TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling i la rentadora màgica
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Quin és el millor invent de la revolució industrial? Hans Rosling ens parla de la rentadora. Amb nous gràfics dissenyats per Gapminder, Rosling ens ensenya la màgia que sorgeix quan el creixement econòmic i l'electricitat transformen un avorrit dia de bugada en un dia intel·lectual de lectura.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Només tenia quatre anys
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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quan vaig veure la meva mare omplir una rentadora
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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per primera vegada en la seva vida.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Va ser un gran dia per a la meva mare.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Ella i el meu pare havien estalviat durant anys
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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per poder comprar aquesta rentadora.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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I el dia que anaven a utilitzar-la,
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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van convidar fins i tot a la meva àvia
00:34
to see the machine.
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a veure la rentadora.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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I la meva àvia estava més emocionada encara.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Durant la seva vida
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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sempre va haver d'escalfar l'aigua amb llenya,
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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i rentar la roba a mà
00:45
for seven children.
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per a set fills.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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I ara anava a presenciar
00:50
electricity do that work.
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com l'electricitat feia aquest treball.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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La meva mare va obrir la porta amb cura,
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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després va ficar la roba
00:59
into the machine,
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a la rentadora,
01:01
like this.
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així.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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I llavors, quan va tancar la porta,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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la meva àvia va dir: "No, no, no, no...
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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deixa'm a mi, deixa'm prémer el botó ".
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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I ella va pressionar el botó,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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i va dir: "Oh, és fantàstic ...
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Vull veure això. Dóna'm una cadira.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Dóna'm una cadira. Vull veure-ho".
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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I es va asseure davant de la rentadora,
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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i va observar tot el procés de rentat.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Estava embadalida.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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Per a la meva àvia,
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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la rentadora era un miracle.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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Avui, a Suècia i en altres països rics,
01:38
people are using
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la gent utilitza
01:40
so many different machines.
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moltes màquines diferents.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Mirin, les llars estan plenes d'aparells.
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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Ni tan sols sé com es diuen tots.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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I a més, quan volen viatjar,
01:49
they use flying machines
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utilitzen màquines voladores
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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que els porten a destinacions remotes.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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I encara hi ha molta gent al món,
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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que escalfa l'aigua al foc,
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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i cuina el menjar al foc.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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De vegades no tenen suficient menjar.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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Viuen sota el llindar de la pobresa.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Hi ha dos mil milions de persones
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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que viuen amb menys de dos dòlars al dia.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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I la gent rica d'aquí,
02:14
there's one billion people --
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que sumen mil milions de persones,
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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viuen per sobre del que anomeno el llindar del cel,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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perquè gasten més de 80 dòlars diaris
02:23
on their consumption.
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en consum.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Però aquests són només 1, 2, 3 mil milions de persones,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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i òbviament hi ha 7 mil milions en el món,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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així que ha d'haver-hi 1, 2, 3, 4 mil milions més,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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que viuen entre el llindar de la pobresa i el del cel.
02:37
They have electricity,
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Ells tenen electricitat,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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però la qüestió és, quants tenen rentadores?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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He analitzat les dades de mercat,
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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i he trobat que, de fet,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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la rentadora ha baixat del llindar del cel,
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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i que avui en dia hi ha mil milions de persones més
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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que viuen sobre el llindar del rentat.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Riures)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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I ells consumeixen més de 40 dòlars al dia.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Així que dos mil milions de persones tenen accés a rentadores.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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I els cinc mil milions restants,
03:08
how do they wash?
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com renten la roba?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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O, per ser més precisos,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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com renten la roba la majoria de les dones del món?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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Perquè segueix sent un treball dur per a les dones.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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Elles renten així, a mà.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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És un treball dur, cansat,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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que han de fer durant hores cada setmana.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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I a vegades també han de portar aigua des de lluny
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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per fer la bugada a casa.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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O han de portar la roba lluny, fins a un corrent d'aigua.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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Elles volen una rentadora.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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No volen perdre tant de temps de les seves vides
03:44
doing this hard work
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fent aquest dur treball
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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tant poc productiu.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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I el seu desig no és per res diferent
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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del que tenia la meva àvia.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Mirin aquí, fa dues generacions a Suècia
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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estaven agafant aigua del riu,
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heating with firewood and washing like that.
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escalfant a llenya i rentant així.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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De la mateixa manera, elles volen una rentadora.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Però quan ho proposo a estudiants ambientalistes,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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em diuen: "No, tot el món no pot tenir cotxes i rentadores".
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Com podem dir a aquestes dones
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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que mai tindran una rentadora?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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Llavors pregunto als meus estudiants ...
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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els he preguntat, durant els darrers dos anys:
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Quants de vosaltres no utilitzeu el cotxe?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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I alguns aixequen la mà orgullosos
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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i diuen: "Jo no utilitzo el cotxe".
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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I després els faig una pregunta difícil:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Quants de vosaltres
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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renteu a mà els vostres pantalons i els vostres llençols? "
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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I ningú va aixecar la mà.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Fins i tot els acèrrims en el moviment verd
04:37
use washing machines.
