TED2006
Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?
Ken Robinson vraví, že škola zabíja tvorivosť
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Sir Ken Robinson zábavne a veľmi dojemne argumentuje za vytvorenie vzdelávacieho systému, ktorý živí (viac než potláča) tvorivosť.
Ken Robinson - Author/educator
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
Good morning. How are you?
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Dobré ráno. Ako sa máte? Bolo to skvelé, že?
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:29
It's been great, hasn't it?
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Celé ma to dorazilo.
00:32
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:34
In fact, I'm leaving.
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Vlastne, odchádzam. (Smiech)
00:36
(Laughter)
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Mali sme tu tri témy,
00:42
There have been three themes
running through the conference
running through the conference
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počas konferencie, ktoré sa týkajú
00:45
which are relevant
to what I want to talk about.
to what I want to talk about.
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toho, o čom chcem hovoriť.
00:47
One is the extraordinary
evidence of human creativity
evidence of human creativity
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Jedna je neobyčajný dôkaz ľudskej tvorivosti
00:52
in all of the presentations that we've had
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vo všetkých týchto prezentáciách
00:54
and in all of the people here.
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a vo všetkých ľuďoch, ktorí tu sú. Tá rôznorodosť
00:56
Just the variety of it
and the range of it.
and the range of it.
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a jej rozsah. Po druhé,
01:00
The second is
that it's put us in a place
that it's put us in a place
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v tomto mieste nevieme, čo sa bude diať
01:02
where we have no idea
what's going to happen,
what's going to happen,
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01:04
in terms of the future.
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z hľadiska budúcnosti. Nevieme,
01:06
No idea how this may play out.
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ako sa to skončí.
01:09
I have an interest in education.
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Zaujíma ma vzdelanie,
01:10
Actually, what I find is everybody
has an interest in education.
has an interest in education.
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vlastne zisťujem, že všetkých zaujíma vzdelanie.
Vás nie? Zdá sa mi to veľmi zaujímavé.
01:15
Don't you?
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01:16
I find this very interesting.
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Ak ste na večierku a poviete, že
01:17
If you're at a dinner party,
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01:19
and you say you work in education --
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pracujete v školstve,
01:21
Actually, you're not often
at dinner parties, frankly.
at dinner parties, frankly.
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vlastne často nie ste na večierkoch, ak pracujete v školstve.
01:24
(Laughter)
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01:28
If you work in education,
you're not asked.
you're not asked.
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(Smiech) Nikto vás nepozýva.
01:31
(Laughter)
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A nikto vás znova nepozve, čo je zvláštne.
01:34
And you're never asked back, curiously.
That's strange to me.
That's strange to me.
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01:38
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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Ale ak tam ste a niekomu poviete,
viete, že sa spýtajú: "Čo robíte?"
01:40
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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a vy poviete, že pracujete v školstve,
01:42
and you say you work in education,
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01:44
you can see the blood run from their face.
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a sledujete, ako im mizne krv z tváre. Pomyslia si:
01:46
They're like, "Oh my God,"
you know, "Why me?"
you know, "Why me?"
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"Ó Bože, prečo ja? Môj jediný voľný večer za celý týždeň." (Smiech)
01:48
(Laughter)
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01:50
"My one night out all week."
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01:51
(Laughter)
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Ale ak sa spýtate na ich vzdelanie,
01:54
But if you ask about their education,
they pin you to the wall.
they pin you to the wall.
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pritlačia vás k stene, pretože to je jedna z vecí,
01:57
Because it's one of those things
that goes deep with people, am I right?
that goes deep with people, am I right?
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ktoré im idú do kostí, že?
Ako náboženstvo a peniaze a iné veci.
02:01
Like religion, and money and other things.
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Vzdelanie ma veľmi zaujíma, a myslím, že nás všetkých.
02:04
So I have a big interest in education,
and I think we all do.
and I think we all do.
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Veľmi nás zaujíma,
02:08
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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čiastočne preto, že vzdelanie nás má
02:10
partly because it's education
that's meant to take us into this future
that's meant to take us into this future
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vziať do budúcnosti, ktorú nechápeme.
02:14
that we can't grasp.
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02:15
If you think of it,
children starting school this year
children starting school this year
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Ak sa nad tým zamyslíte, deti, ktoré tento rok začínajú školu
pôjdu do dôchodku v 2065-tom. Nikto nevie --
02:19
will be retiring in 2065.
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02:24
Nobody has a clue,
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napriek všetkým znalostiam predvedeným za posledné štyri dni --
02:25
despite all the expertise that's been
on parade for the past four days,
on parade for the past four days,
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ako bude svet vyzerať
02:29
what the world will look like
in five years' time.
in five years' time.
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o päť rokov. A napriek tomu
02:32
And yet we're meant
to be educating them for it.
to be educating them for it.
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máme na to vzdelať. Tá nepredvídateľnosť
02:34
So the unpredictability,
I think, is extraordinary.
I think, is extraordinary.
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je nevídaná.
02:36
And the third part of this
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A tretia časť je,
02:38
is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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že sme všetci súhlasili, že
02:40
on the really extraordinary
capacities that children have --
capacities that children have --
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deti majú mimoriadne schopnosti
02:45
their capacities for innovation.
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inovovať. Včera večer bola Sirena zázrak.
02:48
I mean, Sirena last night
was a marvel, wasn't she?
was a marvel, wasn't she?
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Len skúšajúc, čo dokáže.
02:50
Just seeing what she could do.
