TED2006
Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?
肯尼•羅賓森問，學校扼殺了創意嗎?
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Readability: 3.3
64,284,825 views
肯尼•羅賓森爵士以生動活潑的案例來談如何創造激發創意（而非扼殺創意的）教育制度。
Ken Robinson - Author/educator
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
Good morning. How are you?
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早安，你們好嗎？這次大會實在很精彩，對吧？
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:29
It's been great, hasn't it?
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這一切都讓我太震驚。
00:32
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:34
In fact, I'm leaving.
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所以我現在要離開了。（笑聲）
00:36
(Laughter)
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我今天要談的
00:42
There have been three themes
running through the conference
running through the conference
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與貫穿這次研討會的
00:45
which are relevant
to what I want to talk about.
to what I want to talk about.
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三個主題相關。
00:47
One is the extraordinary
evidence of human creativity
evidence of human creativity
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首先，這些演說與這裏的每個人
00:52
in all of the presentations that we've had
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所涵蓋領域
00:54
and in all of the people here.
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的廣度與歧異度
00:56
Just the variety of it
and the range of it.
and the range of it.
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是展現人類創意的傑出典範。第二、
01:00
The second is
that it's put us in a place
that it's put us in a place
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這樣的創意讓人了解到，我們根本不能預知
01:02
where we have no idea
what's going to happen,
what's going to happen,
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01:04
in terms of the future.
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未來。我們不知道
01:06
No idea how this may play out.
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未來會是何種面貌
01:09
I have an interest in education.
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我對教育議題有興趣 —
01:10
Actually, what I find is everybody
has an interest in education.
has an interest in education.
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事實上，我發現每個人都對教育有興趣
不是嗎？我覺得很有趣的是
01:15
Don't you?
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01:16
I find this very interesting.
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即便在一個晚宴上，你告訴大家
01:17
If you're at a dinner party,
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01:19
and you say you work in education --
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你在教育界服務。
01:21
Actually, you're not often
at dinner parties, frankly.
at dinner parties, frankly.
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坦白說你很少會參加那些晚宴啦，因為如果你在教育界工作
01:24
(Laughter)
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01:28
If you work in education,
you're not asked.
you're not asked.
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（笑聲）沒人會邀請你去。
01:31
(Laughter)
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詭異的是就算請你去一次，也不會再請你去第二次。
01:34
And you're never asked back, curiously.
That's strange to me.
That's strange to me.
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01:38
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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但是如果你應邀出席了，你問同桌的某人，
他在何處高就，
01:40
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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然後說你自己在教育界工作。
01:42
and you say you work in education,
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01:44
you can see the blood run from their face.
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你立刻會看到他們臉上出現三條黑線，彷彿是說：
01:46
They're like, "Oh my God,"
you know, "Why me?"
you know, "Why me?"
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天啊！為什麼是我？我這星期好不容易有個晚上可以輕鬆一下。（笑聲）
01:48
(Laughter)
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01:50
"My one night out all week."
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01:51
(Laughter)
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但如果你問大家受過什麼樣教育，
01:54
But if you ask about their education,
they pin you to the wall.
they pin you to the wall.
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每個人都滔滔不絕說個沒完。因為這是影響
01:57
Because it's one of those things
that goes deep with people, am I right?
that goes deep with people, am I right?
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人們極深的幾個主題之一，對吧？
就像宗教、金錢或其他一些事情一樣。
02:01
Like religion, and money and other things.
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我個人對教育極感興趣，我猜我們都是這樣。
02:04
So I have a big interest in education,
and I think we all do.
and I think we all do.
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大家都對教育興趣濃厚，
02:08
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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其中部份原因是：
02:10
partly because it's education
that's meant to take us into this future
that's meant to take us into this future
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教育可用來幫助我們掌握難以理解的未來。
02:14
that we can't grasp.
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02:15
If you think of it,
children starting school this year
children starting school this year
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試想，今年開始上學的小孩
將在西元 2065 年退休。沒人會知道 —
02:19
will be retiring in 2065.
