TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling og den magiske vaskemaskinen
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Hva var den største oppfinnelsen fra den industrielle revolusjonen? Hans Rosling argumenterer for at det var vaskemaskinen. Med nydesignet grafikk fra Gapminder viser Rosling oss magien som dukker opp når økonomisk vekst og elektrisitet gjør en kjedelig vaskedag om til en dag med intellektuell lesing.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Jeg var bare fire år
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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da jeg så min mor fylle en vaskemaskin
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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for den første gangen i hennes liv.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Det var en stor dag for min mor.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Min mor og far hadde spart penger i årevis
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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for å kunne kjøpe den maskinen.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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Og den første dagen den skulle bli brukt
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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ble til og med Bestemor invitert
00:34
to see the machine.
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til å se maskinen.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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Og Bestemor var enda mer begeistret.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Gjennom hele sitt liv
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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hadde hun varmet vann med vedovnen
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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og hun hadde håndvasket klær
00:45
for seven children.
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for syv unger.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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Og nå skulle hun se
00:50
electricity do that work.
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elektrisitet gjøre jobben.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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Min mor åpnet forsiktig døren
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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og hun la inn skittentøyet
00:59
into the machine,
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i maskinen,
01:01
like this.
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slik.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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Og så, da hun lukket døren
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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sa Bestemor "Nei, nei, nei, nei.
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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La meg trykke på knappen."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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Og Bestemor trykket på knappen,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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og hun sa "Åh, fantastisk.
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Jeg vil se dette. Gi meg en stol.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Gi meg en stol. Jeg vil se dette."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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Og hun satte seg ned foran vaskemaskinen,
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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og så på hele vaskeprogrammet.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Hun var trollbundet.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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For min bestemor
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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var vaskemaskinen et mirakel.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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I dag, i Sverige og andre rike land,
01:38
people are using
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bruker folk
01:40
so many different machines.
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så mange forskjellige maskiner.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Se, huset er fullt av maskiner,
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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jeg kan ikke engang navnet på alle.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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Og de, folk vil også reise,
01:49
they use flying machines
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de bruker flyvemaskiner
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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som kan ta dem til fjerne strøk.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Og likevel, er det mange folk i verden
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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som fortsatt varmer vannet på et ildsted,
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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og de tilbereder maten sin på et ildsted.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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Noen ganger har de ikke engang nok mat.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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Og de lever under fattigdomsgrensen.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Det er to billioner mennesker
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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som lever på under to dollar om dagen.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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Og de rikeste folkene, her borte --
02:14
there's one billion people --
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det er en billion mennesker --
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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og de lever over det jeg kaller luftlinjen,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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for de bruker mer enn 80 dollar om dagen
02:23
on their consumption.
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på sitt forbruk.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Men dette er bare en, to, tre billioner mennesker,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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og det er åpenbart syv billioner mennesker i verden,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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så det må være en, to, tre, fire billioner mennesker til,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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som lever mellom fattigdomsgrensen og luftlinjen.
02:37
They have electricity,
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De har elektrisitet,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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men spørsmålet er, hvor mange har vaskemaskin?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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Jeg har gransket markedsdata,
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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og jeg har funnet ut at, faktisk,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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så har vaskemaskinen spredt seg under luftlinjen,
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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og i dag er det ytterligere en billion mennesker der ute
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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som lever over vaskelinjen.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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Og de forbruker mer enn 40 dollar om dagen.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Så to billioner har tilgang på vaskemaskiner.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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Og de resterende fem billionene,
03:08
how do they wash?
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hvordan vasker de?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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Eller, mer korrekt,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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hvordan vasker mesteparten av kvinnene i verden?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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For det er fortsatt hard arbeid for kvinner å vaske.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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De vasker på denne måten: for hånd.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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Det er hard, tidkrevende arbeid,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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som de må gjøre i timesvis hver uke.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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Og noen ganger må de også hente vann fra langt unna
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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for å vaske skittentøyet hjemme.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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Eller de må ta med seg skittentøyet til en bekk langt unna.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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Og de vil ha vaskemaskin.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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De ønsker ikke å bruke en så stor del av livet sitt
03:44
doing this hard work
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på å gjøre såpass tungt arbeid
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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med relativt lav produktivitet.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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Og det er ingen forskjell mellom deres ønske
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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og min bestemors.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Se her, for to generasjoner siden i Sverige --
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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henter vann fra bekken,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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varmer på vedovnen, og vasker slik.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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De ønsker vaskemaskinen på akkurat samme måte.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Men når jeg underviser miljø-bevisste studenter
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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sier de: "Nei, alle kan ikke ha biler og vaskemaskiner."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Hvordan kan vi fortelle denne kvinnen
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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at hun ikke kan få en vaskemaskin?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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Og så spør jeg studentene mine,
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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jeg har spurt dem -- over de siste to årene har jeg spurt,
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Hvor mange av dere bruker ikke bil?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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Og noen rekker stolte opp hånden
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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og sier: "Jeg bruker ikke bil."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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Og så stiller jeg det vanskelige spørsmålet:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Hvor mange av dere
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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håndvasker buksene deres og sengetøyet?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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Og ingen rekker opp hånden.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Selv de hardbarkede miljøforkjemperne
04:37
use washing machines.