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Je výnimočná, no nemyslím si, že je
02:52
And she's exceptional, but I think
she's not, so to speak,
she's not, so to speak,
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02:57
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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výnimočná v porovnaní s ostatnými deťmi.
Máte tu človeka s výnimočným odhodlaním,
03:00
What you have there is a person
of extraordinary dedication
of extraordinary dedication
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ktorý má talent. A ja tvrdím, že
03:03
who found a talent.
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všetky deti majú náramné talenty.
03:05
And my contention is,
all kids have tremendous talents.
all kids have tremendous talents.
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A my nimi mrháme, dosť nemilosrdne.
03:07
And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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Chcem hovoriť teda o vzdelávaní a
03:09
So I want to talk about education
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03:12
and I want to talk about creativity.
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o tvorivosti. Tvrdím, že
03:13
My contention is that creativity now
is as important in education as literacy,
is as important in education as literacy,
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tvorivosť je rovnako dôležitá ako gramotnosť
a mali by sme ju dať na rovnakú úroveň.
03:19
and we should treat it
with the same status.
with the same status.
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(Potlesk) Ďakujem.
03:22
(Applause) Thank you.
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03:24
(Applause)
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03:29
That was it, by the way.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne. (Smiech) Takže, zostalo nám 15 minút.
03:30
Thank you very much.
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03:31
(Laughter)
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03:33
So, 15 minutes left.
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Takže, narodil som sa...nie. (Smiech)
03:35
(Laughter)
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03:38
Well, I was born... no.
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03:40
(Laughter)
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Nedávno som počul skvelý príbeh - rád ho poviem -
03:43
I heard a great story recently
-- I love telling it --
-- I love telling it --
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o malom dievčatku, ktoré malo hodinu kreslenia. Mala šesť rokov
03:46
of a little girl
who was in a drawing lesson.
who was in a drawing lesson.
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a sedela vzadu a kreslila,
03:49
She was six, and she was
at the back, drawing,
at the back, drawing,
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a učiteľka povedala, že toto malé dievča len zriedka
03:51
and the teacher said this girl
hardly ever paid attention,
hardly ever paid attention,
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dávalo pozor, ale na tejto hodine dávalo.
03:54
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:55
The teacher was fascinated.
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Užasnutá učiteľka k nej podišla
03:57
She went over to her,
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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a povedala: "Čo kreslíš?"
04:00
And the girl said, "I'm
drawing a picture of God."
drawing a picture of God."
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A dievča na to: "Kreslím Boha."
04:03
And the teacher said, "But nobody
knows what God looks like."
knows what God looks like."
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A učiteľka odvetila: "Ale nikto nevie, ako Boh vyzerá."
04:06
And the girl said,
"They will, in a minute."
"They will, in a minute."
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A dievča povedalo: "O chvíľu uvidia."
04:09
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
Keď mal môj syn 4 roky v Anglicku --
04:20
When my son was four in England --
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vlastne, on mal 4 roky všade. (Smiech)
04:23
Actually, he was four
everywhere, to be honest.
everywhere, to be honest.
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Všade kam išiel mal toho roku 4 roky.
04:25
(Laughter)
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04:27
If we're being strict about it,
wherever he went, he was four that year.
wherever he went, he was four that year.
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Hral narodenie Ježíša.
04:30
He was in the Nativity play.
Do you remember the story?
Do you remember the story?
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Pamätáte si ten príbeh?
04:33
(Laughter)
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04:34
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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Bol čímsi. Mel Gibson spravil pokračovanie.
04:36
Mel Gibson did the sequel,
you may have seen it.
you may have seen it.
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Možno ste ho videli: "Jasličky II." James však hral Jozefa,
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:40
"Nativity II."
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04:41
But James got the part of Joseph,
which we were thrilled about.
which we were thrilled about.
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a my sme boli z toho vzrušení.
04:45
We considered this to be
one of the lead parts.
one of the lead parts.
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Považovali sme to za jednu z hlavných rolí.
Celú miestnosť sme zaplnili tričkami:
04:48
We had the place crammed
full of agents in T-shirts:
full of agents in T-shirts:
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"James Robinson JE Jozef!" (Smiech)
04:50
"James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)
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04:53
He didn't have to speak,
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On nemusel nič povedať, ale tú časť poznáte,
04:54
but you know the bit
where the three kings come in?
where the three kings come in?
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keď prídu traja králi. Nesú dary,
04:57
They come in bearing gifts,
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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a donesú zlato, kadidlo a myrhu.
04:59
This really happened.
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Toto sa naozaj stalo. Sedeli sme tam
05:00
We were sitting there and I think
they just went out of sequence,
they just went out of sequence,
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a myslím, že oni nešli v poradí,
pretože sme sa potom s tým malým chlapcom rozprávali:
05:04
because we talked to the little boy
afterward and we said,
afterward and we said,
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"Si spokojný?" A on povedal: "Áno, prečo, bolo to zlé?"
05:06
"You OK with that?" And he said,
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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Len zamenili poradie.
05:09
They just switched.
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Takže, traja chlapci vošli,
05:10
The three boys came in,
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štvorroční s uterákmi na hlavách,
05:12
four-year-olds with tea towels
on their heads,
on their heads,
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a položili na zem krabice,
05:14
and they put these boxes down,
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05:15
and the first boy said,
"I bring you gold."
"I bring you gold."
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a prvý chlapec povedal: "Prinášam ti zlato."
05:17
And the second boy said,
"I bring you myrrh."
"I bring you myrrh."
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A druhý chlapec povedal: "Ja ti prinášam myrhu."
