TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling a zázračná práčka
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Čo bolo najväčším vynálezom priemyselnej revolúcie? Hans Rosling hlasuje za práčku. S novým designom grafiky Gapminderu Rosling ukazuje zázraky, ktoré sa objavia, keď ekonomický rast a elektrina urobia z nudného celodenného prania intelektuálny deň plný kníh.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Mal som len štyri roky,
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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keď som videl, ako dáva moja mama veci do práčky
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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prvýkrát v jej živote.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Pre moju mamu to bol nádherný deň.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Moji rodičia roky šetrili peniaze,
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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aby si ju mohli kúpiť.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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A prvý deň, keď sme ju mali použiť,
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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sme pozvali dokonca aj starú mamu,
00:34
to see the machine.
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aby sa na to pozrela.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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A stará mama sa tešila ešte viac.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Celý svoj život
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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zohrievala vodu nad ohňom
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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a v rukách prala bielizeň
00:45
for seven children.
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pre sedem detí.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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A teraz sa prišla pozrieť,
00:50
electricity do that work.
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ako tú prácu urobí elektrina.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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Moja mama opatrne otvorila dvierka
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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a vložila bielizeň
00:59
into the machine,
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dovnútra,
01:01
like this.
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asi takto.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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A potom, keď zavrela dvierka,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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stará mama povedala, "Nie, nie, nie, nie.
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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Dovoľte mi, dovoľte mi stlačiť ten gombík."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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A stará mama stlačila gombík,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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a povedala, "Och, fantastické.
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Toto chcem vidieť. Dajte mi stoličku.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Dajte mi stoličku. Chcem sa na to pozerať."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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Sadla si pred práčku
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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a dívala sa na ňu celý čas, kým prala.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Bola tým fascinovaná.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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Pre moju starú mamu
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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bola práčka zázrakom.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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Dnes ľudia vo Švédsku a v ďalších bohatých krajinách
01:38
people are using
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používajú
01:40
so many different machines.
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obrovské množstvo prístrojov.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Domy sú plné prístrojov,
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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neviem ich všetky ani vymenovať.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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Ak keď chcú cestovať,
01:49
they use flying machines
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použijú lietajúce stroje,
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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aby ich dopravili do vzdialených miest.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Ale vo svete je stále veľa ľudí,
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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ktorí zohrievajú vodu na ohni
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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a ktorí varia na ohni.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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Niekedy dokonca nemajú dosť jedla.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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A žijú pod hranicou chudoby.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Na svete žijú dve miliardy ľudských bytostí
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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z menej ako dvoch dolárov na deň.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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A najbohatší ľudia tu --
02:14
there's one billion people --
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tu je miliarda ľudí --
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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tí žijú nad čiarou, ktorú volám línia lietadla,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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pretože denne minú viac ako 80 dolárov
02:23
on their consumption.
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na svoju vlastnú spotrebu.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Ale to je len jedna, dve, tri miliardy ľudí
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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a na svete žije sedem miliárd ľudí,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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takže tu musí byť jedna, dve, tri, štyri miliardy ľudí,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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ktorí žijú medzi chudobou a líniou lietadla.
02:37
They have electricity,
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Majú elektrinu,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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ale otázka je, koľkí majú práčky?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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Podrobne som preskúmal dáta z trhu
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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a zistil som, že
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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práčka pomaly zostupuje pod lietadlovú líniu
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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a dnes máme ďalšiu miliardu ľudí,
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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ktorí žijú nad líniou práčky.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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Oni minú vyše 40 dolárov na deň.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Takže dve miliardy majú prístup k práčkam.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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A zvyšných päť miliárd,
03:08
how do they wash?
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ako oni perú?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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Alebo, aby sme boli presnejší,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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ako perie väčšina žien na svete?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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Pretože pranie je pre ženy stále ťažká práca.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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Perú takto - ručne.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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Je to ťažká a časovo náročná práca,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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ktorú musia robiť dlhé hodiny každý týždeň.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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A niekedy musia nosiť vodu zďaleka,
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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aby mohli prať doma.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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Alebo musia niesť bielizeň ďaleko k vode.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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A chcú práčku.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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Nechcú stráviť takú veľkú časť svojho života
03:44
doing this hard work
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touto ťažkou prácou
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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s pomerne nízkou produktivitou.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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A nie je tu žiadny rozdiel medzi ich prianím
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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a prianím mojej starej mamy.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Pozrite sa, pred dvoma generáciami vo Švédsku --
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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doniesť vodu z potoka,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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zohriať ju nad ohňom a tak prať.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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Chcú práčku presne tak isto.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Ale keď prednášam študentom, ktorí sa zaujímajú o životné prostredie,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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hovoria mi, "Nemôže mať každý autá a práčky."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Ako môžete povedať tejto žene,
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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že nemôže mať práčku?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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A potom sa spýtam svojich študentov,
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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spýtal som sa každého z nich za posledné dva roky,
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Koľkí z vás nepoužívajú auto?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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A niektorí z nich hrdo zdvihli ruku
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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a povedali, "Ja nepoužívam auto."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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A potom som im položil naozaj ťažkú otázku:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Koľkí z vás
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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ručne perú nohavice a posteľnú bielizeň?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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A nikto nezdvihol ruku.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Aj tí najzarytejší ochrancovia prírody
04:37
use washing machines.