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02:24
Nobody has a clue,
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儘管我們在過去四天中探討了各種專業知識 —
02:25
despite all the expertise that's been
on parade for the past four days,
on parade for the past four days,
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五年後世界會怎樣。
02:29
what the world will look like
in five years' time.
in five years' time.
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但我們本來應該是要
02:32
And yet we're meant
to be educating them for it.
to be educating them for it.
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教育這些孩子為將來預作準備，所以我認為，未來的不可預知性
02:34
So the unpredictability,
I think, is extraordinary.
I think, is extraordinary.
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是極為特殊的。
02:36
And the third part of this
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第三部份是
02:38
is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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我們都仍同意
02:40
on the really extraordinary
capacities that children have --
capacities that children have --
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孩童擁有驚人的潛力 —
02:45
their capacities for innovation.
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他們創新的潛力。我是說，昨晚的莎琳娜真是令人驚奇，
02:48
I mean, Sirena last night
was a marvel, wasn't she?
was a marvel, wasn't she?
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不是嗎？目睹了昨晚莎琳娜能做到的事。
02:50
Just seeing what she could do.
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她真是優秀，但我認為在所有的孩童裡面，
02:52
And she's exceptional, but I think
she's not, so to speak,
she's not, so to speak,
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02:57
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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她並沒有那麼的特殊。
昨晚你見到的只是一個已經發現他才能的人
03:00
What you have there is a person
of extraordinary dedication
of extraordinary dedication
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非常專心致力於其天賦的結果。我的觀點是
03:03
who found a talent.
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所有孩子都天賦異稟。
03:05
And my contention is,
all kids have tremendous talents.
all kids have tremendous talents.
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都被我們殘酷的浪費了。
03:07
And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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所以我想談談教育
03:09
So I want to talk about education
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03:12
and I want to talk about creativity.
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與創意。我的論點是
03:13
My contention is that creativity now
is as important in education as literacy,
is as important in education as literacy,
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在我們的教育裏，創意與識字能力同等重要，
我們應該給予兩者平等的地位。
03:19
and we should treat it
with the same status.
with the same status.
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（掌聲）謝謝。就這樣，我說完了。
03:22
(Applause) Thank you.
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03:24
(Applause)
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03:29
That was it, by the way.
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非常謝謝大家。（笑聲）所以，還剩下十五分鐘。
03:30
Thank you very much.
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03:31
(Laughter)
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03:33
So, 15 minutes left.
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這個嘛，我生於 — 不，開玩笑的（笑聲）
03:35
(Laughter)
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03:38
Well, I was born... no.
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03:40
(Laughter)
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我最近聽到了一個很棒的故事 — 我很愛轉述它 —
03:43
I heard a great story recently
-- I love telling it --
-- I love telling it --
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有個小女孩在上繪畫課。她六歲，
03:46
of a little girl
who was in a drawing lesson.
who was in a drawing lesson.
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她坐在教室後方畫畫，
03:49
She was six, and she was
at the back, drawing,
at the back, drawing,
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老師說這小女孩平常非常難專注在
03:51
and the teacher said this girl
hardly ever paid attention,
hardly ever paid attention,
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一件事物上，但是今天她很專心。
03:54
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:55
The teacher was fascinated.
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老師非常的好奇，於是老師走向小女孩
03:57
She went over to her,
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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問道：妳在畫什麼？
04:00
And the girl said, "I'm
drawing a picture of God."
drawing a picture of God."
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小女孩說：我正在畫一幅上帝的畫像。
04:03
And the teacher said, "But nobody
knows what God looks like."
knows what God looks like."
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老師又說：可是沒人知道上帝長什麼樣子啊。
04:06
And the girl said,
"They will, in a minute."
"They will, in a minute."
