TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling ja võlupesumasin
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Mis oli tööstusrevolutsiooni suurim leiutis? Hans Rosling toob esile põhjused, miks tema peab selleks pesumasinat. Gapminderi värskete graafikute abil näitab Rosling meile, mis imeasju toob endaga kaasa see, kui majanduskasv ja elekter muudavad tüütu pesupäeva intellektuaalseks lugemispäevaks.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Ma olin vaid nelja-aastane,
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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kui ma nägin oma ema
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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esimest korda elus pesumasinat laadimas.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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See oli mu ema jaoks tähtis päev.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Mu ema ja isa olid aastaid raha kogunud,
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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et nad saaks endale selle masina osta.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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Ja esimesel päeval, kui seda kasutati,
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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kutsuti isegi vanaema
00:34
to see the machine.
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uut masinat vaatama.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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Ja vanaema oli isegi veel rohkem põnevil.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Terve oma elu jooksul
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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oli ta küttepuudega vett soojendanud
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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ja seitsme lapse pesu
00:45
for seven children.
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käsitsi pesnud.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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Ja nüüd sai ta vaadata,
00:50
electricity do that work.
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kuidas elekter selle töö ära teeb.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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Mu ema avas ettevaatlikult ukse
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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ja pani pesu
00:59
into the machine,
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pesumasinasse.
01:01
like this.
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Vot niimoodi.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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Ja siis, kui ta ukse sulges,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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ütles vanaema: "Ei, ei, ei, ei.
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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Las mina, las mina vajutan nuppu."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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Ja vanaema vajutas nuppu
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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ja ütles: "Oo, imeline.
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Ma tahan seda näha. Andke mulle tool.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Andke mulle tool, ma tahan seda näha."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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Ja ta istus pesumasina ette
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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ja ta vaatas terve pesuprogrammi lõpuni.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Ta oli hüpnotiseeritud.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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Minu vanaema jaoks
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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oli pesumasin ime.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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Tänapäeval kasutavad inimesed
01:38
people are using
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Rootsis ja teistes rikastes riikides
01:40
so many different machines.
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nii palju erinevaid masinaid.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Vaadake, kodud on masinad täis,
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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ma ei oska neile kõigile nimegi anda.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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Ja lisaks, kui nad reisida tahavad,
01:49
they use flying machines
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siis nad kasutavad lendavaid masinaid,
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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mis viivad neid kaugetesse sihtpunktidesse.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Ja siiski on maailmas nii palju inimesi,
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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kes ikka veel soojendavad vett tule abil
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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ja teevad süüa tulel.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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Vahel pole neil isegi piisavalt sööki.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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Ja nad elavad allpool vaesuspiiri.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Maailmas on 2 miljardit inimest,
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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kes elavad vähema kui 2 dollariga päevas.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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Ja rikkaimad inimesed sealpool --
02:14
there's one billion people --
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seal on miljard inimest --
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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ja nemad elavad ülalpool nii-öelda õhupiiri,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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sest nad kulutavad
02:23
on their consumption.
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rohkem kui 80 dollarit päevas.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Aga see on kõigest üks, kaks, kolm miljardit inimest,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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ja teadagi on maailmas seitse miljardit,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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seega peab olema veel üks, kaks, kolm, neli miljardit inimest,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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kes elavad vaesuspiiri ja õhupiiri vahel.
02:37
They have electricity,
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Neil on elekter,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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aga küsimus on, kui paljudel neist on pesumasin?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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Ma olen turuandmeid põhjalikud analüüsinud
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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ja ma olen avastanud, et tõepoolest,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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pesumasin on tunginud ka allapoole õhupiiri
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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ja tänapäeval on veel täiendavalt miljard inimest,
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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kes elavad ülalpool pesupiiri.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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Ja nad kulutavad rohkem kui 40 dollarit päevas.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Seega kahel miljardil on ligipääs pesumasinale.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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Ja ülejäänud 5 miljardit,
03:08
how do they wash?
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kuidas nemad pesu pesevad?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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Või, täpsemalt öeldes,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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kuidas enamik naisi maailmas pesu peseb?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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Sest raske pesupesemine on jätkuvalt naiste töö.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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Nad pesevad niimoodi - käsitsi.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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See on raske, aeganõudev töö,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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mida nad peavad tegema tundide viisi iga nädal.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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Ja mõnikord peavad nad ka kaugelt vett tooma,
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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et pesu kodus pesta.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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Või peavad nad pesu kaugelasuva jõe äärde tassima.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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Ja nad tahavad pesumasinat.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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Nad ei taha veeta nii suurt osa oma elust,
03:44
doing this hard work
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tehes seda rasket tööd,
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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millel on nii väike produktiivsus.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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Ja nende soov ei ole kuidagi erinev
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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minu vanaema soovist.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Vaadake, kaks põlvkonda tagasi Rootsis --
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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jõest vett ammutades,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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tulel vett soojendades ja niimoodi pestes.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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Nad tahavad pesumasinat täpselt sama moodi.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Aga kui ma pean loengut keskkonnateadlikele tudengitele,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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ütlevad nad mulle: "Ei, kõigil maailmas ei saa olla autosid ja pesumasinaid."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Kuidas me saame sellele naisele öelda,
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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et tema ei saa endale kunagi pesumasinat?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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Ja siis ma küsin oma õpilastelt,
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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ma olen neilt viimasel kahel aastal küsinud:
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Kui paljud teist ei kasuta autot?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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Ja mõni neist tõstab uhkustundega käe
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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ja ütleb: "Mina ei kasuta autot."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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Ja siis ma esitan neile tõeliselt ebamugava küsimuse:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Kui paljud teist
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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pesevad käsitsi oma teksasid ja voodipesu?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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Ja mitte keegi ei tõstnud kätt.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Isegi padurohelised
04:37
use washing machines.
