Abigail Marsh: Why some people are more altruistic than others
아비가일 마쉬(Abigail Marsh): 어떤 사람들이 다른 사람들보다 이타적인 이유
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
like the actor Idris Elba,
남자가 있습니다.
위험에 빠트리면서
traffic in the middle of the night
몰아넣을 뻔한 교통사고에서
that could have killed me.
네 차선을 건너왔습니다.
left me really shaken up, obviously,
충격에 빠트렸지만
kind of burning, gnawing need
알고 싶은 뜨거운 욕구가 생겼습니다.
caused him to make the choice
선택을 하게 했는지
to save the life of a stranger?
자기 목숨을 걸 그런 선택이요.
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
이타심의 동기는 무엇일까요?
in Tacoma, Washington,
워싱턴 주 타코마의 집으로 가던 중
darted out in front of my car.
what you're not supposed to do,
안 될 일을 했습니다.
you're not supposed to do that.
in the fast lane of the freeway
거꾸로 된 채로 섰기 때문이죠.
that I was about to die too,
of that one brave man
of seeing my stranded car
across four lanes of freeway traffic
and made sure I was going to be all right,
I forgot to say thank you.
하지 못한 것 같습니다.
to that stranger.
the course of my life to some degree.
바꾸어 놓았습니다.
the human capacity to care for others.
이해에 대한 연구에 집중했습니다.
and how does it develop,
어떻게 발달하고
that it can take?
to understanding basic aspects
기본적인 면을 이해하는 데
and this includes everybody
and economists to ordinary people
is fundamentally selfish,
by our own welfare.
추구하는 것뿐이라고 믿습니다.
like the stranger who rescued me,
저를 구해 준 분처럼
like helping other people
이타적인 일을 할까요?
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
무엇이 그런 행동을 하는 사람들을
who engage in such acts
on this topic had been done.
연구가 거의 없었습니다.
definition of altruism,
to help another individual.
intended to benefit only the other.
사심 없는 행동이죠.
explain an action like that?
설명할 수 있을까요?
seem to have more of it than others?
이타심이 더 많은가입니다.
of highly altruistic people
뇌가 근본적으로
basic aspects of human nature,
인간 본성의 기본적인 면을
in whom that desire is missing,
연구하는 것입니다.
that's cold and uncaring
반사회적이고
and sometimes very violent behavior.
행동을 하는 경향이 있습니다.
at the National Institute of Mental Health
국립 정신건강 연구소에서
brain imaging research
초기의 뇌 영상 연구를
of other researchers now,
who are psychopathic
특징을 보인다는 것입니다.
three characteristics.
insensitive to other people's emotions,
전부 둔감하지는 않지만
that other people are in distress.
표식에 둔감합니다.
fearful facial expressions like this one.
잘 인식하지 못합니다.
urgent need and emotional distress,
감정적으로 위기감을 전달하며
compassion and a desire to help
동정과 도우려는 마음을
who tend to lack compassion
이런 단서에
for recognizing fearful expressions
who lack amygdalas completely,
아예 없는 사람들이 있고
in recognizing fearful expressions.
능력이 깊게 결여되어 있습니다.
in amygdala activity
편도체 활동이
are underreactive to these expressions.
반응성이 떨어집니다.
trouble detecting these cues.
문제가 있는 이유일 것입니다.
are smaller than average
편도체는 평균보다
are reliable and robust,
일관적이고 신뢰성 있으며
why people don't care about others.
아니라는 걸 기억해 주세요.
and the desire to help other people,
the opposite of psychopathy?
other people's fear,
to this expression
of truly extraordinary altruists.
실험을 하여 알아냈습니다.
one of their own kidneys
전혀 모르는 사람에게 기증한
to undergo major surgery
healthy kidneys can be removed
is a very common question.
라는 말이 나올 법하죠.
extraordinary altruists
other people's fear.
더 잘 식별합니다.
when somebody else is in distress.
더 잘 알아차립니다.
is more reactive to these expressions.
강한 반응 때문이기도 할 겁니다.
of the brain that we found
반응성이 적었던 영역과 같죠.
in people who are psychopathic.
are larger than average as well,
8% 정도 더 컸습니다.
like a caring continuum in the world
by people who are highly psychopathic,
이타적 행동을 하는
who are very compassionate
extraordinary altruists so different
갈라 놓는 기준은
more compassionate than average.
and altruistic
who are in their own innermost circle
이타적이지는 않다는 것입니다.
that you love and identify with
이타심을 가지는 것은
extends way beyond that circle,
동정심은 그 집단을 넘어
circle of acquaintances
their social circle altogether,
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
다수의 신장 기증자에게
such a wide circle of compassion
기증할 만큼 넓은 동정심의 범위를
a complete stranger their kidney.
질문할 기회가 있었습니다.
question for them to answer.
어려운 질문이더군요.
you're willing to do this thing
미국인 중 하나입니다.
라고 말합니다.
a really telling answer,
말씀을 해 주셨는데
of these altruists don't look like this,
이런 모양이 아니라
don't think of themselves
무언가의 중심에 있다고
important than anybody else.
생각하지 않습니다.
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
기증의 이유를 물어 보니
라고 하였습니다.
다르지 않다는 걸 보여줄 겁니다."
that I'm just the same as you."
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
가장 적절한 표현은 겸손입니다.
that in the words of St. Augustine
인간을 천사로 만든다고
no center of your circle,
or outer rings,
of your care and compassion
더 큰 동정의 대상이
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
극도의 이타주의자를 구분하는
of the world that's attainable by many
대부분 사람들이 적용할 수 있는
because at the societal level,
사회적 수준에서
are already happening everywhere.
and others have shown
are becoming less and less accepting
매우 넓은 범위에서
circles of others,
이것이 동물 학대나
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
각종 잔인함과 폭력의
to capital punishment.
in all kinds of altruism.
would have thought it was ludicrous
이상하다고 여겼을 겁니다.
their blood and bone marrow
a hundred years from now
that donating a kidney to a stranger
and bone marrow is today?
of all these amazing changes?
and standards of living.
때문인 것 같습니다.
wealthier and better off,
their focus of attention outward,
towards strangers increases,
and even altruistic kidney donations.
증가하게 된다는 것이죠.
becoming a better and more humane place,
좋은 곳으로 변모해 가는 것이
that it's becoming worse
각박해진다는 거짓된 인식이
that we now just know so much more
사람들의 고통을
of strangers in distant places,
of those distant strangers.
of changes we're seeing show
우리가 목격하고 있는 변화가
as cruelty and violence,
그 이상만큼임을 보여 주고
to be inherently more sensitive
멀리 떨어진 사람들의 고통에
to remove oneself
outward to include even strangers
확장시킬 역량은
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Abigail Marsh - PsychologistAbigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves?
Why you should listen
How do we understand what others think and feel? An associate professor in the department of psychology and the interdisciplinary neuroscience program at Georgetown University, Abigail Marsh focuses on social and affective neuroscience. She addresses questions using multiple approaches that include functional and structural brain imaging in adolescents and adults from both typical and non-typical populations, as well as behavioral, cognitive, genetic and pharmacological techniques. Among her ongoing research projects are brain imaging and behavioral studies of altruistic kidney donors and brain imaging studies of children/adolescents with severe conduct problems and limited empathy.
Marsh's 2017 book The Fear Factor: How One Emotion Connects Altruists, Psychopaths, and Everyone In-Between explores the extremes of human generosity and cruelty.
Abigail Marsh | Speaker | TED.com