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小女孩接著說：那他們馬上就會知道了。
04:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
當我兒子四歲在英國的時候，
04:20
When my son was four in England --
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其實，說實話，他在各地都是四歲。（笑聲）
04:23
Actually, he was four
everywhere, to be honest.
everywhere, to be honest.
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我們對他很嚴格，不管去哪他都是四歲。
04:25
(Laughter)
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04:27
If we're being strict about it,
wherever he went, he was four that year.
wherever he went, he was four that year.
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他在聖誕節參加演出耶穌誕生的兒童劇。
04:30
He was in the Nativity play.
Do you remember the story?
Do you remember the story?
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你們記得那個故事嗎？它很著名。
04:33
(Laughter)
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04:34
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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那是個很著名的故事。梅爾•吉勃遜演了續集。
04:36
Mel Gibson did the sequel,
you may have seen it.
you may have seen it.
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耶穌誕生第二集，你們也許看過。但我兒子詹姆士扮演耶穌的養父聖若瑟，
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:40
"Nativity II."
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04:41
But James got the part of Joseph,
which we were thrilled about.
which we were thrilled about.
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我們很興奮。
04:45
We considered this to be
one of the lead parts.
one of the lead parts.
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我們認為這角色是主角群之一。
觀眾席上擠滿了我們找來穿著印有
04:48
We had the place crammed
full of agents in T-shirts:
full of agents in T-shirts:
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「詹姆士•羅賓森是聖若瑟」字樣T恤的人。（笑聲）
04:50
"James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)
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04:53
He didn't have to speak,
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不過他是沒有台詞的，你知道故事中來自
04:54
but you know the bit
where the three kings come in?
where the three kings come in?
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東方的三博士來朝拜剛出生的耶穌。他們輪流獻上
04:57
They come in bearing gifts,
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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黃金、乳香與沒藥三項禮物。
04:59
This really happened.
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我們坐在那看戲時,這是真實發生的情況歐，
05:00
We were sitting there and I think
they just went out of sequence,
they just went out of sequence,
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我發現他們把獻禮的順序弄錯了，
我們後來問兒子說：
05:04
because we talked to the little boy
afterward and we said,
afterward and we said,
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你不在意嗎？他說：這有什麼錯嗎？
05:06
"You OK with that?" And he said,
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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他們就換ㄧ下順序而已啊。
05:09
They just switched.
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故事繼續，這三個四歲小男孩走進耶穌的家，
05:10
The three boys came in,
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頭上包著毛巾布，
05:12
four-year-olds with tea towels
on their heads,
on their heads,
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他們把裝禮物的三個盒子放下，
05:14
and they put these boxes down,
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05:15
and the first boy said,
"I bring you gold."
"I bring you gold."
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第一個小男孩說：我為你獻上黃金。
05:17
And the second boy said,
"I bring you myrrh."
"I bring you myrrh."
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第二個說：我為你獻上沒藥。
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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第三個小男孩說：這是法蘭克送的(Frank sent this)[應為乳香-Frankincense，但小男孩不會發音]
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:34
What these things have in common
is that kids will take a chance.
is that kids will take a chance.
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這些故事的共通處說明了小孩願意冒險。
有不知道的事，他們就用猜的。
05:37
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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我說的對吧？他們不怕犯錯。
05:40
Am I right? They're not
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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當然，我不是說犯錯等於有創意。
05:44
I don't mean to say that being wrong
is the same thing as being creative.
is the same thing as being creative.
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但是我們知道
05:48
What we do know is,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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如果你沒有犯錯的心理準備，
05:52
you'll never come up
with anything original --
with anything original --
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就永遠無法發揮獨創性。
05:54
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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如果你都不準備犯錯。當他們長大成人時，
05:56
And by the time they get to be adults,
most kids have lost that capacity.
most kids have lost that capacity.
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絕大部份孩子已經失去這項冒險的能力了。
他們會變得害怕犯錯。
06:01
They have become
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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順道一提，我們就是這樣經營公司企業的。
06:03
And we run our companies like this.
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我們懲罰錯誤。我們現在也以
06:05
We stigmatize mistakes.
