ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time

Philip Zimbardo 健康的时间观念

Filmed:
1,798,097 views

心理学家Philip Zimbardo说我们大部分人都忽略了幸福和成功的来源:那就是我们观望过去、面向现在和展望未来。要想改善生活质量,他建议我们首先要调整时间观念。
- Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
I want to share分享 with you
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我想跟你们分享一些
00:20
some ideas思路 about the secret秘密 power功率 of time,
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对时间的神秘力量的看法
00:22
in a very short time.
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当然是在很短的时间内
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Video视频: All right, start开始 the clock时钟 please. 30 seconds studio工作室.
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视频:好的,开始计时。30秒倒计时
00:28
Keep it quiet安静 please. Settle解决 down.
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保持安静。
00:33
It's about time. End结束 sequence序列. Take one.
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注意时间。结束倒计时。
00:39
15 seconds studio工作室.
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15秒倒计时
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10,9,8,7
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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6,5,4,3,2......
00:52
Philip菲利普 Zimbardo津巴多: Let's tune into the conversation会话
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Philip Zimbardo: 让我们来看看这段对话
00:54
of the principals校长 in Adam's亚当 temptation诱惑.
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是有关“亚当的诱惑”
00:58
"Come on Adam亚当, don't be so wishy-washy优柔寡断. Take a bite." "I did."
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快,亚当,别磨磨唧唧的,就咬一口,我已咬过了
01:02
"One bite, Adam亚当. Don't abandon放弃 Eve前夕."
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就一口,亚当。不要放弃夏娃
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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我不知道啊
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble麻烦."
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我真的不想惹麻烦
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell地狱?"
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好吧,就一口。能怎么样?
01:15
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:17
Life is temptation诱惑. It's all about yielding生产, resisting抵制,
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生活中充满了诱惑。而且到处都是:屈服或反抗
01:20
yes, no, now, later后来, impulsive浮躁, reflective反光,
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是、不是、现在、随后、冲动、沉稳
01:23
present当下 focus焦点 and future未来 focus焦点.
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专注现在和展望未来
01:26
Promised virtues美德 fall秋季 prey猎物 to the passions激情 of the moment时刻.
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激情时刻一旦到来,道德束缚将皆被打破
01:28
Of teenage青少年 girls女孩 who pledged承诺 sexual有性 abstinence节制 and virginity童贞 until直到 marriage婚姻 --
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那些承诺婚前无性行为的女孩
01:31
thank you George乔治 Bush衬套 --
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– 这里感谢下小布什总统
01:33
the majority多数, 60 percent百分, yielded产生 to sexual有性 temptations诱惑 within one year.
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大多数,大概百分之六十的人在一年之内就违背了自己的承诺
01:37
And most of them did so without using运用 birth分娩 control控制.
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而这些人几乎没采取任何“安全措施”
01:40
So much for promises许诺.
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多么多的承诺啊
01:42
Now lets让我们 tempt勾引 four-year-olds四岁的孩子, giving them a treat对待.
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现在我们来试试引诱4岁的孩子,拿他们来做个试验
01:46
They can have one marshmallow棉花糖 now. But if they wait
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他们现在有一个棉花糖,如果他们能够
01:48
until直到 the experimenter实验者 comes back, they can have two.
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等到实验员回来再吃的话,就可以得到2个棉花糖
01:50
Of course课程 it pays支付, if you like marshmallows棉花糖, to wait.
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这当然是需要付出的,如果你真喜欢吃棉花糖的话,那就等着
01:53
What happens发生 is two-thirds三分之二 of the kids孩子 give in to temptation诱惑.
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但结果是3分之2的孩子屈服于诱惑
01:56
They cannot不能 wait. The others其他, of course课程, wait.
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他们等不了。当然,其它的孩子都得到了第二个棉花糖
01:59
They resist the temptation诱惑. They delay延迟 the now for later后来.
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因为他们抵抗了诱惑。他们甘于先苦后甜。
02:03
Walter沃尔特 Mischel米契尔, my colleague同事 at Stanford斯坦福,
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沃特米塞奇,是我在斯坦福大学的同事
02:05
went back 14 years年份 later后来,
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他在14年后
02:07
to try to discover发现 what was different不同 about those kids孩子.