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bruker vaskemaskin.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Så hvordan har det seg at noe som alle bruker
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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skal holdes unna andre, hva er spesielt med dette?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Jeg måtte gjøre en analyse av energiforbruket i verden.
04:51
Here we are.
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Her er den.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Se her, du ser de syv billioner folkene der oppe:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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luft-folkene, vaske-folkene,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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lyspære-folkene og ild-folkene.
05:00
One unit like this
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En enhet som dette
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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er en energi-enhet med fossilt brennstoff --
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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olje, kull eller gass.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Det er hva mesteparten av elektrisiteten og energien i verden består av.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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Og det er 12 enheter i bruk av hele verden,
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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og den rikeste billionen bruker seks av dem.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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Halvparten av verdens energi brukes av en syvendedel av befolkningen.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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Og disse som har vaskemaskiner,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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men ikke et hus fullt av andre maskiner,
05:24
they use two.
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de bruker to.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Denne gruppen bruker tre, en hver.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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Og de har også elektrisitet.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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Og her borte bruker de ikke en hver engang.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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Det blir 12 til sammen.
05:35
But the main concern
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Men hovedproblemet
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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for de miljøbevisste studentene -- og de har rett --
05:40
is about the future.
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er om fremtiden.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Hva er trendene? Om vi bare forlenger trendene,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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uten noen form for avansert analyse, til 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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så er det to ting som kan øke energiforbruket.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Først, befolkningsvekst.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Eller, økonomisk vekst.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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Befolkningsveksten vil for det meste forekomme blant de fattigste folkene her,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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fordi de har høy barnedødelighet
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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og de har mange barn per kvinne.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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Og med det vil det komme to ekstra (energi-enheter)
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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men det vil ikke forandre energiforbruket så mye.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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Det som vil skje er økonomisk vekst.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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For det meste her i gryende økonomier --
06:11
I call them the New East --
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jeg kaller dem det Nye Østen --
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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de vil krysse luft-linjen.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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"Wopp!" vil de si.
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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Og de vil starte å forbruke så mye som den Gamle Vesten gjør allerede.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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Og disse folkene, de vil ha vaskemaskin.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Jeg sa det. De går dit.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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Og de vil fordoble sitt energiforbruk.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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Og vi håper at de fattige vil få elektrisk lys.
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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Og at de vil få en tobarnsfamilie uten stopp i befolkningsveksten.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Men det totale energi forbruket
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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vil øke til 22 enheter.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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Og disse 22 enhetene
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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vil fortsatt stort sett bli brukt av de rikeste.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Så hva må gjøres?
06:45
Because the risk,
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For risikoen,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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den høye sannsynligheten for klimaforandringer er virkelig.
06:50
It's real.
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Den er reell.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Selvfølgelig må de bli mer energieffektive.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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De må endre væremåte til en viss grad.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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De må også begynne å produsere grønn energi,
06:59
much more green energy.
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mye mer grønn energi.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Men før de har det samme energiforbruket per person,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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bør de ikke gi råd til andre --
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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om hva de må gjøre og ikke gjøre.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Her kan vi få mer grønn energi over alt.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Dette er hva vi håper skal skje.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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Det er en ordentlig utfordring for fremtiden.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Men jeg kan garantere deg at denne kvinnen i favelaen i Rio,
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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ønsker seg en vaskemaskin.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Hun er veldig fornøyd med energiministeren sin
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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som ga elektrisitet til alle --
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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så glad at hun til og med stemte på henne.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Og hun ble Dilma Rousseff,
07:34
the president-elect
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presidentkandidat
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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i et av verdens største demokratier --
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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hun gikk fra energiminister til president.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Om du har demokrati,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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vil folk stemme for vaskemaskiner.
07:45
They love them.
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De elsker dem.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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Og hva er magien med dem?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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Min mor forklarte magien med denne maskinen
07:54
the very, very first day.
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den aller aller første dagen.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Hun sa: "Nå, Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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har vi lagt inn skittentøyet,
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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og maskinen vil gjøre jobben.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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Og nå kan vi gå til biblioteket."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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For dette er magien:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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du legger inn skittentøyet,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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og hva får du ut av vaskemaskinen?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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Du får bøker ut av maskinen,
08:13
children's books.
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barnebøker.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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Og min mor fikk tid til å lese for meg.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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Hun elsket dette. Jeg fikk "ABC".
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Dette er hvor jeg startet min karriere som professor,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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da min mor hadde tid til å lese for meg.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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Og hun fikk også bøker til seg selv.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Hun klarte å studere engelsk
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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og lærte seg det som andrespråk.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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Og hun leste så mange noveller,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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så mange forskjellige noveller her.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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Og vi elsket virkelig denne maskinen.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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Og min mor og jeg, vi sa:
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Takk industrialisering.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Takk stålverk.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Takk strømstasjon.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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Og takk kjemisk prosessindustri
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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som ga oss tid til å lese bøker."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Tusen takk.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com