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06:07
And we're now running
national education systems
national education systems
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同樣方式在經營國家的教育制度，
06:09
where mistakes are the worst
thing you can make.
thing you can make.
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告訴孩子犯錯是最糟的事。
06:12
And the result is that
we are educating people
we are educating people
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而結果是我們教出一堆
06:15
out of their creative capacities.
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沒有創意的人。畢卡索曾經說過：
06:18
Picasso once said this, he said
that all children are born artists.
that all children are born artists.
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所有孩子都是天生的藝術家。
06:22
The problem is to remain an artist
as we grow up.
as we grow up.
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問題是如何維持藝術家的性格到成年。我堅信：
06:25
I believe this passionately,
that we don't grow into creativity,
that we don't grow into creativity,
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我們不會越老越有創意，
我們的成長背離創意。或者說，教育抹煞了我們的創造力。
06:29
we grow out of it.
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06:30
Or rather, we get educated out if it.
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為什麼呢？
06:33
So why is this?
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我以前住在英國埃文河畔的斯特拉福，莎士比亞的家鄉。
06:34
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon
until about five years ago.
until about five years ago.
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我們五年前從那搬到美國洛杉磯。
06:38
In fact, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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所以你可以了解，這是個多麼平順的轉變吧。
06:41
So you can imagine
what a seamless transition that was.
what a seamless transition that was.
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（笑聲）事實上，
06:44
(Laughter)
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06:46
Actually, we lived in a place
called Snitterfield,
called Snitterfield,
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我們那時住在斯特拉福外圍的
斯尼特菲爾，那是
06:48
just outside Stratford,
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06:49
which is where
Shakespeare's father was born.
Shakespeare's father was born.
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莎翁父親出生的小鎮。這有沒有讓你聯想到什麼？我有。
06:52
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:54
You don't think of Shakespeare
having a father, do you?
having a father, do you?
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你從來沒想過莎士比亞也有爸爸吧？有嗎？
想過嗎？因為你沒有想過
06:57
Do you? Because you don't think
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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莎士比亞曾經是個小孩，有嗎？
07:01
Shakespeare being seven?
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七歲的莎士比亞？我從來沒想過。我是說，
07:02
I never thought of it.
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07:03
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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他曾經是七歲大。他曾經是
07:05
He was in somebody's
English class, wasn't he?
English class, wasn't he?
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某人英文課上的學生，難道不是嗎？想想那會有多討厭？
07:07
(Laughter)
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07:14
How annoying would that be?
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（笑聲）「你得更用功」爸爸趕他上床睡覺，你知道的，
07:16
(Laughter)
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07:23
"Must try harder."
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07:24
(Laughter)
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07:28
Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
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跟莎士比亞說：上床睡覺，馬上！
威廉•莎士比亞，「給我把鉛筆放下。
07:32
And put the pencil down."
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而且別再用那種辭彙講話，大家都聽的霧煞煞。」
07:34
(Laughter)
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07:35
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:37
(Laughter)
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07:41
"It's confusing everybody."
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（笑聲）
07:42
(Laughter)
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反正呢，我們從斯特拉福搬到洛城，
07:47
Anyway, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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我事實上只是想談談我們的這個轉變。
07:53
and I just want to say a word
about the transition.
about the transition.
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我的兒子並不想來。
07:55
My son didn't want to come.
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07:57
I've got two kids;
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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我有兩個孩子。兒子今年 21，女兒 16 歲。
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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他不想來洛杉磯。他很喜歡這裡，
但因為他在英國有女朋友。名叫莎拉，她是他人生至愛。
08:02
He loved it, but he had
a girlfriend in England.
a girlfriend in England.
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08:05
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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他那時認識她一個月。
08:08
He'd known her for a month.
