TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling y la lavadora mágica
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¿Cuál es el mayor invento de la revolución industrial? Hans Rosling propone la lavadora eléctrica. Con nuevas gráficas de Gapminder, Rosling nos muestra la magia que emerge cuando el crecimiento económico y la electricidad transforman un aburrido día de lavado en un día intelectual de lectura.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Yo tenía solo cuatro años
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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cuando ví a mi madre llenar una lavadora de ropa
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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por primera vez en su vida.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Fue un gran dia para mi madre.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Ella y mi padre habían ahorrado durante años
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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para poder comprar esa lavadora.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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Y el día que iban a usarla,
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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invitaron hasta a mi abuela
00:34
to see the machine.
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a ver la lavadora.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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Y mi abuela estaba más emocionada aún.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Durante su vida
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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siempre tuvo que calentar agua con leña,
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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y lavar la ropa a mano
00:45
for seven children.
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para siete hijos.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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Y ahora iba a presenciar
00:50
electricity do that work.
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cómo la electricidad hacía ese trabajo.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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Mi madre abrió la puerta con cuidado,
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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luego metió la ropa
00:59
into the machine,
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en la lavadora,
01:01
like this.
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así.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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Y entonces, cuando cerró la puerta,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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Mi abuela dijo: "No, no, no, no...
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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...déjame a mí, déjame presionar el botón."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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Y ella presionó el botón,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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y dijo: "Oh, es fantástico...
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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...Quiero ver esto. Dame una silla...
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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...Dame una silla. Quiero verlo."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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Y se sentó frente a la lavadora,
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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y observó todo el proceso de lavado.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Estaba embelesada.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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Para mi abuela,
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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la lavadora era un milagro.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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Hoy, en Suecia y en otros países ricos,
01:38
people are using
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la gente usa
01:40
so many different machines.
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máquinas muy diferentes.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Miren, los hogares están llenos de aparatos.
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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Ni siquiera sé cómo se llaman todos.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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Y además, cuando quieren viajar,
01:49
they use flying machines
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usan máquinas voladoras
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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que los llevan a destinos remotos.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Y aún hay mucha gente en el mundo,
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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que debe calentar agua en el fuego,
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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y cocinar sus alimentos en la hoguera.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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A veces no tienen suficiente comida.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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Viven bajo el umbral de la pobreza.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Hay dos mil millones de personas
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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que viven con menos de dos dólares al día.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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Y la gente rica de aquí,
02:14
there's one billion people --
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que suman mil millones de personas,
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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viven por encima de lo que llamo el umbral del cielo,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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porque gastan más de 80 dólares diarios
02:23
on their consumption.
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en consumo.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Pero estos son sólo 1, 2, 3 mil millones de personas,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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y obviamente hay 7 mil millones en el mundo,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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así que debe haber 1, 2, 3, 4 mil millones más,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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que viven entre el umbral de la pobreza y el del cielo.
02:37
They have electricity,
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Ellos tienen electricidad,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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pero la cuestión es, ¿cuántos tienen lavadoras?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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He analizado los datos de mercado,
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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y he encontrado que, de hecho,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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la lavadora ha bajado del umbral del cielo,
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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y que hoy en día hay mil millones de personas más
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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que viven sobre el umbral del lavado.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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Y ellos consumen más de 40 dólares al día.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Así que dos mil millones de personas tienen acceso a lavadoras.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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Y los cinco mil restantes,
03:08
how do they wash?
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¿cómo lavan la ropa?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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O, para ser más precisos,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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¿cómo lavan la ropa la mayoría de las mujeres en el mundo?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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Porque sigue siendo un trabajo duro para las mujeres.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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Ellas lavan así, a mano.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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Es un trabajo duro, cansado,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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que deben hacer durante horas cada semana.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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Y a veces también deben traer agua desde lejos
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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para lavar en casa.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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O deben llevar la ropa lejos, hasta una corriente de agua.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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Ellas quieren una lavadora.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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No quieren perder tanto tiempo de sus vidas
03:44
doing this hard work
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haciendo este duro trabajo
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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tan poco productivo.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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Y su deseo no es para nada diferente
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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del que tenía mi abuela.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Miren aquí, hace dos generaciones en Suecia
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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estaban cogiendo agua del rio,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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calentándola en leña y lavando así.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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De igual modo, ellas quieren una lavadora.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Pero cuando lo propongo a estudiantes ambientalistas,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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me dicen: "No, todo el mundo no puede tener coches y lavadoras."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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¿Cómo podemos decirles a estas mujeres
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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que nunca van a tener una lavadora?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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Entonces pregunto a mis estudiantes...
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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Les he preguntado, durante los últimos dos años:
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"¿Cuantos de ustedes no utilizan el coche?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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Y algunos levantan sus manos orgullosos
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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y dicen: "Yo no uso el coche."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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Y luego les hago la pregunta difícil:
04:27
"How many of you
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"¿Cuántos de ustedes
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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lavan a mano sus pantalones y sus sábanas?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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Nadie levanta la mano.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Hasta los acérrimos en el movimiento verde
04:37
use washing machines.
