Abigail Marsh: Why some people are more altruistic than others
أبيغيل مارش: لِمَ بعض الأشخاص أكثر إيثاراً من الأخرين
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
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like the actor Idris Elba,
traffic in the middle of the night
للطريق السريع في منتصف الليل
that could have killed me.
left me really shaken up, obviously,
مهزوزة حقاً،
kind of burning, gnawing need
الماسة والرغبة الملحة
caused him to make the choice
لإتخاذ الخيار
to save the life of a stranger?
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
أو قدرة أي شخص آخر على الإيثار؟
in Tacoma, Washington,
في تاكوما/ ولاية واشنطن،
darted out in front of my car.
what you're not supposed to do,
you're not supposed to do that.
القيام بذلك.
in the fast lane of the freeway
من الطريق السريع
قدوم الحافلات
that I was about to die too,
على وشك الموت أيضاً،
of that one brave man
of seeing my stranded car
لسيارتي المحاصرة
across four lanes of freeway traffic
مسارات لحركة سير الطريق السريع
and made sure I was going to be all right,
سأكون على ما يرام،
I forgot to say thank you.
to that stranger.
the course of my life to some degree.
غيرت مجرى حياتي إلى حدٍ ما.
the human capacity to care for others.
على الإهتمام بالآخرين.
and how does it develop,
that it can take?
التي يمكن أن تتخذها؟
to understanding basic aspects
لفهم الجوانب الأساسية
and this includes everybody
and economists to ordinary people
إلى الأشخاص العاديين
is fundamentally selfish,
في الأصل
by our own welfare.
في مصلحتنا الشخصية فقط.
like the stranger who rescued me,
الأشخاص، مثل الغريب الذي أنقذني،
like helping other people
كمساعدتهم للآخرين
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
الإيثار الإستثنائية،
who engage in such acts
في هذه الأعمال
on this topic had been done.
جدًا حول هذا الموضوع.
definition of altruism,
to help another individual.
intended to benefit only the other.
ويهدفُ إلى صالح الشخص الآخر فقط.
explain an action like that?
ان يفسَر تصرفاً من هذا النوع؟
seem to have more of it than others?
صفة الإيثار أكثر من غيرهم؟
of highly altruistic people
ذوي القدرة العالية على الإيثار
basic aspects of human nature,
الجوانب الأساسية للطبيعة الإنسانية،
in whom that desire is missing,
هذه الرغبة.
هو اضطراب في النمو
that's cold and uncaring
and sometimes very violent behavior.
وعنيفة جداً في بعض الاحيان.
at the National Institute of Mental Health
في"المعهد الوطني للصحة العقيلة"
brain imaging research
لتصوير الدماغ
of other researchers now,
الأخرين الآن،
who are psychopathic
three characteristics.
insensitive to other people's emotions,
لمشاعر الأخرين عموماً
that other people are in distress.
التي تدل أن الآخرين في محنة.
fearful facial expressions like this one.
التي تعكس الخوف مثل هذا.
urgent need and emotional distress,
و المحنة العاطفية،
compassion and a desire to help
who tend to lack compassion
الذين يفتقدون إلى التعاطف
لهذه الإشارات.
for recognizing fearful expressions
على تعابير الخوف
who lack amygdalas completely,
الذين يفتقدون إلى "اللوزة" تماماً،
in recognizing fearful expressions.
على تمييز تعابير الخوف.
in amygdala activity
في نشاط اللوزة الدماغية
are underreactive to these expressions.
تفاعلاً لهذه التعابير.
trouble detecting these cues.
إلتقاطهم لهذه الإشارات.
are smaller than average
هي أصغر من المتوسط
are reliable and robust,
why people don't care about others.
and the desire to help other people,
الأشخاص الأخرين،
the opposite of psychopathy?
other people's fear,
to this expression
of truly extraordinary altruists.
الإيثاريين بشكل استثنائي.
one of their own kidneys
فيهم إحدى كليتيه
to undergo major surgery
للخضوع إلى جراحة كبرى
healthy kidneys can be removed
is a very common question.
