TED2009
Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time
Filip Zimbardo preporučuje zdrav odnos prema vremenu
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Psiholog Filip Zimbardo kaže da su sreća i uspeh zasnovani na ličnoj karakteristici koju većina nas zanemaruje: specifičan odnos koji imamo prema prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. On sugeriše da je podešavanje načina na koji posmatramo vreme prvi korak ka unapređenju sopstvenog života.
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I want to share with you
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Želim sa vama da podelim
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
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ideje o tajnoj moći vremena,
00:22
in a very short time.
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i neću vam oduzeti puno vremena.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
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Video: U redu, počnite odbrojavanje molim. 30 sekundi, studio.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
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Tišina, molim. Smirite se.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
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Krajnje je vreme. Završna scena. Pokušaj prvi.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
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15 sekundi, studio.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10, devet, osam, sedam,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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šest, pet, četiri, tri, dva ...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
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Filip Zimbardo: Uključimo se u razgovor
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
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o osnovama Adamovog iskušenja.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
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Hajde Adame, ne budi tako hoću-neću. Zagrizi. Ja jesam.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
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Jedan griz, Adame. Ne napuštaj Evu.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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Ne znam baš, ljudi.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
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Ne bih da upadnem u nevolju.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
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'Aj važi. Samo griz. Šta je kog đavola važno?
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
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Život je iskušenje. Sve je u popuštanju, opiranju,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
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da, ne, sada, kasnije, impulsivno, promišljeno,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
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fokus na sadašnjosti, fokus na budućnosti.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
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Obećane vrline postaju žrtve trenutnih strasti.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
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Među tinejdžerkama koje su se zavetovale na apstinenciju i nevinost pre braka --
01:31
thank you George Bush --
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hvala Džordžu Bušu --
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
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većina, 60 procenata, je poklekla pred seksualnim iskušenjem u roku od godinu dana.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
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Većina je to uradila bez korišćenja kontracepcije.
01:40
So much for promises.
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Toliko o obećanjima.
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
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Hajde da sada stavimo pred iskušenje četvorogodišnjake, dajući im poslasticu.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
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Mogu da dobiju jednu puslicu sada. Ali, ako čekaju
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
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dok se eksperimentator ne vrati, mogu da dobiju dve.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
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Naravno da se isplati čekati, ako volite puslice.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
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Rezultat je da dve trećine dece podlegne iskušenju.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
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Ne mogu da čekaju. Ostali, naravno, čekaju.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
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Odupiru se iskušenju. Odlažu sada za kasnije.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
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Volter Mišel, kolega sa Stenforda,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
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vratio se posle 14 godina,
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
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pokušavajući da otkrije po čemu se ta deca razlikuju.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
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Bilo je ogromnih razlika između dece koja su se oduprla
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
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i dece koja su podlegla iskušenju, u više karakteristika.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
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Deca koja su se oduprla postigla su 250 poena više na SAT testu za prijem na studije.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
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To je ogromna razlika. Radi se o potpuno drugom nivou IQ poena.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
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Manje su upadala u nevolje. Bila su bolji đaci.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
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Bila su samopouzdana i odlučna. A od posebnog značaja za mene danas,
02:27
the key for you,
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i značajno za vas,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
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bila su orjentisana na budućnost umesto orjentisana na sadašnjost.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
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Pa šta je to vremenska perspektiva? O tome ću danas pričati.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
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Vremenska perspektiva je istraživanje toga kako pojedinci,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
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svi mi, delimo tok ljudskog iskustva
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
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u vremenske zone ili kategorije vremena.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
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To činimo automatski, nesvesno.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
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Ima razlika među kulturama, među narodima,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
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među pojedincima, među socijalnim slojevima,
02:49
between education levels.
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među ljudima različitog obrazovanja.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
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A problem je u tome što mogu postati pristrasne.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
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Jer naučimo da previše koristimo neke od njih a premalo druge.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
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Šta određuje bilo koju odluku koju donosite?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
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Donesete odluku, na osnovu koje delate.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
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Za neke ljude sve je u neposrednoj situaciji,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
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onome što drugi ljudi rade i onome kako se osećate.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
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Ti ljudi, kada donose odluke na taj način --
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
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njih ćemo zvati „orijentisani na sadašnjost“.
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
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Jer njihov fokus je na onome što je sada.
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
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Za druge, sadašnjost je nebitna.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
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Njima je važno „Kako je ova situacija slična onome što sam doživeo u prošlosti?“.
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
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Stoga su njihove odluke zasnovane na prošlim sećanjima.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
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Ove ljude ćemo zvati „orijentisani na prošlost“. Jer oni se fokusiraju na ono što je bilo.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
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Za druge, nije važna prošlost, nije važna sadašnjost,
03:29
it's only about the future.