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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A tretí chlapec povedal: "Frank poslal toto." (Smiech)
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:34
What these things have in common
is that kids will take a chance.
is that kids will take a chance.
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Toto všetko znamená, že deti sa chopia šance.
A ak niečo nevedia, skúsia.
05:37
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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Je to tak? Neboja sa omylov.
05:40
Am I right? They're not
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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Nechcem tým povedať, že mýliť sa je to isté ako byť tvorivý.
05:44
I don't mean to say that being wrong
is the same thing as being creative.
is the same thing as being creative.
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Ale vieme, že
05:48
What we do know is,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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ak nie ste pripravení mýliť sa,
05:52
you'll never come up
with anything original --
with anything original --
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nikdy neprídete s niečím originálnym.
05:54
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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Ak nie ste pripravení mýliť sa. Kým dospejú,
05:56
And by the time they get to be adults,
most kids have lost that capacity.
most kids have lost that capacity.
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väčšina detí stratí túto schopnosť.
Začnú sa báť svojich omylov.
06:01
They have become
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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A mimochodom, my takto riadime naše firmy.
06:03
And we run our companies like this.
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Stigmatizujeme omyly. A riadime
06:05
We stigmatize mistakes.
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06:07
And we're now running
national education systems
national education systems
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národné školstvo, kde
06:09
where mistakes are the worst
thing you can make.
thing you can make.
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omyly sú to najhoršie, čo môžete urobiť.
06:12
And the result is that
we are educating people
we are educating people
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A výsledok je, že vzdelávame ľudí
06:15
out of their creative capacities.
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bez ich tvorivých schopností. Picasso raz povedal:
06:18
Picasso once said this, he said
that all children are born artists.
that all children are born artists.
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všetky deti sa narodia umelcami.
06:22
The problem is to remain an artist
as we grow up.
as we grow up.
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Problém je zostať umelcom ako vyrastáme. Tomuto zapálene verím:
06:25
I believe this passionately,
that we don't grow into creativity,
that we don't grow into creativity,
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nevyrastáme do tvorivosti,
odrastáme z nej. Vzdelanie nás od nej odďaľuje.
06:29
we grow out of it.
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06:30
Or rather, we get educated out if it.
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Prečo je to tak?
06:33
So why is this?
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Žil som v Stratforde na Avone až na posledných päť rokov.
06:34
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon
until about five years ago.
until about five years ago.
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Presťahovali sme sa zo Stratfordu do Los Angeles.
06:38
In fact, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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Viete si predstaviť, aká to bola zmena.
06:41
So you can imagine
what a seamless transition that was.
what a seamless transition that was.
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(Smiech) Vlastne,
06:44
(Laughter)
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06:46
Actually, we lived in a place
called Snitterfield,
called Snitterfield,
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žili sme v Snitterfielde,
na okraji Stratfordu, kde
06:48
just outside Stratford,
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06:49
which is where
Shakespeare's father was born.
Shakespeare's father was born.
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sa narodil Shakespearov otec. Napadlo vás niečo? Mňa áno.
06:52
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:54
You don't think of Shakespeare
having a father, do you?
having a father, do you?
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Zvyčajne nemyslíte na Shakespearovho otca, že?
Pretože nemyslíte
06:57
Do you? Because you don't think
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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na Shakespeara ako na dieťa, že?
07:01
Shakespeare being seven?
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Sedemročný Shakespeare? Nikdy ma to nenapadlo..
07:02
I never thought of it.
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07:03
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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Raz musel mať však sedem rokov.
07:05
He was in somebody's
English class, wasn't he?
English class, wasn't he?
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Niekto ho mal v triede na angličtine. Aké otravné to muselo byť?
07:07
(Laughter)
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07:14
How annoying would that be?
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(Smiech) "Snaž sa viac." Jeho otec ho posielal do postele
07:16
(Laughter)
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07:23
"Must try harder."
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07:24
(Laughter)
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07:28
Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
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hovoriac, "Choď do postele, hneď,"
"a polož tú ceruzku.
07:32
And put the pencil down."
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A prestaň tak rozprávať. Nikto tomu nerozumie."
07:34
(Laughter)
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07:35
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:37
(Laughter)
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07:41
"It's confusing everybody."
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(Smiech)
07:42
(Laughter)
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Presťahovali sme sa zo Stratfordu do Los Angeles,
07:47
Anyway, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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poviem trochu o tom sťahovaní sa.
07:53
and I just want to say a word
about the transition.
about the transition.
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Môj syn nechcel ísť.
07:55
My son didn't want to come.
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07:57
I've got two kids;
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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Mám dve deti. On má teraz 21, moja dcéra má 16.
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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On nechcel ísť do Los Angeles. Páčilo sa mu to,
ale mal priateľku v Anglicku. Bola to jeho životná láska, Sarah.
08:02
He loved it, but he had
a girlfriend in England.
a girlfriend in England.
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08:05
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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Poznal ju mesiac.
08:08
He'd known her for a month.
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Ale už mali za sebou štvrté výročie,
08:10
(Laughter)
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08:11
Mind you, they'd had
their fourth anniversary,
their fourth anniversary,
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lebo to je dlhý čas, keď máte 16.
08:13
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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V lietadle bol veľmi rozrušený,
08:16
He was really upset on the plane,
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a povedal: "Nikdy nenájdem také dievča ako Sarah."
08:18
he said, "I'll never find
another girl like Sarah."
another girl like Sarah."