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告訴你，他們好像已經認識四年一樣，
08:10
(Laughter)
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08:11
Mind you, they'd had
their fourth anniversary,
their fourth anniversary,
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因為對 16 歲來說一個月是個很長的時間。
08:13
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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無論如何，我兒子在飛機上很難過，
08:16
He was really upset on the plane,
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他說：我再也找不到像莎拉這樣的女孩了。
08:18
he said, "I'll never find
another girl like Sarah."
another girl like Sarah."
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但坦白說，我們對此挺高興的，
08:20
And we were rather pleased
about that, frankly --
about that, frankly --
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因為她是我們決定搬離英國的主要原因。
08:23
(Laughter)
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08:31
Because she was the main reason
we were leaving the country.
we were leaving the country.
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（笑聲）
08:34
(Laughter)
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但當你來到美國
或是在世界各地旅行時
08:40
But something strikes you
when you move to America
when you move to America
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你會驚訝的發現，這地球上所有教育系統都有同樣的科目階級制度。
08:42
and travel around the world:
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08:43
Every education system on Earth
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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不管你去哪裏，都是這樣。
08:47
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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你以為會有所不同，但真的沒有差別。
08:49
You'd think it would be
otherwise, but it isn't.
otherwise, but it isn't.
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最高階的學科是數學和語文，
08:51
At the top are mathematics and languages,
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接著是人文社會科目，而藝術則是墊底的科目。
08:53
then the humanities,
and at the bottom are the arts.
and at the bottom are the arts.
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到處都一樣。
08:56
Everywhere on Earth.
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而且每個教育體系中的藝術課程中，
08:57
And in pretty much every system too,
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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也都有同樣的階級制度。
09:01
Art and music are normally
given a higher status in schools
given a higher status in schools
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美術和音樂課程在學校永遠比
戲劇和舞蹈課程更重要。這地球上沒有一個教育系統
09:04
than drama and dance.
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09:05
There isn't an education
system on the planet
system on the planet
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每天教授小孩們跳舞，
09:07
that teaches dance everyday to children
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就像教數學一樣。為什麼呢？
09:09
the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
191
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為什麼不呢？我覺得這很重要。
09:12
Why not? I think this is rather important.
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我認為數學非常重要，但舞蹈也是。
09:15
I think math is very
important, but so is dance.
important, but so is dance.
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如果被允許，孩子們無時無刻不在跳舞，我們都是這樣。
09:17
Children dance all the time
if they're allowed to, we all do.
if they're allowed to, we all do.
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我們都有肢體，不是嗎？我錯過了什麼嗎？
09:20
We all have bodies, don't we?
Did I miss a meeting?
Did I miss a meeting?
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09:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）這一切背後的真相是，
09:26
Truthfully, what happens is,
as children grow up,
as children grow up,
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當小孩開始成長，我們的教育重心
09:28
we start to educate them progressively
from the waist up.
from the waist up.
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大量移至腰部以上。然後著重在頭部。
09:31
And then we focus on their heads.
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並且沒有左右均衡。
09:33
And slightly to one side.
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如果你觀察這種教育制度，當個局外人，
09:35
If you were to visit
education, as an alien,
education, as an alien,
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09:38
and say "What's it for, public education?"
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然後問：公立教育的目的是什麼呢？
09:41
I think you'd have to conclude,
if you look at the output,
if you look at the output,
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我想你的結論會是 — 如果你以結果論，
誰能在這種制度下成功？
09:43
who really succeeds by this,
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誰是乖乖牌，從不犯錯？
09:45
who does everything that they should,
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09:47
who gets all the brownie
points, who are the winners --
points, who are the winners --
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誰累積了最多嘉獎？誰是贏家？—
09:49
I think you'd have to conclude
the whole purpose of public education
the whole purpose of public education
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我想你會得到這樣的結論，
全球公立教育的目的只是
09:53
throughout the world
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製造大學教授，難道不是嗎？
09:54
is to produce university professors.
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09:56
Isn't it?
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1311
09:57
They're the people who come out the top.
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1983
他們是那群高分畢業的人。
09:59
And I used to be one, so there.