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važna je samo budućnost.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
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Njihov fokus je uvek na očekivanim posledicama.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
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Analiza troškova i koristi.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
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Zvaćemo ih „orijentisani na budućnost“. Njihov fokus je na onome što će biti.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
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Tako da, paradoks vremena, tvrdim,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
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paradoks vremenske perspektive,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
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je nešto što utiče na svaku odluku koju donosite,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
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a čega ste potpuno nesvesni.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
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Konkretno, do koje mere je usvojena jedna od ovih
03:50
biased time perspectives.
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pristrasnih vremenskih perspektiva.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
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Pa, zapravo ih ima šest. Dva su načina da se bude orijentisan na sadašnjost.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
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Dva su načina da se bude orijentisan na prošlost, dva načina za budućnost.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
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Možete biti fokusirani na pozitivnu prošlost ili negativnu prošlost.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
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Možete biti hedonista sadašnjice,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
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konkretno, fokusirani na uživanje u životu, ili fatalista sadašnjice.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
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Nije toliko važno. Vaš život je kontrolisan.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
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Možete biti orijentisani na budućnost, na postavljanje ciljeva.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
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Ili možete transcendirati budućnost:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
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konkretno, da život počinje nakon smrti.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
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Razvijanje mentalne fleksibilnosti za lako menjanje vremenske perspektive
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
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u zavisnosti od zahteva situacije,
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
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to je ono što morate da naučite.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
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Ukratko, šta je optimalni vremenski profil?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
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Visoko na pozitivnoj prošlosti. Umereno visoko na budućnosti.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
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I umereno na hedonističkoj sadašnjosti.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
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I uvek nisko na negativnoj prošlosti
04:32
and present-fatalism.
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i fatalističkoj sadašnjosti.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
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Tako je optimalni vremenski miks ono što dobijate od prošlosti --
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
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pozitivna prošlost daje korene. Uspostavljate vezu sa porodicom, identitetom i sopstvom.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
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Budućnost vam daje krila
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
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da hrlite ka novim odredištima, novim izazovima.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
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Hedonistička sadašnjost daje
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
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energiju da istražujete sebe,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
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mesta, ljude, senzualnost.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
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Svaka vremenska perspektiva kada je preterana ima više negativnih nego pozitivnih strana.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
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Šta „futuristi“ žrtvuju zarad uspeha?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
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Žrtvuju vreme sa porodicom. Žrtvuju vreme sa prijateljima.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
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Žrtvuju razonodu. Žrtvuju ugađanje sebi.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
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Žrtvuju hobije. I žrtvuju san. Tako da utiče na njihovo zdravlje.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
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I oni žive za posao, postignuće i kontrolu.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
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Siguran sam da to zvuči poznato nekim od TEDstera.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
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I meni je ta perspektiva bliska. Odrastao sam kao siromašno dete u getu južnog Bronksa,
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
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u sicilijanskoj porodici. Svi su živeli u prošlosti i sadašnjosti.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
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A evo mene kao osobe orjentisane na budućnost
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
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koja preteruje, koja se toliko žrtvovala
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
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jer su se nastavnici umešali i orijentisali me na budućnost.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
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Rekli su mi ne jedi taj beli slez,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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jer ako sačekaš dobićeš dva,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
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sve dok nisam naučio da izvagam stvari.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
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Dodao sam hedonizam u sadašnjosti. Dodao sam fokus na pozitivnu prošlost.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
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Tako da sa 76 godina, imam više energije nego ikada, produktivniji sam
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
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i srećniji nego što sam ikada bio.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
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Samo hoću da kažem da primenjujemo ovo gledište na mnoge svetske probleme,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
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na smanjenje broja dece koja napuštaju školu,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
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na borbu protiv zavisnosti, unapređenje zdravlja adolescenata,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
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lečenje posttraumatskog stresnog sindroma veterana pomoću vremenskih metafora -- dobijamo magična izlečenja --
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
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u promociji održivosti i očuvanja,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
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za smanjenje fizikalne rehabilitacije gde je stopa odustajanja 50 procenata,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
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promenu apela za teroriste samoubice,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
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i uticaj na porodične konflikte kada dođe do sukoba vremenskih zona.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
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Na kraju ću reći
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
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da je mnoge životne zagonetke moguće rešiti
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
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kroz razumevanje vremenske perspektive, kako sopstvene, tako i drugih.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
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Sama ideja je vrlo jednostavna, očigledna,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
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ali mislim da su posledice stvarno duboke.
06:26
Thank you so much.
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Puno vam hvala.
06:28
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - PsychologistPhilip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.
Why you should listen
Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.
A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.
Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com