah, it happens by itself.""How did you know that?"
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然後我說：“是的，它就自己發生了。”
“你是怎麼知道的？”
“你是怎麼知道的？”
17:26
I said, "You won't believe the children who told me
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我說：“你不會相信
那些告訴我這個道理的孩子們，
那些告訴我這個道理的孩子們，
17:29
and where they're from."
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以及他們來自哪裡。”
17:32
Here's a SOLE in action.
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這裡有一個 SOLE 的例子。
17:35
(Children talking)
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（孩子們在說話）
17:41
This one is in England.
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這個是在英格蘭。
17:47
He maintains law and order,
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這個孩子維持討論的秩序，
17:51
because remember, there's no teacher around.
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因為記著，那裡沒有老師在附近。
18:01
Girl: The total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons -- SM: Australia
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女孩：電子總數不等於質子總數
--話外音：澳大利亞
--話外音：澳大利亞
18:05
Girl: -- giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
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女孩：給負電荷的一個凈正電荷。
18:12
The net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons
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離子的凈電荷等於離子中質子的數量
18:16
in the ion minus the number of electrons.
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減去電子的數量。
18:19
SM: A decade ahead of her time.
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比她的時代超前了十年。
18:22
So SOLEs, I think we need a curriculum of big questions.
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所以對於SOLE，
我想我們需要關於難題的課程。
我想我們需要關於難題的課程。
18:26
You already heard about that. You know what that means.
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你們已經聽說過了。你們知道那意味著什麽，
18:28
There was a time when Stone Age men and women
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在石器時代男人和女人
18:31
used to sit and look up at the sky and say,
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曾經坐在一起看著天空說：
18:33
"What are those twinkling lights?"
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“那些閃爍的亮光是什麽？”
18:36
They built the first curriculum, but we've lost sight of those wondrous questions.
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他們建立了最早的課程，但是
我們失去了這些由好奇引發的問題。
我們失去了這些由好奇引發的問題。
18:41
We've brought it down to the tangent of an angle.
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我們將這問題簡化成切線角，
18:45
But that's not sexy enough.
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但這樣的問題不夠誘人。
18:48
The way you would put it to a nine-year-old is to say,
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你應該對一個九歲的孩子說，
18:51
"If a meteorite was coming to hit the Earth,
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“如果有一顆隕石朝著地球飛來，
18:55
how would you figure out if it was going to or not?"
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你怎麼知道它會不會撞上地球？”
18:58
And if he says, "Well, what? how?"
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如果他說：“什麽？怎麼知道呢？”
19:01
you say, "There's a magic word. It's called the tangent of an angle,"
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你說：“有一個很神奇的詞，叫做切線角。”
19:04
and leave him alone. He'll figure it out.
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然後就丟下他不管。他會自己去搞明白的。
19:06
So here are a couple of images from SOLEs.
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這裡還有一些 SOLE 的圖片，
19:11
I've tried incredible, incredible questions --
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我曾經試過非常不可思議的問題--
19:16
"When did the world begin? How will it end?" —
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“宇宙是什麽時候開始的？將會怎麼結束？”
19:21
to nine-year-olds.
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用這問題去問九歲的小孩。
19:23
This one is about what happens to the air we breathe.
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這個是關於我們呼吸的空氣的問題，
19:26
This is done by children without the help of any teacher.
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4958
這個是孩子們不經由老師協助
而自己得到的結果。
而自己得到的結果。
19:31
The teacher only raises the question,
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老師僅僅是提出問題，
19:33
and then stands back and admires the answer.
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然後站在後面誇獎孩子們的回答。
19:37
So what's my wish?
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所以我的願望是什麼？
19:40
My wish is
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我的願望就是
19:43
that we design the future of learning.
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4314
我們來設計未來的學習。
19:47
We don't want to be spare parts
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1966
我們不想成為巨大人類電腦
19:49
for a great human computer, do we?
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2392
的一部份，不是嗎？
19:51
So we need to design a future for learning.
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3656
所以我們要設計一個適合學習的未來，
19:55
And I've got to -- hang on,
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而且我要 -- 等等
19:57
I've got to get this wording exactly right,
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2700
這句話我必須說得很精確，
19:59
because, you know, it's very important.
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因為，你們知道，這很重要
20:02
My wish is to help design a future of learning
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我的希望就是透過
支持全世界的孩子們，
支持全世界的孩子們，
20:04
by supporting children all over the world
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2234
去啓發他們的好奇心
和協同工作的能力，
和協同工作的能力，
20:06
to tap into their wonder and their ability to work together.
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來幫助設計未來的學習，
20:10
Help me build this school.
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來幫助我建立這個學校，
20:12
It will be called the School in the Cloud.
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3336
它將被稱作雲端的學校 (School in the Cloud)。
20:15
It will be a school where children go on these intellectual adventures
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它將是一個孩子們
深入智力探險的學校，
深入智力探險的學校，
20:20
driven by the big questions which their mediators put in.