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我以前也是大學教授，所以你看吧！（笑聲）
10:01
(Laughter)
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當然我喜歡大學教授，但你知道，
10:04
And I like university
professors, but you know,
professors, but you know,
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10:07
we shouldn't hold them up
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我們不應將他們視為人類成就的最高指標。
10:09
as the high-water mark
of all human achievement.
of all human achievement.
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2931
10:12
They're just a form of life,
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那只是一種生活方式，
10:14
another form of life.
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就只是一種不同的生活方式。是但教授們是有些古怪的，
10:15
But they're rather curious, and I say this
out of affection for them.
out of affection for them.
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我會這樣說是因為，我對他們有深厚的感情。
在我的經驗裏，教授們是有點難以理解的 —
10:18
There's something curious
about professors in my experience --
about professors in my experience --
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不是所有教授都這樣，但一般來說 — 他們活在自己腦袋中。
10:21
not all of them, but typically,
they live in their heads.
they live in their heads.
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他們都活在那兒，而且稍微偏向一邊。
10:24
They live up there,
and slightly to one side.
and slightly to one side.
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他們是脫離現實的，你知道，我沒有誇大。
10:27
They're disembodied, you know,
in a kind of literal way.
in a kind of literal way.
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3374
他們向下看著他們的身體，
10:30
They look upon their body as a form
of transport for their heads.
of transport for their heads.
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將其視為運輸頭部的一種交通工具，難道不是嗎？
10:34
(Laughter)
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10:40
Don't they?
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（笑聲）是將他們的腦袋帶往會議場所的一種方式。
10:41
It's a way of getting
their head to meetings.
their head to meetings.
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2222
10:43
(Laughter)
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如果你還需要這種離體經驗的真實證據，
10:49
If you want real evidence
of out-of-body experiences,
of out-of-body experiences,
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順道提一下，去參加一個由資深學者組成的
10:52
get yourself along to a residential
conference of senior academics,
conference of senior academics,
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需要住宿的研討會，
然後在最後一個晚上，到大會附近的舞廳去。
10:56
and pop into the discotheque
on the final night.
on the final night.
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2243
10:58
(Laughter)
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2801
（笑聲）那你就會看到我所謂的證據，許多成年男女
11:01
And there, you will see it.
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11:02
Grown men and women
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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4118
痛苦的扭動著身體，完全跟不上節拍，
11:07
(Laughter)
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他們只想等著舞曲結束，好快點回家寫一篇關於此行的報告。
11:09
Waiting until it ends so they can
go home and write a paper about it.
go home and write a paper about it.
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3325
我們將教育制度建構在學術能力上。
11:13
(Laughter)
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11:15
Our education system is predicated
on the idea of academic ability.
on the idea of academic ability.
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3843
是有原因的。
11:19
And there's a reason.
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1241
這整個系統是被創造的 — 全球皆然，
11:20
Around the world, there were
no public systems of education,
no public systems of education,
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3556
真的，十九世紀前並沒有公立教育制度。
11:23
really, before the 19th century.
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2106
這系統的目的是要
11:26
They all came into being
to meet the needs of industrialism.
to meet the needs of industrialism.
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滿足西方工業化的需求。
所以這個階級制度根植在兩種概念上。
11:29
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
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2163
首先，最有利工作的學科
11:31
Number one, that the most useful
subjects for work are at the top.
subjects for work are at the top.
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4597
享有最高地位。所以當你還是個孩子的時候，在學校
11:36
So you were
probably steered benignly away
probably steered benignly away
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就被良性的指導不要去學某些東西，一些你喜歡的事物，
11:38
from things at school when you
were a kid, things you liked,
were a kid, things you liked,
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2934
因為就算你學了
以後工作也用不上。對吧？
11:41
on the grounds that you would
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
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3386
別學音樂，因為你不會變成音樂家;
11:44
Don't do music, you're not
going to be a musician;
going to be a musician;
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別學美術，你不會變成藝術家。
11:46
don't do art, you won't be an artist.