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utilitzen rentadores.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Riures)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Així que, com és que això és una cosa que tothom fa servir
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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i que ningú deixarà de fer-ho?, què té d'especial?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Vaig fer una anàlisi sobre l'energia que es consumeix al món.
04:51
Here we are.
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Aquí el tenen.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Aquí veuen els set mil milions de persones:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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la gent de l'aire, la gent del rentat,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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la gent de les bombetes i la gent del foc.
05:00
One unit like this
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Una unitat d'aquestes
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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és una part de combustible fòssil:
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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petroli, carbó o gas.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Aquestes són l'electricitat i l'energia principals en el món.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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Arreu del món es fan servir 12 unitats,
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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i els mil milions més rics fan servir sis d'elles.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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La meitat de l'energia l'usa la setena part de la població mundial.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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I aquests que tenen rentadores,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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però no una casa plena d'altres aparells,
05:24
they use two.
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n'utilitzen dos.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Aquest grup fa servir-ne tres, una cada un.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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I ells també tenen electricitat.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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I ells ni tan sols n'usen una cada un.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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Això suma les 12 unitats.
05:35
But the main concern
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Però la principal preocupació
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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dels estudiants ambientalistes, i tenen raó,
05:40
is about the future.
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és el futur.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Quines són les tendències? Si prolonguem les tendències,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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sense cap anàlisi avançat fins el 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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hi ha dues coses que poden augmentar l'ús d'energia.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Primer, el creixement de la població.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Segon, el creixement econòmic.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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El creixement demogràfic es produirà entre la gent més pobra d'aquí,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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perquè tenen altes taxes de mortalitat infantil
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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i tenen molts nens per dona.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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I així tindrem dos més,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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però això no canviarà molt l'ús de l'energia.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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El que passarà és el creixement econòmic.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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El millor d'aquí a les economies emergents,
06:11
I call them the New East --
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que jo anomeno el Nou Orient,
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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es que saltaran el llindar del cel.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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Diran: "Wop!".
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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I començaran a fer servir tant com el Vell Occident.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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I aquesta gent vol rentadores.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Us ho vaig dir: ells aniran allà.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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I duplicaran la quantitat d'energia que utilitzen.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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Esperem que la gent pobra comenci a utilitzar la llum elèctrica,
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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i que tinguin famílies de dos fills sense aturar el creixement demogràfic.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Però el consum total d'energia
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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augmentarà a 22 unitats.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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I d'aquestes 22 unitats
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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els més rics encara faran servir la majoria.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Així que, què s'ha de fer?
06:45
Because the risk,
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Perquè el risc,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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la gran probabilitat de canvi climàtic és real.
06:50
It's real.
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És real.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Per descomptat hauran de ser més eficients energèticament.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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Han de canviar el seu comportament d'alguna manera.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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També hauran de començar a produir energia verda,
06:59
much more green energy.
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molta més energia verda.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Però fins que tinguin el mateix consum d'energia per persona,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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no haurien de dir als altres
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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què fer i què no.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Aquí podem obtenir energia verda per tot arreu.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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És el que desitgem que passi.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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És un veritable repte en el futur.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Però puc assegurar-vos que aquesta dona d'una favela de Rio
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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vol una rentadora.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Està molt contenta amb la seva ministra d'energia
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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que els va donar electricitat a tots,
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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està contenta per haver-la votat.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Ella es va convertir en Dilma Roussef,
07:34
the president-elect
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la presidenta electa
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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d'una de les democràcies més grans del món.
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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Va passar de ministra d'energia a president.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Si hi ha democràcia,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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la gent votarà per rentadores.
07:45
They love them.
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Les estimen.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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I quina és la màgia de les rentadores?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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La meva mare em va explicar aquesta màgia
07:54
the very, very first day.
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el primer dia.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Em va dir: "Ara, Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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hem ficat la roba
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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i la rentadora farà la feina.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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I nosaltres podem anar a la biblioteca ".
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Perquè aquesta és la màgia:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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un carrega la roba
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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i què surt de la rentadora?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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De la rentadora surten llibres,
08:13
children's books.
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llibres per a nens.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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I la meva mare va tenir temps de llegir per a mi.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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A ella li encantava. Vaig tenir el "ABC".
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Allà vaig començar la meva carrera de professor,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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quan la meva mare va tenir temps de llegir per a mi.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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I també va aconseguir llibres per a ella.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Se les va arreglar per estudiar anglès
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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i aprendre'l com a llengua estrangera.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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I va llegir moltes novel·les,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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moltes novel·les diferents.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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Nosaltres realment estimàvem aquesta màquina.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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I el que vam dir, la meva mare i jo, va ser:
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Gràcies, industrialització.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Gràcies fàbrica d'acer.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Gràcies estació d'energia.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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I gràcies indústria química
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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per donar-nos temps per a llegir llibres ".
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Moltes gràcies.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com