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3857
被老師們提出的難題激勵著。
20:24
The way I want to do this
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我想做這件事情的方式，
20:26
is to build a facility where I can study this.
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是建立一個我可以研究（未來學校）的。
20:31
It's a facility which is practically unmanned.
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這是一個沒有實體的機構，
20:33
There's only one granny
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只有一個老奶奶，
20:35
who manages health and safety.
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2441
管理健康和安全，
20:38
The rest of it's from the cloud.
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1433
剩下的所有東西都來自雲端。
20:39
The lights are turned on and off by the cloud,
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1915
雲可以開啟和關閉光亮。
20:41
etc., etc., everything's done from the cloud.
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2028
還有很多、很多，所有事情
都可以由雲端來達成。
都可以由雲端來達成。
20:43
But I want you for another purpose.
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但是我還想讓你們做另一件事。
20:46
You can do Self-Organized Learning Environments
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你們可以在家裡、在學校、
在學校外、在社團中
在學校外、在社團中
20:49
at home, in the school, outside of school, in clubs.
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創建自我組織學習環境。
20:54
It's very easy to do. There's a great document
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這很簡單。有一個很棒的 TED
20:56
produced by TED which tells you how to do it.
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檔案會告訴你怎麼做。
20:58
If you would please, please do it
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如果你們可以的話，拜託，拜託你們
21:01
across all five continents
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跨越五大洲來做這件事，
21:04
and send me the data,
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然後發給我你們的數據，
21:06
then I'll put it all together, move it into the School of Clouds,
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然後我會把數據放在一起，
轉移到雲端的學校，
轉移到雲端的學校，
21:10
and create the future of learning.
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建立學習的未來。
21:13
That's my wish.
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這就是我的心願。
21:15
And just one last thing.
401
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還有最後一點，
21:16
I'll take you to the top of the Himalayas.
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2593
我將帶著你去喜馬拉雅的最頂端，
21:19
At 12,000 feet, where the air is thin,
403
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3303
12,000 英寸高的地方，那裡空氣很稀薄
21:22
I once built two Hole in the Wall computers,
404
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2985
我曾經做了兩台洞裡的電腦，
21:25
and the children flocked there.
405
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1455
孩子們聚在那裡，
21:26
And there was this little girl who was following me around.
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有一個小女孩跟著我，
21:29
And I said to her, "You know, I want to give a computer to everybody, every child.
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4716
我對她說：“你知道，我想要給每個人，
每個孩子一台電腦，
每個孩子一台電腦，
21:34
I don't know, what should I do?"
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2401
我不知道，我該怎麼辦？”
21:36
And I was trying to take a picture of her quietly.
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我試著照下她靜靜的樣子，
21:40
She suddenly raised her hand like this, and said to me,
410
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她突然像這樣舉起手，然後說
21:44
"Get on with it."
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“只要去做。”
21:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑）（掌聲）
21:58
I think it was good advice.
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我想這是個很好的建議。
22:00
I'll follow her advice. I'll stop talking.
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我將遵循她的建議。
我的演講到此為止。
我的演講到此為止。
22:02
Thank you. Thank you very much.
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謝謝！非常感謝！
22:06
(Applause)
416
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3751
（掌聲）
22:10
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
417
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8324
謝謝！謝謝！（掌聲）
22:18
Thank you very much. Wow. (Applause)
418
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非常感謝！哇（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sugata Mitra - Education researcherEducational researcher Sugata Mitra is the winner of the 2013 TED Prize. His wish: Build a School in the Cloud, where children can explore and learn from one another.
Why you should listen
In 1999, Sugata Mitra and his colleagues dug a hole in a wall bordering an urban slum in New Delhi, installed an Internet-connected PC and left it there, with a hidden camera filming the area. What they saw: kids from the slum playing with the computer and, in the process, learning how to use it -- then teaching each other. These famed “Hole in the Wall” experiments demonstrated that, in the absence of supervision and formal teaching, children can teach themselves and each other -- if they’re motivated by curiosity. Mitra, now a professor of educational technology at Newcastle University, called it "minimally invasive education."
Mitra thinks self-organized learning will shape the future of education. At TED2013, he made a bold TED Prize wish: Help me build a School in the Cloud where children can explore and learn on their own -- and teach one another -- using resouces from the worldwide cloud.
The School in the Cloud now includes seven physical locations -- five in India and two in the UK. At the same time, the School in the Cloud online platform lets students participate anywhere, with partner learning labs and programs in countries like Colombia, Pakistan and Greece. In 2016, Mitra held the first School in the Cloud conference in India. He shared that more than 16,000 SOLE sessions had taken place so far, with kids all around the world dipping their toes in this new education model.
Sugata Mitra | Speaker | TED.com