ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time

Philip Zimbardo recomenda uma visão saudável do tempo

Filmed:
1,798,097 views

O psicólogo Philip Zimbardo afirma que a felicidade e o sucesso são originados numa característica que a maioria de nós ignora: o jeito como nos orientamos em relação ao passado, presente e futuro. Ele sugere que a calibração da nossa perspectiva sobre o tempo é o primeiro passo para melhorar nossas vidas.
- Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
I want to share with you
0
0
2000
Quero compartilhar com vocês
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
1
2000
2000
algumas idéias sobre o misterioso poder do tempo,
00:22
in a very short time.
2
4000
3000
em pouco tempo.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
3
7000
3000
Vídeo: Certo, disparem o relógio. 30s estúdio.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
4
10000
5000
Silêncio por favor. Quietos.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
5
15000
6000
"Já Era Hora". Sequência final. Tomada um.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
6
21000
3000
15s estúdio.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
7
24000
3000
10, 9, 8, 7,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
8
27000
7000
6, 5, 4, 3, 2...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
9
34000
2000
Zimbardo: Vamos examinar a origem
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
10
36000
4000
da conversa da tentação de Adão.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
11
40000
4000
Vamos Adão, não seja tão sem graça. Dê uma mordida. Eu mordi.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
12
44000
3000
Uma mordida, Adão. Não abandone Eva.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
13
47000
3000
Eu não sei pessoal.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
14
50000
2000
Não quero arrumar confusão.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
15
52000
5000
Certo, uma mordida. Que se dane!
01:15
(Laughter)
16
57000
2000
(Risos)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
17
59000
3000
Vida é tentação. Trata-se de ceder, resistir,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
18
62000
3000
sim, não, agora, depois, impulso, reflexão,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
19
65000
3000
foco no presente, foco no futuro.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
20
68000
2000
Virtudes prometidas sucumbem às paixões do momento.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
21
70000
3000
Das adolescentes que prometeram abstinência sexual e virgindade até o casamento --
01:31
thank you George Bush --
22
73000
2000
obrigado George Bush --
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
23
75000
4000
a maioria, 60%, cedeu às tentações sexuais no primeiro ano.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
24
79000
3000
E a maioria delas sem proteção.
01:40
So much for promises.
25
82000
2000
O valor de uma promessa...
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
26
84000
4000
Agora vamos tentar crianças de 4 anos, dando a elas um doce.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
27
88000
2000
Elas podem comer um marshmallow agora. Mas se esperarem
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
28
90000
2000
o pesquisador voltar, elas podem comer dois.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
29
92000
3000
É claro que compensa, se você gosta de marshmallow, esperar.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
30
95000
3000
Acontece que 2/3 das crianças cedem à tentação.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
31
98000
3000
Não conseguem esperar. Os outros, claro, esperam.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
32
101000
4000
Eles resistem à tentação. Eles postergam o agora pelo depois.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
33
105000
2000
Walter Mischel, meu colega de Stanford,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
34
107000
2000
voltou 14 anos depois,
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
35
109000
3000
para tentar descobrir as diferenças naquelas crianças.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
36
112000
2000
Existiam diferenças enormes entre as crianças que resistiram
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
37
114000
2000
e as que cederam, em várias maneiras.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
38
116000
4000
As crianças que resistiram tiraram 250 pontos a mais no vestibular.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
39
120000
4000
Isso é enorme. É como uma outra categoria de QI.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
40
124000
3000
Eles não arranjavam muita confusão. Eram melhores alunos.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
41
127000
2000
Tinham autoconfiança e determinação. O essencial para mim,
02:27
the key for you,
42
129000
2000
o essencial para vocês,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
43
131000
3000
é que eles eram voltados para o futuro em vez de para o presente.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
44
134000
3000
O que é perspectiva temporal? É isso que vou comentar hoje.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
45
137000
3000
Perspectiva temporal é o estudo de como indivíduos,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
46
140000
3000
todos nós, dividem o fluxo da experiência humana
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
47
143000
2000
em zonas ou categorias temporais.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
48
145000
2000
E isso é feito automática e inconscientemente.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
49
147000
2000
Os níveis variam entre culturas, nações,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
50
149000
2000
indivíduos, classes sociais,
02:49
between education levels.
51
151000
2000
níveis de educação.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
52
153000
2000
E eles podem ficar tendenciosos.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
53
155000
4000
Aprendemos a usar mais um tipo do que outro.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
54
159000
2000
O que determina qualquer decisão que tomamos?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
55
161000
3000
Tomamos uma decisão, que servirá de base para uma ação.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
56
164000
3000
Alguns se preocupam somente como a situação imediata,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
57
167000
3000
o que os outros estão fazendo e o que elas estão sentindo.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
58
170000
3000
Essas pessoas, as que tomam as decisões desse modo,
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
59
173000
2000
vamos chamar de "orientadas para o presente".
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
60
175000
2000
Porque o foco está no agora.
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
61
177000
2000
Para outros, o presente é irrelevante.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
62
179000
3000
A preocupação é: "Que tipo de experiência parecida eu já vivi no passado?"
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
63
182000
3000
Então as decisões são baseadas nas memórias passadas.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
64
185000
4000
Vamos chamar essas pessoas de "orientadas para o passado". O foco é o que foi.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
65
189000
2000
Para outros não é passado e nem o presente,
03:29
it's only about the future.
66
191000