هو السؤال الشائع جدًا.
extraordinary altruists
other people's fear.
when somebody else is in distress.
شخص آخر في محنة.
is more reactive to these expressions.
لديهم هي أكثر استجابةً لهذه التعابير.
of the brain that we found
الذي وجدنا
الأشخاص السيكوباتيين.
in people who are psychopathic.
أكبر من المتوسط كذلك.
are larger than average as well,
like a caring continuum in the world
في العالم
by people who are highly psychopathic,
الأشخاص السيكوباتيين بشكل مرتفغ،
who are very compassionate
الأشخاص المتعاطفين جداً
extraordinary altruists so different
الإيثاريين بشكل إستثنائي مختلفين جداً
more compassionate than average.
and altruistic
who are in their own innermost circle
that you love and identify with
تجاه أشخاص تحبونهم وتقفون معهم
extends way beyond that circle,
إلى أبعد من تلك الدائرة،
circle of acquaintances
their social circle altogether,
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
من متبرعي الكلى الإيثاريين
such a wide circle of compassion
الدائرة الواسعة من التعاطف
a complete stranger their kidney.
لشخص غريب تماماً.
question for them to answer.
ليجيبوا عليه في الحقيقة.
you're willing to do this thing
"كيف تكون مستعداً للقيام بهذا العمل
a really telling answer,
of these altruists don't look like this,
الإيثاريين لا تبدو كهذه،
don't think of themselves
important than anybody else.
عن أي شخص آخر.
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
تبرعها بكليتها معنىً لها.
that I'm just the same as you."
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
حول الذات المذهل (الأنانية)
that in the words of St. Augustine
no center of your circle,
or outer rings,
أو حلقات خارجية،
of your care and compassion
أحقيَة بإهتمامكم وتعاطفكم
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
الإيثاريين الإستثنائيين
of the world that's attainable by many
يمكنُ تحقيقها من قبل الكثير
because at the societal level,
are already happening everywhere.
يحدثُ بالفعل في كل مكان.
and others have shown
وآخرون غيره
are becoming less and less accepting
أصبحت أقل وأقل تقبلاً
circles of others,
للآخرين من أي وقتٍ مضى،
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
أنواع القسوة و العنف،
to capital punishment.
إلى عقوبة الإعدام.
in all kinds of altruism.
would have thought it was ludicrous
أنه من الغرابة
their blood and bone marrow
يتبرعون بدمهم أو بنخاعهم العظمي
a hundred years from now
that donating a kidney to a stranger
and bone marrow is today?
والنخاع العظمي اليوم؟
of all these amazing changes?
and standards of living.
wealthier and better off,
their focus of attention outward,
إهتماماتهم إلى الخارج،
towards strangers increases,
الإيثار تجاه الغرباء،
and even altruistic kidney donations.
وحتى التبرعات الإيثارية بالكلى.
becoming a better and more humane place,
أفضل وأكثر إنسانية،
that it's becoming worse
that we now just know so much more
نعرف أكثر بكثير
of strangers in distant places,
of those distant strangers.
of changes we're seeing show
التي نراها
as cruelty and violence,
كما هي القسوة والعنف تمامًا،
to be inherently more sensitive
حساسون بطبيعتهم أكثر
to remove oneself
على إخراج ذاته
outward to include even strangers
لتشمل حتى الغرباء
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Abigail Marsh - PsychologistAbigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves?
Why you should listen
How do we understand what others think and feel? An associate professor in the department of psychology and the interdisciplinary neuroscience program at Georgetown University, Abigail Marsh focuses on social and affective neuroscience. She addresses questions using multiple approaches that include functional and structural brain imaging in adolescents and adults from both typical and non-typical populations, as well as behavioral, cognitive, genetic and pharmacological techniques. Among her ongoing research projects are brain imaging and behavioral studies of altruistic kidney donors and brain imaging studies of children/adolescents with severe conduct problems and limited empathy.
Marsh's 2017 book The Fear Factor: How One Emotion Connects Altruists, Psychopaths, and Everyone In-Between explores the extremes of human generosity and cruelty.
Abigail Marsh | Speaker | TED.com