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重新找到这些孩子并去勘察他们现时的情况
02:10
There were enormous巨大 differences分歧 between之间 kids孩子 who resisted抵制
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结果发现这两组孩子在各个方面
02:12
and kids孩子 who yielded产生, in many许多 ways方法.
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都有着巨大的差异
02:14
The kids孩子 who resisted抵制 scored进球 250 points higher更高 on the SATSAT.
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那些等到了第二个棉花糖的孩子在SAT中比另一组得分平均高250分
02:18
That's enormous巨大. That's like a whole整个 set of different不同 IQ智商 points.
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这是多么大的差异啊!这根本就是两组智商水平不同的孩子啊
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble麻烦. They were better students学生们.
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他们都没有任何问题,都是好学生
02:25
They were self-confident自信 and determined决心. And the key for me today今天,
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他们自信而且果断。那么今天我所要说的关键是
02:27
the key for you,
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同样也是你们的关键点
02:29
is, they were future-focused着眼于未来 rather than present-focused现在的重点.
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就是由“面向现在”转变为“展望未来”
02:32
So what is time perspective透视? That's what I'm going to talk about today今天.
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那什么是时间洞察力呢?这将是我下面要讲的
02:35
Time perspective透视 is the study研究 of how individuals个人,
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时间洞察力是研究个人
02:38
all of us, divide划分 the flow of your human人的 experience经验
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包括我们在内,如何以时间区域或时间类别为单位
02:41
into time zones or time categories类别.
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划分自身的经历体验。
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And you do it automatically自动 and non-consciously非自觉.
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其实我们一直都在自然而然地做着
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They vary变化 between之间 cultures文化, between之间 nations国家,
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而影响我们划分方式的因素有很多,包括不同的文化背景、国家
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between之间 individuals个人, between之间 social社会 classes,
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个人、社会阶层
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between之间 education教育 levels水平.
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以及不同的教育背景
02:51
And the problem问题 is that they can become成为 biased,
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问题是由于这些因素的存在,最终导致时间洞察力都具是片面的
02:53
because you learn学习 to over-use过度使用 some of them and under-use下使用 the others其他.
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因为你学会经常使用其中的一些,而其他的则被很少使用
02:57
What determines确定 any decision决定 you make?
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是什么促使你做出那些选择?
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You make a decision决定 on which哪一个 you're going to base基础 an action行动.
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你所做的决定是基于你怎么采取行动的
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate即时 situation情况,
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对一些人来说,这个决定只是基于现状
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling感觉.
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另一些人是基于他们的直觉。
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions决定 in that format格式 --
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对于那些基于现状而做决定的人
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented本为本,"
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我们称呼他们为:“面向现在”
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because their focus焦点 is what is now.
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因为他们专注于现正发生的事情
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For others其他, the present当下 is irrelevant不相干.
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对于另一些人来说,现正发生什么并不重要
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation情况 like that I've experienced有经验的 in the past过去?"
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就好像是说:“我以前好像经历过类似的事情”一样
03:20
So that their decisions决定 are based基于 on past过去 memories回忆.
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所以,他们基于过去的经验来做决定
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented过去为导向," because they focus焦点 on what was.
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我们称呼这些人为:“观望过去”,因为他们专注于过去
03:27
For others其他 it's not the past过去, it's not the present当下,
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还有一部分人,他们的考虑不是基于现在,也不是过去
03:29
it's only about the future未来.
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而是未来
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Their focus焦点 is always about anticipated预期 consequences后果.
