TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling e a lavadora máxica
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Cal foi o maior invento da revolución industrial? Hans Rosling defende que foi a lavadora. Con novos gráficos de Gapminder, Rosling amósanos a maxia que aparece cando o crecemento económico e a electricidade convirten un día aburrido de lavado nun dia intelectual de lectura.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Eu tiña só catro anos
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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cando vin á miña nai cargar a lavadora
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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por primeira vez na súa vida.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Foi un gran día para a miña nai.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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A miña nai e o meu pai estiveran aforrando diñeiro durante anos
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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para poder mercar a máquina.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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E o primeiro día no que ía ser usada,
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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ata a miña avoa foi convidada
00:34
to see the machine.
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a ver a máquina.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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E a avoa estaba aínda máis entusiasmada.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Ao longo da súa vida
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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ela estivera quentando auga con leña,
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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e lavara a man a roupa
00:45
for seven children.
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de sete nenos.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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E agora ía ver
00:50
electricity do that work.
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como a electricidade facía ese traballo.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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A miña nai abriu a porta con coidado,
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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e cargou a roupa
00:59
into the machine,
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na máquina,
01:01
like this.
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así.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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E entón, cando ela pechou a porta,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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a avoa dixo, "Non, non, non, non.
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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Déixame, déixame premer o botón."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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E a avoa premeu o botón,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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e dixo, "Oh, fantástico.
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Quero ver isto. Dádeme unha cadeira.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Dádeme unha cadeira. Quero velo."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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E sentou diante da máquina,
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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e viu o programa de lavado enteiro.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Estaba abraiada.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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Para a miña avoa,
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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a lavadora era unha milagre.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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Hoxe, en Suecia e outros países ricos,
01:38
people are using
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a xente usa
01:40
so many different machines.
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moitas máquinas diferentes.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Mirade, as casas están cheas de máquinas;
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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Nin sei o nome de todas.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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E eles tamén, cando queren viaxar,
01:49
they use flying machines
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usan máquinas voadoras
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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que poden levalos a destinos remotos.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Mais, no mundo, hai tanta xente
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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que aínda quenta auga ao lume,
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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e que cociña a súa comida ao lume.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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Ás veces nin sequera teñen comida abonda.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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E viven por debaixo da liña de pobreza.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Hai 2 mil millóns de compañeiros seres humanos
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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que viven con menos de dous dólares ao día.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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E a xente rica aí --
02:14
there's one billion people --
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hai mil millóns de persoas --
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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e viven por enriba do que eu chamo a liña do ar
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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porque gastan máis de 80 dólares por día
02:23
on their consumption.
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de consumo.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Pero isto son só un, dous, tres mil millóns de persoas,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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e obviamente hai sete mil millóns de persoas no mundo,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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así que teñen que existir un, dous, tres, catro mil millóns de persoas máis,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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que viven entre a pobreza e a liña do ar.
02:37
They have electricity,
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Teñen electricidade,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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pero a pregunta é, cantos teñen lavadoras?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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Fixen unha análise dos datos de mercado,
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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e atopei que, de feito,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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a lavadora penetrou por debaixo da liña do ar,
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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e hoxe existen mil millóns de persoas a maiores
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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que viven por enriba da liña de lavado.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Sorrisos)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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E consumen máis de 40 dólares ao día.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Así que dous mil millóns teñen acceso a lavadoras.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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E os cinco mil millóns restantes,
03:08
how do they wash?
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como lavan?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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Ou, para ser máis exactos,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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como lavan a maioría das mulleres do mundo?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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Porque lavar segue a ser un traballo duro para as mulleres.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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Elas lavan así: a man.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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É unha tarefa dura e que leva tempo,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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que teñen que facer durante horas cada semana.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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E ás veces tamén teñen que carrexar auga de lonxe
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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para facer a coada na casa.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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Ou teñen que levar a roupa a un regato afastado.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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E queren a lavadora.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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Non queren pasar tanto tempo na súa vida
03:44
doing this hard work
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facendo este traballo duro
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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cunha produtividade relativamente baixa.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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E non hai nada diferente no seu desexo
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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do que tiña a miña avoa.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Mirade aquí, hai dúas xeracións en Suecia --
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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collendo auga dun regato,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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quentándoa ao lume e lavando así.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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Queren a lavadora exactamente do mesmo xeito.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Pero cando dou aulas a estudantes preocupados polo medio ambiente,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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eles dinme, "Non, non todo o mundo pode ter coches e lavadoras."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Como podemos dicirlle a esta muller
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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que non vai ter unha lavadora?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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E entón eu pregúntolles aos meus estudantes,
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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Lévolles preguntando -- durante os últimos dous anos preguntei,
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Cantos de vós non usades un coche?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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E algúns deles erguen a man con orgullo
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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e din, "Eu non uso coche."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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E entón lanzo a pregunta realmente dura:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Cantos de vós
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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lavades a man os vosos pantalóns e a roupa da cama?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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E ninguén ergue a man.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Incluso os máis radicais no movemento ecoloxista
04:37
use washing machines.