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používajú práčky.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Ako to, že je to niečo, čo používa každý,
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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čo je na tom také zvláštne?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Musel som analyzovať, ako sa vo svete používa energia.
04:51
Here we are.
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Tu to máme.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Pozrite sa, vidíte sedem miliárd ľudí:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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ľudia s lietadlami, ľudia s práčkami,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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ľudia so žiarovkami a ľudia s ohňom.
05:00
One unit like this
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Jedna takáto jednotka
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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je energická jednotka fosílneho paliva --
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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ropa, uhlie alebo zemný plyn.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Odtiaľ pochádza väčšina elektriny a energie sveta.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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Na celom svete sa použije 12 takýchto jednotiek
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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a najbohatšia jedna miliarda ich využije šesť.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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Polovicu energie využije jedna sedmina svetovej populácie.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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A tí, ktorí majú práčky,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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ale nemajú dom plný ďalších prístrojov,
05:24
they use two.
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využijú dve.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Táto skupina použije tri, každá jednu.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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Oni majú tiež elektrinu.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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A títo nevyužijú ani tú jednu.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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To dáva dokopy 12.
05:35
But the main concern
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Ale hlavnou starosťou
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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ekologicky zameraných študentov -- a majú pravdu --
05:40
is about the future.
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je budúcnosť.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Aké sú trendy? Ak len predĺžime trendy,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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bez nejakej hlbšej analýzy, do roku 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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nájdeme dve veci, ktoré môžu zvýšiť spotrebu energie.
05:51
First, population growth.
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Prvou je rast populácie.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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Druhou je rast ekonomiky.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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Populácia bude rásť predovšetkým medzi týmito najchudobnejšími,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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pretože oni majú vysokú detskú úmrtnosť
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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a ženy majú veľa detí.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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A s tým pribudnú ďalšie dve,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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ale to veľmi nezmení spotrebu energiu.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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Väčší vplyv bude mať rast ekonomiky.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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Najlepšie z nastupujúcich ekonomík --
06:11
I call them the New East --
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volám ich Nový východ --
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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oni preskočia líniu lietadla.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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"Hop!" a budú tam.
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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A potom začnú používať tak veľa elektriny ako starý západ v súčasnosti.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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Títo ľudia chcú práčky.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Vravel som vám to. Pôjdu tam.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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A zdvojnásobia svoju spotrebu energie.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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A dúfame, že aj chudobní ľudia sa dostanú k elektrickému svetlu.
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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A budú mať rodinu s dvoma deťmi bez zastavenia rastu populácie.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Ale celková spotreba energie
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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sa zvýši na 22 jednotiek.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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A väčšinu z týchto 22 jednotiek
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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stále využívajú najbohatší.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Takže čo potrebujeme urobiť?
06:45
Because the risk,
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Pretože riziko,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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vysoká pravdepodobnosť klimatickej zmeny je reálna.
06:50
It's real.
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Je to tak.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Samozrejme, musia energiu využívať efektívne.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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Musia určitým spôsobom zmeniť svoje správanie.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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A tiež musia začať vyrábať zelenú energiu,
06:59
much more green energy.
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oveľa viac zelenej energie.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Ale kým nebudú mať rovnakú spotrebu energie na osobu,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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nemali by poučovať ostatných --
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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čo robiť, a čo nerobiť.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Tu môžeme získať viac zelenej energie.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Dúfame, že sa to stane.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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Pre budúcnosť je to veľká výzva.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Ale môžem vás uistiť, že táto žena na predmestí Ria
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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chce práčku.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Je veľmi šťastná, že jej ministerka pre energetiku
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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zabezpečila elektrinu pre každého --
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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taká šťastná, že za ňu hlasovala.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Dilma Rousseff bola zvolená
07:34
the president-elect
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za prezidentku
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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jednej z najväčších demokracií na svete --
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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z ministerky pre energetiku sa stala prezidentka.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Ak máte demokraciu,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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ľudia budú hlasovať za práčky.
07:45
They love them.
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Milujú ich.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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A aký je ten zázrak?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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Moja mama mi vysvetlila zázrak práčky
07:54
the very, very first day.
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hneď v prvý deň.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Povedala, "Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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zapli sme práčku,
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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ona za nás operie.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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A my môžeme ísť do knižnice."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Pretože toto je zázrak:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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zapnete práčku,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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a čo z nej dostanete?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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Dostanete z nej knihy,
08:13
children's books.
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detské knihy.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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A mama mala čas čítať mi.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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Milovala to. Dostal som "ABC."
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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A vtedy začala moja kariéra profesora,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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keď moja mama mala čas čítať mi.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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A tiež si zaobstarala knihy pre seba.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Stíhala študovať angličtinu
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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a naučiť sa ju ako cudzí jazyk.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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A prečítala tak veľa románov,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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tak veľa rôznych románov.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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A naozaj sme ten stroj milovali.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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A hovorievali sme, moja mama a ja,
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Vďaka ti, priemysel.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Vďaka ti, oceliareň.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Vďaka ti, elektráreň.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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A vďaka ti chemický priemysel za to,
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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že nám dávaš čas na čítanie kníh."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com