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A nám sa to páčilo,
08:20
And we were rather pleased
about that, frankly --
about that, frankly --
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lebo ona bola hlavný dôvod, prečo sme opúšťali krajinu.
08:23
(Laughter)
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08:31
Because she was the main reason
we were leaving the country.
we were leaving the country.
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(Smiech)
08:34
(Laughter)
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Ale niečo vás ohromí, keď sa presťahujete do Ameriky,
a keď cestujete po svete:
08:40
But something strikes you
when you move to America
when you move to America
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každý školský systém na svete má rovnakú hierarchiu predmetov.
08:42
and travel around the world:
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08:43
Every education system on Earth
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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Každý. Nezáleží na tom, kam idete.
08:47
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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Mysleli by ste si, že by to bolo naopak, ale nie je.
08:49
You'd think it would be
otherwise, but it isn't.
otherwise, but it isn't.
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Na vrchu je matematika a jazyky,
08:51
At the top are mathematics and languages,
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potom sú ľudské vedy, a na spodku umenie.
08:53
then the humanities,
and at the bottom are the arts.
and at the bottom are the arts.
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Všade na svete.
08:56
Everywhere on Earth.
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A v každom systéme
08:57
And in pretty much every system too,
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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je hierarchia v umeniach.
09:01
Art and music are normally
given a higher status in schools
given a higher status in schools
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Umenie a hudba zvyčajne majú vyššie postavenie v škole
než divadlo a tanec. Na svete nie je školský systém,
09:04
than drama and dance.
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09:05
There isn't an education
system on the planet
system on the planet
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kde sa deti každý deň učia tanec
09:07
that teaches dance everyday to children
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rovnako ako sa učíme matematiku. Prečo?
09:09
the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
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Prečo nie? Myslím, že je to dôležité.
09:12
Why not? I think this is rather important.
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Myslím, že matematika je veľmi dôležitá ale aj tanec.
09:15
I think math is very
important, but so is dance.
important, but so is dance.
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Deti tancujú stále, ak ich necháme. My všetci tancujeme.
09:17
Children dance all the time
if they're allowed to, we all do.
if they're allowed to, we all do.
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Všetci máme telá, nie? Ušlo mi niečo?
09:20
We all have bodies, don't we?
Did I miss a meeting?
Did I miss a meeting?
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09:23
(Laughter)
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(Smiech) Stane sa, že
09:26
Truthfully, what happens is,
as children grow up,
as children grow up,
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ako deti rastú, začneme ich učiť
09:28
we start to educate them progressively
from the waist up.
from the waist up.
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progresívne od pása nahor. A potom sa sústredíme na ich hlavy.
09:31
And then we focus on their heads.
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A trochu viac na jednu stranu.
09:33
And slightly to one side.
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Ak by ste navštívili školstvo ako mimozemšťan,
09:35
If you were to visit
education, as an alien,
education, as an alien,
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09:38
and say "What's it for, public education?"
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a spýtali sa: "Načo je štátne vzdelanie?"
09:41
I think you'd have to conclude,
if you look at the output,
if you look at the output,
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Museli by ste zhrnúť - ak sa pozriete na výsledok,
kto je v tomto naozaj úspešný,
09:43
who really succeeds by this,
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kto robí všetko čo má,
09:45
who does everything that they should,
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09:47
who gets all the brownie
points, who are the winners --
points, who are the winners --
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kto dostane všetky červené body, kto je víťaz --
09:49
I think you'd have to conclude
the whole purpose of public education
the whole purpose of public education
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Museli by ste zhrnúť, že celý cieľ školstva
na celom svete
09:53
throughout the world
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je vychovať univerzitných profesorov.
09:54
is to produce university professors.
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1953
09:56
Isn't it?
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1311
09:57
They're the people who come out the top.
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1983
To sú ľudia, ktorí sú na vrchu.
09:59
And I used to be one, so there.
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A ja som jedným bol. (Smiech)
10:01
(Laughter)
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Mám rád univerzitných profesorov, ale viete,
10:04
And I like university
professors, but you know,
professors, but you know,
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10:07
we shouldn't hold them up
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nemali by sme sa na nich pozerať ako na najvyšší úspech ľudstva.
10:09
as the high-water mark
of all human achievement.
of all human achievement.
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10:12
They're just a form of life,
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Oni sú len forma života,
10:14
another form of life.
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iná forma života. Sú zvláštni,
10:15
But they're rather curious, and I say this
out of affection for them.
out of affection for them.
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a hovorím to z náklonnosti k nim.
Z mojej skúsenosti je na profesoroch niečo zvláštne.
10:18
There's something curious
about professors in my experience --
about professors in my experience --
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Nie na všetkých, ale zvyčajne žijú vo svojich hlavách.
10:21
not all of them, but typically,
they live in their heads.
they live in their heads.
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Žijú tam hore a trochu na jednu stranu.
10:24
They live up there,
and slightly to one side.
and slightly to one side.
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Akýmsi doslovným spôsobom sú bez tela.
10:27
They're disembodied, you know,
in a kind of literal way.
in a kind of literal way.
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Vnímajú svoje telo
10:30
They look upon their body as a form
of transport for their heads.
of transport for their heads.
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ako dopravný prostriedok pre svoju hlavu.
10:34
(Laughter)
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10:40
Don't they?
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(Smiech) Je to spôsob ako dostať ich hlavy na pracovné stretnutie.
10:41
It's a way of getting
their head to meetings.
their head to meetings.
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10:43
(Laughter)
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Ak chcete skutočný dôkaz mimotelového zážitku,
10:49
If you want real evidence
of out-of-body experiences,
of out-of-body experiences,
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choďte na konferenciu
10:52
get yourself along to a residential
conference of senior academics,
conference of senior academics,
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starších akademikov,
a v posledný večer usporiadajte diskotéku.
10:56
and pop into the discotheque
on the final night.
on the final night.
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10:58
(Laughter)
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(Smiech) A uvidíte dospelých mužov a ženy,
11:01
And there, you will see it.
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11:02
Grown men and women
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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ako sa nekontrolovateľne vrtia mimo rytmu,
11:07
(Laughter)
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čakajúc, kým to skonči, aby mohli ísť domov a písať o tom.
11:09
Waiting until it ends so they can
go home and write a paper about it.
go home and write a paper about it.
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Naše školstvo je založené na akademických schopnostiach.
11:13
(Laughter)
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11:15
Our education system is predicated
on the idea of academic ability.
on the idea of academic ability.
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A to je dôvod.
11:19
And there's a reason.
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Celý systém bol založený - po celom svete,
11:20
Around the world, there were
no public systems of education,
no public systems of education,
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3556
keď neexistoval žiaden systém štátneho školstva pred 19-tym storočím.
11:23
really, before the 19th century.
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Celý boli založený, aby
11:26
They all came into being
to meet the needs of industrialism.
to meet the needs of industrialism.
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uspokojil potreby industrialiizácie.
Takže hierarchia má základ v dvoch myšlienkach.
11:29
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
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Poprvé, najlepší pracovníci
11:31
Number one, that the most useful
subjects for work are at the top.
subjects for work are at the top.
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sú na vrchu. Pravdepodobne ste boli nežne odklonení
11:36
So you were
probably steered benignly away
probably steered benignly away
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ako školáci od vecí ktoré ste mali radi,
11:38
from things at school when you
were a kid, things you liked,
were a kid, things you liked,
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2934
na základe toho, že by ste
v tom nikdy nedostali prácu. Je to tak?
11:41
on the grounds that you would
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
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Nevenuj sa hudbe, nebudeš muzikantom.
11:44
Don't do music, you're not
going to be a musician;
going to be a musician;
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Nevenuj sa umeniu, nebudeš umelec.
11:46
don't do art, you won't be an artist.
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11:48
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
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Nežná rada - dnes veľmi pomýlená. Celý svet je
11:52
The whole world
is engulfed in a revolution.
is engulfed in a revolution.
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pohltený revolúciou.
A druhá je akademická schopnosť, ktorá skutočne vládne
11:54
And the second is academic ability,
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2097
11:56
which has really come to dominate
our view of intelligence,
our view of intelligence,
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2885
nad naším pohľadom na inteligenciu,
pretože univerzity navrhli systém vo svoj obraz.
11:59
because the universities designed
the system in their image.
the system in their image.
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Ak sa nad tým zamyslíte, celý systém
12:02
If you think of it, the whole system
of public education around the world
of public education around the world
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3494
štátneho školstva na svete je dlhý proces
univerzitného prijatia.
12:05
is a protracted process
of university entrance.
of university entrance.
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A následok je, že veľa vysoko talentovaných,
12:08
And the consequence
is that many highly-talented,
is that many highly-talented,
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2333
skvelých, tvorivých ľudí si myslí, že takí nie sú.
12:10
brilliant, creative
people think they're not,
people think they're not,
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2435
Pretože veci, v ktorých boli v škole dobrí
12:12
because the thing
they were good at at school
they were good at at school
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2138
neboli ocenené, alebo boli stigmatizované.
12:15
wasn't valued,
or was actually stigmatized.
or was actually stigmatized.
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12:17
And I think we can't afford
to go on that way.
to go on that way.
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2296
Myslím si, že si nemôžeme dovoliť ísť touto cestou.
12:19
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
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Podľa UNESCA v nasledujúcich 30 rokoch
vo svete skončí školu viac ľudí
12:22
more people worldwide will be graduating
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2810
ako od začiatku histórie.
12:25
through education
than since the beginning of history.
than since the beginning of history.
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Viac ľudí, a je to kombinácia
12:27
More people, and it's the combination
of all the things we've talked about --
of all the things we've talked about --
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všetkého, o čom sme hovorili --
technológia a jej transformačný vplyv na prácu, demografia
12:31
technology and its transformation
effect on work, and demography
effect on work, and demography
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a obrovský rast populácie.
12:34
and the huge explosion in population.
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1804
Naraz diplomy nič neznamenajú. Nie je to pravda?
12:36
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
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Keď som bol študentom, ak ste mali diplom, mali ste prácu.
12:39
Isn't that true?
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12:40
When I was a student,
if you had a degree, you had a job.
if you had a degree, you had a job.
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2753
Ak ste nemali prácu, znamenalo to, že ste ju mať nechceli.
12:43
If you didn't have a job,
it's because you didn't want one.
it's because you didn't want one.
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Ja som mať nechcel, úprimne. (Smiech)
12:46
And I didn't want one, frankly. (Laughter)
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12:49
But now kids with degrees
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Ale dnes, decká s diplomami
12:53
are often heading home
to carry on playing video games,
to carry on playing video games,
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3045
idú často domov hrať videohry.
Pretože potrebujete Magistra, kde ste predtým potrebovali Bakalára
12:56
because you need an MA where
the previous job required a BA,
the previous job required a BA,
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3198
a teraz potrebujete doktorát.
12:59
and now you need a PhD for the other.
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1787
Je to proces akademickej inflácie.
13:01
It's a process of academic inflation.
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1776
13:03
And it indicates the whole
structure of education
structure of education
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A poukazuje na to, že celá konštrukcia vzdelania
sa nám hýbe pod nohami. Musíme radikálne premyslieť,
13:05
is shifting beneath our feet.
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1433
13:06
We need to radically rethink
our view of intelligence.
our view of intelligence.
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2620
ako sa pozeráme na inteligenciu.
Vieme tri veci o inteligencii.
13:09
We know three things about intelligence.
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1995
Po prvé, je rozmanitá. Premýšľame o svete všetkými spôsobmi, ktorými
13:11
One, it's diverse.
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1227
13:12
We think about the world in all the ways
that we experience it.
that we experience it.
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3005
ho zažívame. Myslíme vizuálne,
myslíme zvukom, kyneticky.
13:15
We think visually, we think in sound,
we think kinesthetically.
we think kinesthetically.
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2976
Myslíme v abstraktných pojmoch, myslíme v pohybe.
13:18
We think in abstract terms,
we think in movement.
we think in movement.
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2301
Po druhé, inteligencia je dynamická.
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
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1754
Ak sa pozriete na interakcie ľudského mozgu, ako sme počuli
13:23
If you look at the interactions
of a human brain,
of a human brain,
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2389
13:26
as we heard yesterday
from a number of presentations,
from a number of presentations,
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včera v mnohých prezentáciách,
13:29
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
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1976
inteligencia je nádherne interaktívna.
13:31
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
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2238
Mozog je rozdelený do častí.
13:33
In fact, creativity --
which I define as the process
which I define as the process
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3103
Tvorivosť, ktorú pokladám za proces, ktorý
13:37
of having original ideas
that have value --
that have value --
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prinesie originálne nápady, ktoré majú význam --
často dosiahneme vďaka vzájomnému pôsobeniu
13:39
more often than not comes about
through the interaction
through the interaction
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2652
odlišných spôsobov náhľadu na veci.
13:42
of different disciplinary
ways of seeing things.
ways of seeing things.
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3000
Mozog je úmyselne -- mimochodom,
13:46
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves
that joins the two halves of the brain
that joins the two halves of the brain
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3666
je tam mostík nervov, ktoré spájajú dve polovice mozgu,
13:50
called the corpus callosum.
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1491
nazývaný svorové teleso (corpus callosum). Ženy ho majú hrubšie.
13:51
It's thicker in women.
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1266
Nadväzujúc na Helen zo včerajška, myslím, že
13:53
Following off from Helen yesterday,
298
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1741
to je dôvod prečo ženy môžu lepšie robiť veľa vecí naraz.
13:54
this is probably why women
are better at multi-tasking.
are better at multi-tasking.
299
810853
3123
13:58
Because you are, aren't you?
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Pretože môžete, nie?
13:59
There's a raft of research,
but I know it from my personal life.
but I know it from my personal life.
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3207
Je na to výskum, ale ja to viem z osobného života.
Ak moja žena doma varí,
14:03
If my wife is cooking a meal at home --
which is not often, thankfully.
which is not often, thankfully.
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5238
čo sa vďakabohu nestáva často. (Smiech)
14:09
(Laughter)
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Nie, ona je dobrá v mnohých veciach,
14:11
No, she's good at some things,
but if she's cooking,
but if she's cooking,
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2498
ale ak varí,
rozpráva s niekým cez telefón,
14:14
she's dealing with people on the phone,
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1876
hovorí niečo deťom, maľuje strop,
14:16
she's talking to the kids,
she's painting the ceiling,
she's painting the ceiling,
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2556
14:18
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
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3096
operuje srdce.
14:22
If I'm cooking, the door
is shut, the kids are out,
is shut, the kids are out,
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Ak ja varím, dvere sú zavreté, deti sú vonku,
14:25
the phone's on the hook,
if she comes in I get annoyed.
if she comes in I get annoyed.
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2976
telefón je vyvesený, ak ona vstúpi, nahnevám sa.
14:28
I say, "Terry, please,
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
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3071
Poviem: "Terry, prosím ťa, snažím sa tu usmažiť vajíčko. Daj mi pokoj." (Smiech)
14:31
(Laughter)
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6730
14:38
"Give me a break."
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1200
14:39
(Laughter)
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1720
Poznáte tú starú filozofiu.
14:41
Actually, do you know
that old philosophical thing,
that old philosophical thing,
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Ak spadne strom v lese a nikto to nepočuje,
14:43
if a tree falls in a forest
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
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3253
stalo sa to? Pamätáte ten starý gaštan?
14:47
Remember that old chestnut?
316
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1329
14:48
I saw a great t-shirt
recently, which said,
recently, which said,
317
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2409
Minule som videl skvelé tričko, na ktorom stálo: "Ak muž povie, čo si myslí
14:51
"If a man speaks his mind
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
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v lese, a žiadna žena ho nepočuje,
14:55
is he still wrong?"
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stále je na omyle?" (Smiech)
14:56
(Laughter)
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15:03
And the third thing about intelligence is,
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A tretia vec o inteligencii je,
15:06
it's distinct.
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že je odlišná. Pracujem na novej knihe
15:07
I'm doing a new book at the moment
called "Epiphany,"
called "Epiphany,"
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nazvanej "Zjavenie," ktorá je založená na sérii
15:10
which is based on a series
of interviews with people
of interviews with people
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rozhovorov s ľuďmi o tom, ako objavili
15:12
about how they discovered their talent.
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888849
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svoj talent. Fascinuje ma, ako to ľuďia urobili.
15:14
I'm fascinated
by how people got to be there.
by how people got to be there.
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Podnietil ma k tomu rozhovor
15:16
It's really prompted by a conversation
I had with a wonderful woman
I had with a wonderful woman
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s úžasnou ženou, o ktorej možno veľa ľudí
nikdy nepočulo. Volá sa Gillian Lynne.
15:20
who maybe most people
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
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Počuli ste o nej? Niektorí áno. Je choreografka
15:22
Have you heard of her? Some have.
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a každý pozná jej dielo.
15:24
She's a choreographer,
and everybody knows her work.
and everybody knows her work.
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Spravila "Mačky," a "Fantóm Opery."
15:27
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
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2001
Je skvelá. Kedysi som bol členom rady Kráľovského Baletu v Anglicku,
15:29
She's wonderful.
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15:30
I used to be on the board
of The Royal Ballet,
of The Royal Ballet,
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ako môžete vidieť.
15:32
as you can see.
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15:33
Anyway, Gillian and I had
lunch one day and I said,
lunch one day and I said,
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V jeden deň som obedoval s Gillian a povedal som:
"Gillian, ako si sa stala tanečnicou?" A ona povedala, že
15:36
"How did you get to be a dancer?"
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15:37
It was interesting.
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to bolo zaujímavé. Keď bola v škole,
15:39
When she was at school,
she was really hopeless.
she was really hopeless.
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bola beznádejná. A zo školy, v 30-tich rokoch,
15:41
And the school, in the '30s,
wrote to her parents and said,
wrote to her parents and said,
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napísali jej rodičom: "Myslíme, že
15:45
"We think Gillian
has a learning disorder."
has a learning disorder."
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Gillian má poruchu učenia." Nemohla sa sústrediť,
vrtela sa. Dnes by povedali, že
15:47
She couldn't concentrate;
she was fidgeting.
she was fidgeting.
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mala ADHD (porucha sústredenia v dôsledku hyperaktivity). To boli 1930-te roky
15:49
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
Wouldn't you?
Wouldn't you?
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15:52
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD
hadn't been invented at this point.
hadn't been invented at this point.
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a ADHD ešte nebola vynájdená.
Nebola to dostupná porucha. (Smiech)
15:56
It wasn't an available condition.
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15:59
(Laughter)
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Ľudia nevedeli, že ju môžu mať.
16:01
People weren't aware they could have that.
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Išla navštíviť odborníka.
16:03
(Laughter)
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16:06
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
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Bola tam so svojou matkou,
ktorá ju posadila na stoličku,
16:10
So, this oak-paneled room,
and she was there with her mother,
and she was there with her mother,
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a ona si sedela na rukách 20 minút, kým
16:14
and she was led and sat
on this chair at the end,
on this chair at the end,
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sa ten muž rozprával s jej matkou o všetkých
16:16
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes
while this man talked to her mother
while this man talked to her mother
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problémoch Gillian mala v škole. A na konci všetkého,
16:20
about the problems
Gillian was having at school.
Gillian was having at school.
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pretože vyrušovala ľudí,
16:22
Because she was disturbing people;
her homework was always late; and so on,
her homework was always late; and so on,
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vždy meškala s úlohami, atď.
Malé osemročné dieťa -- nakoniec si lekár prisadol
16:26
little kid of eight.
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16:27
In the end, the doctor
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
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k Gillian a povedal: "Gillian,
počul som, čo tvoja matka
16:30
"I've listened to all these
things your mother's told me,
things your mother's told me,
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2705
povedala a musím sa s ňou porozprávať osamote."
16:33
I need to speak to her privately.
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1619
Povedal: "Počkaj tu, hneď sa vrátime."
16:34
Wait here. We'll be back;
we won't be very long,"
we won't be very long,"
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a odišli.
16:37
and they went and left her.
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2325
Ako vychádzali z miestnosti, zapol rádio
16:39
But as they went out of the room,
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na stole. A keď
16:41
he turned on the radio
that was sitting on his desk.
that was sitting on his desk.
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2500
vyšli z miestnosti, povedal jej matke:
16:44
And when they got out, he said to her
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
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"Len sa na ňu pozrite." A v momente, keď vyšli z miestnosti,
16:48
And the minute they left the room,
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bola na nohách a hýbala sa do hudby.
16:51
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
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Niekoľko minút ju pozorovali
16:53
And they watched for a few minutes
and he turned to her mother and said,
and he turned to her mother and said,
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989523
3453
až sa otočil k jej matke a povedal:
16:57
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
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"Pani Lynne, Gillian nie je chorá. Ona je tanečnica.
17:01
Take her to a dance school."
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1976
Zoberte ju do tanečnej školy."
17:03
I said, "What happened?"
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Povedal som: "Čo sa stalo?"
17:05
She said, "She did. I can't tell you
how wonderful it was.
how wonderful it was.
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2976
Ona odvetila: "Vzala ma. Nevieš si predstaviť, aké úžasné to bolo.
17:08
We walked in this room
and it was full of people like me.
and it was full of people like me.
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Vstúpili sme do tej miestnosti plnej
ľudí ako ja. Ľudí, ktorí nevedeli ticho obsedieť.
17:10
People who couldn't sit still.
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2199
17:13
People who had to move to think."
Who had to move to think.
Who had to move to think.
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4587
Ľudí, ktorí sa museli hýbať, aby mohli rozmýšľať."
Venovali sa baletu, stepu, džezu,
17:17
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz;
they did modern; they did contemporary.
they did modern; they did contemporary.
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3630
venovali sa moderným tancom.
Prijali ju do Kráľovskej Baletnej Školy.
17:21
She was eventually auditioned
for the Royal Ballet School;
for the Royal Ballet School;
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Stala sa sólistkou, mala skvelú kariéru
17:24
she became a soloist; she had
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
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v Kráľovskej Baletnej Škole.
Ukončila školu a
17:27
She eventually graduated
from the Royal Ballet School,
from the Royal Ballet School,
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1023567
2608
založila si vlastnú spoločnosť - Tanečnú Spoločnosť Gillian Lynne,
17:30
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
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1026200
1975
stretla sa s Andrewom Lloyd Weberom. Je zodpovedná za
17:32
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
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1243
17:33
She's been responsible for
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niektoré z najúspešnejších hudobných divadelných
17:35
some of the most successful
musical theater productions in history,
musical theater productions in history,
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3146
produkcií v histórii, potešila milióny ľudí,
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
and she's a multi-millionaire.
and she's a multi-millionaire.
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1034172
3072
17:41
Somebody else might have put her
on medication and told her to calm down.
on medication and told her to calm down.
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4070
a je multi-milionárkou. Niekto iný
by jej možno dal lieky a povedal jej,
17:45
(Applause)
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6782
aby sa utíšila.
Myslím si -- (Potlesk)
17:52
What I think it comes to is this:
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1601
Al Gore minule rozprával
17:54
Al Gore spoke the other night
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1050200
1776
17:56
about ecology and the revolution
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
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o ekológii, a revolúcii, ktorú začala Rachel Carson.
Verím, že naša jediná nádej do budúcna
18:01
I believe our only hope for the future
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2166
je prijať nový pojem ľudskej ekológie,
18:03
is to adopt a new conception
of human ecology,
of human ecology,
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1059301
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taký, v ktorom začneme meniť naše chápanie
18:07
one in which we start
to reconstitute our conception
to reconstitute our conception
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2818
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
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1066000
1976
bohatstva ľudských schopností.
18:12
Our education system has mined our minds
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Náš školský systém nám vydoloval mysle tak,
18:15
in the way that we strip-mine the earth:
for a particular commodity.
for a particular commodity.
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3276
že my dolujeme zo zeme určité suroviny.
V budúcnosti nám to bude na nič platné.
18:19
And for the future, it won't serve us.
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1075188
2484
Musíme premyslieť základné princípy toho,
18:21
We have to rethink
the fundamental principles
the fundamental principles
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2280
18:24
on which we're educating our children.
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1080000
1968
ako vyučujeme naše deti.
Jonas Salk povedal: "Ak by všetok hmyz
18:26
There was a wonderful quote
by Jonas Salk, who said,
by Jonas Salk, who said,
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1082087
2674
18:28
"If all the insects
were to disappear from the Earth,
were to disappear from the Earth,
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5039
zmizol zo Zeme,
do 50 rokov by skončil všetok život na Zemi.
18:33
within 50 years all life
on Earth would end.
on Earth would end.
398
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2841
Ak by ľudia zmizli zo Zeme,
18:37
If all human beings
disappeared from the Earth,
disappeared from the Earth,
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3072
do 50 rokov by všetky formy života prekvitali."
18:40
within 50 years all forms
of life would flourish."
of life would flourish."
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2634
A má pravdu.
18:44
And he's right.
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1285
TED oslavuje dar ľudskej predstavivosti.
18:46
What TED celebrates is the gift
of the human imagination.
of the human imagination.
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3634
Musíme byť opatrní, aby sme tento dar použili
18:50
We have to be careful now
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múdro, a aby sme predišli niektorým scenáriám,
18:52
that we use this gift wisely
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18:54
and that we avert some of the scenarios
that we've talked about.
that we've talked about.
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o ktorých sme hovorili. Dosiahneme to
18:58
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing
our creative capacities
our creative capacities
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1114044
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jedine tak, že sa pozrieme na naše tvorivé schopnosti,
19:02
for the richness they are
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1610
ich bohatosť, a na
19:03
and seeing our children
for the hope that they are.
for the hope that they are.
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naše deti ako nádej, ktorou sú. Našou úlohou
19:06
And our task is to educate
their whole being,
their whole being,
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je vzdelať ich ucelené bytosti, aby mohli čeliť budúcnosti.
19:09
so they can face this future.
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Mimochodom, my tú budúcnosť možno neuvidíme,
19:10
By the way -- we may not see this future,
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19:13
but they will.
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ale oni áno. A našou úlohou je pomôcť
19:14
And our job is to help them
make something of it.
make something of it.
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im niečo z toho spraviť. Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
19:17
Thank you very much.
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19:18
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ken Robinson - Author/educatorCreativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.
Why you should listen
Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TED Talk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. The most popular words framing blog posts on his talk? "Everyone should watch this."
A visionary cultural leader, Sir Ken led the British government's 1998 advisory committee on creative and cultural education, a massive inquiry into the significance of creativity in the educational system and the economy, and was knighted in 2003 for his achievements. His 2009 book, The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, is a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 21 languages. A 10th anniversary edition of his classic work on creativity and innovation, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative, was published in 2011. His 2013 book, Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life, is a practical guide that answers questions about finding your personal Element. In his latest book, Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education, he argues for an end to our outmoded industrial educational system and proposes a highly personalized, organic approach that draws on today’s unprecedented technological and professional resources to engage all students.
Ken Robinson | Speaker | TED.com