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usan lavadoras.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Sorrisos)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Entón, como é que isto é algo que todo o mundo usa
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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e pensan que ninguén deixará de facelo? Que ten de especial?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Tiven que facer unha análise sobre a enerxía usada no mundo.
04:51
Here we are.
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Aquí está.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Mirade isto, vedes os sete mil millóns de persoas aí enriba:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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a xente do ar, xente do lavado,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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a xente das bombillas, e a xente do lume.
05:00
One unit like this
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Unha unidade destas
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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é unha unidade de enerxía de combustible fósil --
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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petróleo, carbón ou gas.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Iso é o que a maioría da enerxía no mundo é.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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E todo o mundo usa 12 unidades,
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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e os mil millóns máis ricos, usan seis delas.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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A metade da enerxía é usada por unha sétima parte da poboación mundial.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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E estes que teñen lavadoras,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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pero non unha casa chea doutras máquinas,
05:24
they use two.
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usan dúas.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Este grupo usa tres, unha cada un.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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E teñen tamén electricidade.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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E aí non usan nin unha cada un.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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Iso fai o total de 12.
05:35
But the main concern
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Pero a principal preocupación
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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para os estudantes interesados no medio ambiente -- e teñen razón --
05:40
is about the future.
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é o futuro.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Cales son as tendencias? Se prolongamos as tendencias,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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sen ningunha análise real avanzada, ata 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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hai dúas cousas que poden incrementar o consumo de enerxía.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Primeiro, o crecemento da poboación.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Segundo, o crecemento económico.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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O crecemento da poboación acontecerá principalmente entre a xente máis pobre,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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porque teñen mortaldade infantil alta
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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e teñen moitos fillos por muller.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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E con iso temos dúas a maiores,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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pero iso non vai cambiar o uso da enerxía moito.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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O que acontecerá é o crecemento económico.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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O mellor del nas economías emerxentes --
06:11
I call them the New East --
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eu chámolles o Novo Leste --
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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saltarán a liña do ar.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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"Wopp!" dirán.
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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E comezarán a consumir tanto como o Vello Oeste está a facer xa.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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E esta xente, queren a lavadora.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Díxenvolo. Subirán aí.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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E van multiplicar por dous o seu consumo enerxético.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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E esperamos que a xente pobre chegue a ter luz eléctrica.
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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E terán unha familia de dous fillos sen unha interrupción do crecemento poboacional.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Pero o consumo enerxético total
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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incrementarase a 22 unidades.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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E destas 22 unidades
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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ainda a xente máis rica usa a maior parte.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Entón, que debe facerse?
06:45
Because the risk,
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Porque o risco,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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a alta probabilidade de cambio climático é real.
06:50
It's real.
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É real.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Por suposto eles teñen que ser máis eficientes coa enerxía.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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Teñen que cambiar o seu comportamento dalgún xeito.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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Teñen tamén que comezar a producir enerxía verde,
06:59
much more green energy.
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moita máis enerxía verde.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Pero ata que teñan o mesmo consumo enerxético por persoa,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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non deberían darlles consellos a outros --
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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qué facer e qué non facer.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Aquí podemos obter máis enerxía verde.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Isto é o que esperamos que poida acontecer.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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É un reto real para o futuro.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Pero eu podo asegurarvos que esta muller na favela de Rio,
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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quere unha lavadora.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Ela está moi contenta coa súa ministra de enerxía
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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que lles proporcionou electricidade a todos --
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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tan contenta que ata votou por ela.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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E ela converteuse en Dilma Rousseff,
07:34
the president-elect
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a presidenta electa
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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dunha das maiores democracias do mundo --
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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pasando de ministra de enerxía a presidenta.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Se tedes unha democracia,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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a xente vai votar polas lavadoras.
07:45
They love them.
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A eles encántanlles.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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E cal é a maxia que teñen?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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A miña nai explicou a maxia desta máquina
07:54
the very, very first day.
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o primeiro día.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Dixo, "Agora, Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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que xa cargamos a roupa,
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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a máquina vai facer o traballo.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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E agora podemos ir á biblioteca."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Porque esta é a maxia:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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cargas a roupa,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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e que obtés da máquina?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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Obtés libros das máquinas,
08:13
children's books.
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libros para nenos.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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E a miña nai tivo tempo para lerme.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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Encantáballe. Obtiven o "ABC."
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Aí foi cando comecei a miña carreira como mestre,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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cando a miña nai tivo tempo para lerme.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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E tamén obtivo libros para ela.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Puido estudar inglés
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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e aprendelo como lingua estranxeira.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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E leu tantas novelas,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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tantas novelas diferentes.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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E nós queríamoslle de verdade a esta máquina.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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E o que dixemos, a miña nai e máis eu, foi
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Grazas industralización.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Grazas fábrica de aceiro.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Grazas central eléctrica.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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E grazas industria de procesamento químico
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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por darnos tempo para ler libros."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Moitas grazas.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com