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他们专注于预期的结果
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Cost-benefit成本效益 analysis分析.
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就像成本效益分析一样
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented面向未来." Their focus焦点 is on what will be.
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我们称呼这些人为:展望未来。因为他们专注于将来会是怎么样的
03:39
So, time paradox悖论, I want to argue争论,
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那么,时间悖论,这里我要讨论的是:
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the paradox悖论 of time perspective透视,
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时间洞察力的悖论
03:43
is something that influences影响 every一切 decision决定 you make,
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会不会有某个因素影响你做出的每一个决定
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you're totally完全 unaware不知道 of.
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而你又完全不知?
03:48
Namely亦即, the extent程度 to which哪一个 you have one of these
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那你就具有某种程度上的
03:50
biased time perspectives观点.
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片面的时间洞察力
03:52
Well there is actually其实 six of them. There are two ways方法 to be present-oriented本为本.
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实际上是有六种时间洞察力,其中两个属于“面向现在”
03:55
There is two ways方法 to be past-oriented过去为导向, two ways方法 to be future未来.
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两个属于“观望过去”,还有两个属于“展望未来”
03:57
You can focus焦点 on past-positive过去阳性, or past-negative过去阴性.
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你可以专注于“积极经历”或“消极经历”
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic本-享乐,
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也可以专注于“享受现在”
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namely亦即 you focus焦点 on the joys欢乐 of life, or present-fatalist本-宿命论者 --
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指的是你专注于生活中的快乐,或者自身宿命
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled受控.
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这些都无所谓,因为你的生活尽在掌握
04:08
You can be future-oriented面向未来, setting设置 goals目标.
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当然,你也可以“展望未来”,设定一个目标
04:10
Or you can be transcendental超越 future未来:
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或者超越未来
04:12
namely亦即, life begins开始 after death死亡.
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指的是:生命在死后重新开始
04:15
Developing发展 the mental心理 flexibility灵活性 to shift转移 time perspectives观点 fluidly流体
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通过增强精神灵活性来顺利地提升时间洞察力
04:17
depending根据 on the demands需要 of the situation情况,
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这有赖于环境的需求
04:20
that's what you've got to learn学习 to do.
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这就是你要学着去做的
04:22
So, very quickly很快, what is the optimal最佳 time profile轮廓?
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那么,什么是最佳的时间洞察力呢?
04:25
High on past-positive过去阳性. Moderately适当地 high on future未来.
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高度依赖于“积极经历”,适度依赖于未来
04:27
And moderate中等 on present-hedonism本-享乐主义.
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适度依赖于”享受现在“
04:29
And always low on past-negative过去阴性
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永远不考虑“消极经历”
04:32
and present-fatalism本-宿命论.
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和“宿命论”
04:34
So the optimal最佳 temporal mix混合 is what you get from the past过去 --
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其实,最佳的时间洞察力是由你过去的经历
04:37
past-positive过去阳性 gives you roots. You connect your family家庭, identity身分 and your self.
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“积极经历”奠定了基础,你和你的家庭,独立自主
04:41
What you get from the future未来 is wings翅膀
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从未来得到是
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to soar翱翔 to new destinations目的地, new challenges挑战.
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值得奋斗的目标,新的挑战
04:45
What you get from the present当下 hedonism享乐主义
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从“享受现在”中得到的是动力
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is the energy能源, the energy能源 to explore探索 yourself你自己,
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去探索自身
04:50
places地方, people, sensuality淫荡.
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世界、他人以及原始需求
04:54
Any time perspective透视 in excess过量 has more negatives底片 than positives阳性.
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任何时间洞察力中总是负性多于正性的
04:58
What do futures期货 sacrifice牺牲 for success成功?
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举个例子:为了将来的成功我们需要牺牲些什么呢?
05:01
They sacrifice牺牲 family家庭 time. They sacrifice牺牲 friend朋友 time.
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我们需要牺牲和家庭在一起的时光,需要牺牲和朋友在一起的时光
05:03
They sacrifice牺牲 fun开玩笑 time. They sacrifice牺牲 personal个人 indulgence放纵.
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需要牺牲那些快乐的时光,需要牺牲个人嗜好
05:07
They sacrifice牺牲 hobbies爱好. And they sacrifice牺牲 sleep睡觉. So it affects影响 their health健康.
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需要牺牲业余爱好,需要牺牲睡眠时间。因此会影响身体健康
05:12
And they live生活 for work, achievement成就 and control控制.
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他们的生活中只有工作、成就和控制欲
05:15
I'm sure that resonates共振 with some of the TEDstersTEDsters.
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我保证你们在座的一些人会对此引起共鸣
05:18
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:20
And it resonated共鸣 for me. I grew成长 up as a poor较差的 kid孩子 in the South Bronx布朗克斯 ghetto贫民区,
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这些与我引起了共鸣,我出生于南布朗克斯贫民窟中的一个贫困的
05:23
a Sicilian西西里 family家庭 -- everyone大家 lived生活 in the past过去 and present当下.
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西西里岛人的家庭中。每个人都是在沉湎过去和活在当下
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented面向未来 person
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在这里,我,作为一位“展望未来”的人
05:28
who went over the top最佳, who did all these sacrifices牺牲
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拜我的老师所赐,我做出了以上所有的牺牲
05:30
because teachers教师 intervened干预, and made制作 me future未来 oriented面向.
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并将我改变成为一位“展望未来”的人。
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow棉花糖,
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告诉我不要那个棉花糖
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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因为如果你等待的话,就能吃到2个
05:38
until直到 I learned学到了 to balance平衡 out.
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直到我学会了如何平衡舍与得的关系。
05:41
I've added添加 present-hedonism本-享乐主义, I've added添加 a focus焦点 on the past-positive过去阳性,
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现在我学会了“享受现在”,同时也学会了观望“积极经历”
05:46
so, at 76 years年份 old, I am more energetic有活力 than ever, more productive生产的,
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因此,在我76岁的时候,我感觉到从没有过的精力、动力
05:49
and I'm happier幸福 than I have ever been.
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现在的我比以前任何时候都要快乐!
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying应用 this to many许多 world世界 problems问题:
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这里,我只是想说:要应用这个原理去解决世界上的很多问题
05:54
changing改变 the drop-out退出 rates利率 of school学校 kids孩子,
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改变学校的退学率
05:56
combating打击 addictions成瘾, enhancing提高 teen青少年 health健康,
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打击毒品,增强青少年健康
05:59
curing养护 vets'兽医 PTSDPTSD with time metaphors隐喻 -- getting得到 miracle奇迹 cures治愈 --
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用时间隐喻法治疗那些患有创伤后应激障碍的老兵 — 创造医学奇迹
06:02
promoting促进 sustainability可持续性 and conservation保护,
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促进可持续发展和保护
06:04
reducing减少 physical物理 rehabilitation复原 where there is a 50-percent-百分 drop下降 out rate,
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在具有50%退出率的医院内减缓身体康复
06:08
altering改变 appeals上诉 to suicidal自杀 terrorists恐怖分子,
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改变那些呼吁自杀的恐怖分子
06:10
and modifying修改 family家庭 conflicts冲突 as time-zone时区 clashes冲突.
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将家庭矛盾转化为时间区域的冲突
06:14
So I want to end结束 by saying:
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最后我想说的是
06:16
many许多 of life's人生 puzzles谜题 can be solved解决了
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如果真正理解自身的以及其他人的时间观点的话
06:19
by understanding理解 your time perspective透视 and that of others其他.
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生活中的许多困惑都会被解开
06:22
And the idea理念 is so simple简单, so obvious明显,
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道理是简单且显而易见的
06:24
but I think the consequences后果 are really profound深刻.
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但结论是深奥的
06:26
Thank you so much.
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谢谢!
06:28
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Qu Wei
Reviewed by Chaoran Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.

Why you should listen

Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.

A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.

Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"

More profile about the speaker
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com