2000
o importante é o futuro.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
67
193000
2000
O foco está em antecipar as consequências.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
68
195000
3000
Análise de custo-benefício.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
69
198000
3000
Vamos chamar essas pessoas de "orientadas para o futuro". O foco é o que será.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
70
201000
2000
O paradoxo do tempo, quero argumentar,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
71
203000
2000
o paradoxo da perspectiva do tempo,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
72
205000
3000
é algo que influencia cada decisão tomada,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
73
208000
2000
e nunca o notamos.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
74
210000
2000
Ou seja, é o tamanho do viés que temos para cada
03:50
biased time perspectives.
75
212000
2000
uma das perspectivas temporais.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
76
214000
3000
Existem seis deles. Existem duas maneiras de ser orientado para o presente.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
77
217000
2000
Duas maneiras de ser orientado para o passado e duas para o futuro.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
78
219000
4000
Podemos nos focar no passado-positivo ou passado-negativo.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
79
223000
2000
Podemos ser presente-hedonistas,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
80
225000
3000
isto é, o foco está nos prazeres da vida, ou presente-fatalistas.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
81
228000
2000
Não importa. Nossas vidas são controladas.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
82
230000
2000
Podemos ser orientados para o futuro, estabelecendo metas.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
83
232000
2000
Ou podemos pensar no futuro transcendental,
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
84
234000
3000
ou seja, vida após a morte.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
85
237000
2000
Desenvolver a flexibilidade mental para mudar as perspectivas temporais
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
86
239000
3000
de acordo com a situação,
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
87
242000
2000
é o que devemos aprender a fazer.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
88
244000
3000
Rapidamente, qual é o perfil temporal ideal?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
89
247000
2000
Alto em passado-positivo. Moderadamente alto em futuro.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
90
249000
2000
E moderado em presente-hedonista.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
91
251000
3000
Sempre baixo em passado-negativo
04:32
and present-fatalism.
92
254000
2000
e presente-fatalismo.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
93
256000
3000
A mistura temporal ideal é o que tiramos do passado --
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
94
259000
4000
passado-positivo nos dá raízes. Nos conectamos com a família, nossa identidade e nós mesmos.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
95
263000
2000
Do futuro pegamos as asas
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
96
265000
2000
para voar a novos destinos, novos desafios.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
97
267000
2000
Do presente-hedonimo tiramos
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
98
269000
3000
a energia para explorar a nós mesmos,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
99
272000
4000
lugares, pessoas, sensualidade.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
100
276000
4000
Qualquer perspectiva temporal em excesso tem mais negativos do que positivos.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
101
280000
3000
O que quem pensa no futuro sacrifica pelo sucesso?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
102
283000
2000
Sacrificam tempo com a família, com os amigos.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
103
285000
4000
Sacrificam diversão. Sacrificam satisfação pessoal.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
104
289000
5000
Sacrificam hobbies. Sacrificam o sono. A saúde é afetada.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
105
294000
3000
Eles vivem para o trabalho, realização e controle.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
106
297000
3000
Tenho certeza que isso se aplica a muitos TEDsters.
05:18
(Laughter)
107
300000
2000
(Risos)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
108
302000
3000
E se aplica a mim. Eu cresci pobre no sul do gueto do Bronx
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
109
305000
3000
em uma família siciliana. Todos viviam no passado e no presente.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
110
308000
2000
Estou aqui como uma pessoa orientada para o futuro
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
111
310000
2000
que exagerou, que fez todos esses sacrifícios
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
112
312000
4000
porque os professores intervieram, e me tornaram orientado para o futuro.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
113
316000
2000
Me disseram para não comer o marshmallow,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
114
318000
2000
porque se eu esperar, irei ganhar dois,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
115
320000
3000
até eu aprender a equilibrar.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
116
323000
5000
Acrescentei o presente-hedonista e o foco no passado-positivo.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
117
328000
3000
Então com 76 anos, sou mais ativo do que nunca, mais produtivo,
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
118
331000
3000
mais feliz do que eu jamais estive.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
119
334000
2000
Estamos aplicando esse modelo para muitos problemas mundiais,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
120
336000
2000
alterando o índice de abandono das escolas,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
121
338000
3000
lutando contra o vício, aumentando a saúde juvenil,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
122
341000
3000
curando transtorno pós-traumático em soldados -- curas milagrosas --
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
123
344000
2000
promovendo sustentabilidade e conservação,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
124
346000
4000
reduzindo o tempo de fisioterapia onde o abandono é de 50%,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
125
350000
2000
alterando os apelos dos terroristas suicidas,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
126
352000
4000
e modificando conflitos familiares.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
127
356000
2000
Quero finalizar dizendo
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
128
358000
3000
que muitos enigmas da vida podem ser resolvidos
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
129
361000
3000
entendendo-se a sua perspectiva temporal e a dos outros.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
130
364000
2000
A idéia é tão simples, tão óbvia,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
131
366000
2000
mas as consequências são de fato profundas.
06:26
Thank you so much.
132
368000
2000
Muito obrigado.
06:28
(Applause)
133
370000
1000
(Aplausos)
Translated by Renan Botelho
Reviewed by Belucio Haibara

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee