Abigail Marsh: Why some people are more altruistic than others
ابیگیل مارش: چرا بعضی از افراد از دیگران فداکارترند؟
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
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like the actor Idris Elba,
"ادریس البا" است
از میان ۴ باند اتوبان
traffic in the middle of the night
that could have killed me.
left me really shaken up, obviously,
منوشوکه کرده بود اما درمن
kind of burning, gnawing need
caused him to make the choice
باعث شدن چنین انتخابی کنه
to save the life of a stranger?
یه غریبه رونجات بده؟
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
ایثارایشون و یاهرکس دیگه ای وجود داره؟
براتون بگم چه اتفاقی افتاد.
in Tacoma, Washington,
در واشینگتن
بین ایالتی برمی گشتم،
darted out in front of my car.
جلوی ماشینم.
what you're not supposed to do,
که قرارنیست شما انجامش بدید،
(زدن به اون) جلوگیری کنم.
you're not supposed to do that.
نیست انجامش بدید.
in the fast lane of the freeway
نزدیک میشد قرارگرفت
that I was about to die too,
که منم می میرم،
of that one brave man
of seeing my stranded car
ماشین مستهلک منو دید
across four lanes of freeway traffic
از چهار باند اتوبان دوید
and made sure I was going to be all right,
که حالم خوب شده
I forgot to say thank you.
تشکر کنم.
جلوتر برم،
to that stranger.
غریبه تشکر کنم.
the course of my life to some degree.
مسیر زندگی منو تغییر داد.
the human capacity to care for others.
درمراقبت کردن از دیگران کردم.
and how does it develop,
و چطور رشد می کنه،
that it can take?
to understanding basic aspects
برای فهمیدن جوانب اساسی
and this includes everybody
و این شامل همه میشه
and economists to ordinary people
تا مردم عادی
is fundamentally selfish,
by our own welfare.
خوشبختی خودمون به شوق میایم.
like the stranger who rescued me,
اون غریبه که منو نجات داد،
like helping other people
مثل کمک کردن به دیگران
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
خارق العاده ی ایثارگرانه را پیدا کنیم،
who engage in such acts
در این نوع کارها درگیر می شوند
on this topic had been done.
این موضوع انجام شده است.
definition of altruism,
تعاریف ایثار مواجه میشه،
to help another individual.
دیگری وجود دارد برانگیخته میشه.
intended to benefit only the other.
فقط به دیگری سود رساندنه.
explain an action like that?
مثل این روتوضیح بده؟
seem to have more of it than others?
بیشتر از دیگران نوع دوستی دارن؟
of highly altruistic people
بسیار نوع دوست و ایثارگر
basic aspects of human nature,
بنیادین سرشت آدمی،
in whom that desire is missing,
گم شده است رو مطالعه کنیم،
that's cold and uncaring
بی عاطفه می شه
and sometimes very violent behavior.
غیر اجتماعی و گاهی اوقات خشن شرکت کنه.
at the National Institute of Mental Health
سلامت روانی
brain imaging research
تصویربرداری از مغز
of other researchers now,
پژوهشگران دیگر این روزها،
who are psychopathic
three characteristics.
نشون دادن.
insensitive to other people's emotions,
کاملا بی عاطفه نیستن
that other people are in distress.
اندوه و غم هستند بی عاطفه اند.
fearful facial expressions like this one.
مثل این مشکل دارن.
urgent need and emotional distress,
و اندوه پراحساسی رو منتقل می کنند،
compassion and a desire to help
کسانی که آنها رو میبینن
who tend to lack compassion
for recognizing fearful expressions
حالات ترسه
who lack amygdalas completely,
وجود داره که اصلن آمیگدال ندارند،
دچار اختلال هستند.
in recognizing fearful expressions.
in amygdala activity
خوشه های بزرگی رو نشان میدن
are underreactive to these expressions.
واکنش کمی نشون میده.
trouble detecting these cues.
در تشخیص این سرنخها مشکل دارند.
میانگین آن حدود
are smaller than average
are reliable and robust,
و قاطعانه هستند،
که علاقه اصلی من
why people don't care about others.
به دیگران اهمیت نمی دهند
چرا اهمیت می دن.
and the desire to help other people,
the opposite of psychopathy?
به وجود بیاد؟
other people's fear,
to this expression
of truly extraordinary altruists.
فداکاران شگفت انگیزی بودند.
one of their own kidneys
از کلیه هاشونو داده بودند
to undergo major surgery
یک جراحی اصلی رو تحمل کنند
healthy kidneys can be removed
می تونست درآورده بشه
و شایدهرگزهم نبینند.
is a very common question.