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kasutavad pesumasinat.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Kuidas on võimalik, et see on midagi, mida kõik kasutavad,
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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ja nad arvavad, et teised ei tohiks; mis teeb selle asja eriliseks?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Ma tegin analüüsi energiakasutuse kohta maailmas.
04:51
Here we are.
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Siin see on.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Vaadake, te näete seal seitset miljardit inimest:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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õhuinimesed, pesuinimesed,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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elektripirni-inimesed ja tuleinimesed.
05:00
One unit like this
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Üks selline ühik
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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on fossiilkütuse energiaühik --
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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õli, süsi või gaas.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Just need annavad suurema osa maailma elektrist ja energiast.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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Ja terves maailmas kasutatakse 12 sellist ühikut
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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ja rikkaim miljard kasutab nendest kuus.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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Üks seitsmendik maailma rahvastikust kasutab poole energiast.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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Ja need, kellel on küll pesumasin,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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aga mitte tervet majatäit teisi masinaid,
05:24
they use two.
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nemad kasutavad kaks.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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See grupp kasutab kolm ühikut, igaüks ühe.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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Ja neil on ka elekter.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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Ja seal ei kasuta nad isegi ühte igaüks.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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See teeb kokku 12.
05:35
But the main concern
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Aga keskkonnateadlike tudengite peamine mure,
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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ja neil on õigus,
05:40
is about the future.
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puudutab tulevikku.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Millised on praegused trendid? Kui me lihtsalt pikendame neid trende,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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ilma põhjaliku analüüsita, kuni aastani 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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siis on kaks asja, mis võivad energiakasutust suurendada.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Esiteks, rahvastiku kasv.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Teiseks, majanduskasv.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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Rahvastiku kasvu näeme enamasti vaesemate inimeste hulgas,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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sest neil on kõrge laste suremus
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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ja neil on palju lapsi naise kohta.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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Ja sellega tuleb kaks ühikut lisaks,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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aga see ei muuda energiakasutust oluliselt.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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Aga siis on veel majanduskasv.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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Kasvavate majanduste edukamad --
06:11
I call them the New East --
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ma kutsun neid Uueks Idaks --
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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nemad hüppavad üle õhupiiri.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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"Hopsti!" ütlevad nad.
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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Ja nad hakkavad kasutama sama palju kui lääneriigid praegu.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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Ja need inimesed, nad tahavad pesumasinat.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Ma ju ütlesin. Nad lähevad sinna.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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Ja nad kahekordistavad oma energiakulu.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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Ja me loodame, et vaesed inimesed saavad elektrivalguse.
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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Ja tulevikus on neil kahe lapsega pered, ilma et rahvastiku kasv peatuks.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Aga kogu energiatarbimine
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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kasvab 22 ühikuni.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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Ja nendest 22 ühikust
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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kasutavad enamiku jätkuvalt rikkaimad inimesed.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Niisiis, mis tuleks ette võtta?
06:45
Because the risk,
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Sest kliimamuutuse oht
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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ja suur tõenäosus on reaalne.
06:50
It's real.
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See on tõeline.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Muidugi peavad nad olema energiatõhusamad.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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Nad peavad oma käitumist mingil moel muutma.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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Nad peavad hakkama tootma ka rohelist energiat,
06:59
much more green energy.
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palju rohkem rohelist energiat.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Aga senini, kui neil on sama energiakulu inimese kohta,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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ei tohiks nad teistele nõu anda --
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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mida teha ja mida mitte teha.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Siin võib meil olla rohkem rohelist energiat.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Seda me loodame.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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See on tulevikus tõeline väljakutse.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Aga ma võin teile kinnitada, et see naine Rio de Janeiro slummis
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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tahab pesumasinat.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Ta on väga õnnelik oma energiaministri üle,
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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kes varustas kõik elektriga --
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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nii õnnelik, et ta isegi hääletas tema poolt.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Ja sellest ministrist sai Dilma Rousseff,
07:34
the president-elect
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ühe maailma suurima demokraatia
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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ametisse valitud president,
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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tõustes ministriametist presidenditoolile.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Kui riigis valitseb demokraatia,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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siis inimesed hääletavad pesumasinate poolt.
07:45
They love them.
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Nad armastavad neid.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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Ja milles seisneb nende maagia?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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Mu ema selgitas selle masina võlu
07:54
the very, very first day.
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kohe esimesel päeval.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Ta ütles: "Nüüd, Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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oleme pesu masinasse pannud,
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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masin teeb ülejäänud töö.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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Ja nüüd me saame raamatukokku minna."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Sest see ongi asja võlu --
08:06
you load the laundry,
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sa paned pesu masinasse,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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ja mida sa masinast saad?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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Sa saad masinatest raamatuid,
08:13
children's books.
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lasteraamatuid.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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Ja emal oli nüüd aega mulle lugeda.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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Ta armastas seda. Siin on aabits.
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Just seal alustasin ma oma professorikarjääri,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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kui mu emal oli aega mulle lugeda.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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Ja ta laenutas raamatuid ka endale.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Tal õnnestus võõrkeelena
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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inglise keelt õppida.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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Ja ta luges nii palju romaane,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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nii palju erinevaid romaane.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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Ja me tõepoolest armastasime seda masinat.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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Ja mida mu ema ja mina ütlesime:
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Aitäh, industrialiseerimine.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Aitäh, terasetehas.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Aitäh, jõujaam.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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Ja aitäh, keemiatööstus,
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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et andsid meile aega raamatuid lugeda."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Suur aitäh.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com