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usan lavadoras.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Así que, ¿cómo es que esto es algo que todo el mundo usa
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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y que nadie dejará de hacerlo?, ¿qué tiene de especial?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Debo hacer un análisis sobre la energía que se consume en el mundo.
04:51
Here we are.
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Allá vamos.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Aquí ven los siete mil millones de personas:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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la gente del aire, la gente del lavado,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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la gente de las bombillas y la gente del fuego.
05:00
One unit like this
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Una unidad de estas
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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es una parte de combustible fósil:
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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pertróleo, carbón o gas.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Esto es lo que son la electricidad y la energía en el mundo.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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En todo el mundo se usan 12 partes,
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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y los mil millones más ricos usan seis de ellas.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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La mitad de la energía la usa la séptima parte de la población mundial.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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Y estos que tienen lavadoras,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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pero no una casa llena de otros aparatos,
05:24
they use two.
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utilizan dos.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Este grupo usa tres, una cada uno.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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Y ellos también tienen electricidad.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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Y por aquí ni siquiera usan una cada uno.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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Eso suma las 12 partes.
05:35
But the main concern
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Pero la principal preocupación
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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de los estudiantes ambientalistas, y tienen razón,
05:40
is about the future.
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es el futuro.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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¿Cuáles son las tendencias? Si prolongamos las tendencias,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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sin ningún análisis avanzado hasta 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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hay dos cosas que pueden aumentar el uso de energía.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Primero, el crecimiento de la población.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Segundo, el crecimiento económico.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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El crecimiento demográfico se producirá entre la gente pobre de aquí,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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porque tienen altas tasas de mortalidad infantil
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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y tienen muchos niños por mujer.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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Y así tendremos dos más,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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pero eso no cambiará mucho el uso de la energía.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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Lo que pasará es el crecimiento económico.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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El mayor aquí en las economías emergentes.
06:11
I call them the New East --
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Yo los llamo el Nuevo Oriente.
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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Saltarán el umbral del cielo.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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Dirán: "¡Wop!".
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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Y comenzarán a usar tanto como el Viejo Occidente.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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Y esta gente quiere lavadoras.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Se lo dije: Ellos irán allí.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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Y duplicará la cantidad de energía que utilizan.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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Esperamos que la gente pobre empiece a usar la luz eléctrica,
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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y que tengan familias de dos hijos sin detener el crecimiento demográfico.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Pero el consumo total de energía
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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aumentará a 22 unidades.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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Y de esas 22 unidades
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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los más ricos aún usarán la mayoría.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Así que, ¿qué se debe hacer?
06:45
Because the risk,
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Porque el riesgo,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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la gran probabilidad de cambio climático es real.
06:50
It's real.
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Es real.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Por supuesto deberán ser más eficientes energéticamente.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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Deben cambiar su comportamiento de alguna manera.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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También deberán comenzar a producir energía verde,
06:59
much more green energy.
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mucha más energía verde.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Pero hasta que tengan el mismo consumo de energía por persona,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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no deberían decir a los demás
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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qué hacer y qué no.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Aquí podemos obtener energía verde por todas partes.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Es lo que deseamos que pase.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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Es un verdadero reto en el futuro.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Pero puedo asegurarles que esta mujer de una favela de Rio
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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desea una lavadora.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Ella está muy contenta con su ministra de energía
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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que les dio electricidad a todos,
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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está contenta por haberla votado.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Ella se convirtió en Dilma Rousseff,
07:34
the president-elect
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la presidenta electa
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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de una de las democracias más grandes del mundo.
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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Pasó de ministra de energía a presidente.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Si hay democracia,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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la gente votará por lavadoras.
07:45
They love them.
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Las aman.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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¿Y cuál es la magia de las lavadoras?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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Mi madre me explicó esa magia
07:54
the very, very first day.
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el primer día.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Me dijo: "Ahora, Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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metemos la ropa,
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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y la lavadora hará el trabajo.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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Y nosotros podemos ir a la biblioteca."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Porque esta es la magia:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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uno carga la ropa,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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y ¿qué sale de la lavadora?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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De la lavadora salen libros,
08:13
children's books.
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libros para niños.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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Y mi madre tuvo tiempo de leer para mi.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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A ella le encantaba. Tuve el "ABC"
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Allí comencé mi carrera de profesor,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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cuando mi madre tuvo tiempo de leer para mi.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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Y también consiguió libros para ella.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Se las arregló para estudiar Inglés
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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y aprender una lengua extranjera.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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Y leyó muchas novelas,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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muchas novelas diferentes.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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Nosotros realmente amábamos esta máquina.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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Y lo que dijimos mi madre y yo fue:
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Gracias, industrialización.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Gracias fábrica de acero.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Gracias estación de energía.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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Y gracias industria química
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that gave us time to read books."
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por darnos tiempo para leer libros."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Muchas gracias.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com