یک سوال متداوله.
extraordinary altruists
other people's fear.
when somebody else is in distress.
است بهتر متوجه میشن.
is more reactive to these expressions.
به حالات چهره بیشتر واکنش نشون میده.
of the brain that we found
از مغزاست که متوجه شدیم
in people who are psychopathic.
are larger than average as well,
از حد معمول هم است،
اطلاعات پیشنهاد میده
like a caring continuum in the world
by people who are highly psychopathic,
که شدیدا روان بیمار هستند فرود اومده
who are very compassionate
خیلی دلسوز هستند
سوق داده شدند.
فداکار شگفت انگیز رو انقدر متفاوت می کنه
extraordinary altruists so different
more compassionate than average.
دلسوزترند.
and altruistic
who are in their own innermost circle
خصوصی ترین جمع
that you love and identify with
می شناسید و بهشون علاق دارید
extends way beyond that circle,
شگفت انگیز فراتر از جمع خودشون میره،
circle of acquaintances
آشناهایشان
their social circle altogether,
جمع اجتماعی آنها هستند،
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
که از اهدا کنندگان فداکار کلیه بپرسم
such a wide circle of compassion
همچین حلقه گسترده ای از دلسوزی رو خلق کنند
a complete stranger their kidney.
به فردی کاملا غریبه بدهند.
question for them to answer.
براشون خیلی سخته.
you're willing to do this thing
همچین کاری رو بکنید
اشتیاقی ندارند؟
a really telling answer,
of these altruists don't look like this,
فداکار شبیه این نیست
don't think of themselves
خودشون فکر نمی کنند
important than anybody else.
کس دیگری باشند.
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
چرا اهدای کلیه براش منطقیه،
that I'm just the same as you."
که من دقیقا مثل شما هستم."
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
عدم خودبینی جالب
that in the words of St. Augustine
no center of your circle,
حلقه شما وجود نداره،
or outer rings,
of your care and compassion
مواظبت و دلسوزی شما نیست
که فداکاران شگفت انگیز رو
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
of the world that's attainable by many
است که توسط خیلی از افراد یا شاید
because at the societal level,
در سطح اجتماعی،
are already happening everywhere.
داره همه جا اتفاق می افته.
and others have shown
نشون دادند که
are becoming less and less accepting
قبول می کنند
circles of others,
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
ظلمی منتهی میشه،
to capital punishment.
و اعدام.
in all kinds of altruism.
would have thought it was ludicrous
مضحکه
their blood and bone marrow
خودشون رو اهدا می کنند
a hundred years from now
that donating a kidney to a stranger
استخوان امروزه
and bone marrow is today?
of all these amazing changes?
تغییرات شگفت انگیزه؟
این باشه
and standards of living.
wealthier and better off,
their focus of attention outward,
به سمت بیرون تغییر دادن،
towards strangers increases,
غریبه ها افزایش یافت،
and even altruistic kidney donations.
و حتی اهدای فداکارانه کلیه.
becoming a better and more humane place,
بهترو انسانی تری میشه
that it's becoming worse
که دنیا داره بدترو دردناک تر میشه
that we now just know so much more
ما امروزه خیلی بیشتر می دونیم
of strangers in distant places,
of those distant strangers.
تغییراتی که ما داریم میبینیم
of changes we're seeing show
as cruelty and violence,
مثل خشم و ظلم،
to be inherently more sensitive
که ذاتا بااحساس ترند
to remove oneself
خود را حذف کردن
outward to include even strangers
طوری که حتی شامل غریبه ها هم بشه
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Abigail Marsh - PsychologistAbigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves?
Why you should listen
How do we understand what others think and feel? An associate professor in the department of psychology and the interdisciplinary neuroscience program at Georgetown University, Abigail Marsh focuses on social and affective neuroscience. She addresses questions using multiple approaches that include functional and structural brain imaging in adolescents and adults from both typical and non-typical populations, as well as behavioral, cognitive, genetic and pharmacological techniques. Among her ongoing research projects are brain imaging and behavioral studies of altruistic kidney donors and brain imaging studies of children/adolescents with severe conduct problems and limited empathy.
Marsh's 2017 book The Fear Factor: How One Emotion Connects Altruists, Psychopaths, and Everyone In-Between explores the extremes of human generosity and cruelty.
Abigail Marsh | Speaker | TED.com