249
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1801
11:48
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
250
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3420
善意的建議 — 才怪，大錯特錯。這整個世界
11:52
The whole world
is engulfed in a revolution.
is engulfed in a revolution.
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2145
都被工業革命吞沒。
第二，我們對智力的看法取決於
11:54
And the second is academic ability,
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2097
11:56
which has really come to dominate
our view of intelligence,
our view of intelligence,
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2885
學術能力的高底，
因為大學院校以他們自己的經驗為藍本來設計教育制度。
11:59
because the universities designed
the system in their image.
the system in their image.
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2903
你仔細思考就會發現，
12:02
If you think of it, the whole system
of public education around the world
of public education around the world
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3494
全世界的公立教育系統都只是為進入
大學之門鋪路。
12:05
is a protracted process
of university entrance.
of university entrance.
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2226
而結果造成許多有天份、
12:08
And the consequence
is that many highly-talented,
is that many highly-talented,
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2333
有創意的、聰明的學生自我否定，
12:10
brilliant, creative
people think they're not,
people think they're not,
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2435
因為他們的專長在學校
12:12
because the thing
they were good at at school
they were good at at school
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不被重視，還可能因此受罰。
12:15
wasn't valued,
or was actually stigmatized.
or was actually stigmatized.
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2108
12:17
And I think we can't afford
to go on that way.
to go on that way.
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我認為，我們不能再繼續這樣下去。
12:19
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
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2464
根據聯合國教育文化組織的數據，內來三十年內
全世界從教育系統畢業的人數
12:22
more people worldwide will be graduating
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將超越人類歷史開始時的人口總數。
12:25
through education
than since the beginning of history.
than since the beginning of history.
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2546
更多的人，許多我們談過的因素結合
12:27
More people, and it's the combination
of all the things we've talked about --
of all the things we've talked about --
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造就了這項數字 —
包括科技、對工作的轉型效應、人口組成
12:31
technology and its transformation
effect on work, and demography
effect on work, and demography
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3048
和人口數大爆發。
12:34
and the huge explosion in population.
267
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1804
突然之間，文憑不值錢了。對吧？
12:36
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
268
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當我還是學生的時候，如果你有張大學文憑，你就有份工作。
12:39
Isn't that true?
269
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1380
12:40
When I was a student,
if you had a degree, you had a job.
if you had a degree, you had a job.
270
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2753
你要是沒工作，是因為你自己不想要。
12:43
If you didn't have a job,
it's because you didn't want one.
it's because you didn't want one.
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2776
老實說，像我就是不想要工作。（笑聲）
12:46
And I didn't want one, frankly. (Laughter)
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2676
12:49
But now kids with degrees
273
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4074
但現在有大學文憑的小孩常常
12:53
are often heading home
to carry on playing video games,
to carry on playing video games,
274
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3045
只能回家繼續打電動，
因為以前大學畢業可以做的工作，現在得要碩士才行，
12:56
because you need an MA where
the previous job required a BA,
the previous job required a BA,
275
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3198
而該是碩士的工作，現在要是博士才能搶到。
12:59
and now you need a PhD for the other.
276
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1787
這是一個文憑膨脹的過程。
13:01
It's a process of academic inflation.
277
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1776
13:03
And it indicates the whole
structure of education
structure of education
278
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2376
這顯示著整個教育結構
正在我們腳下改變。我們必須徹底重新思考
13:05
is shifting beneath our feet.
279
761400
1433
13:06
We need to radically rethink
our view of intelligence.
our view of intelligence.
280
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2620
我們對智能的看法。
我們確知智慧包括下列三件事：
13:09
We know three things about intelligence.
281
765501
1995
第一、多樣性。我們是以各種
13:11
One, it's diverse.
282
767520
1227
13:12
We think about the world in all the ways
that we experience it.
that we experience it.
283
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3005
不同經驗來思考這個世界。我們可以用視覺、
聲音、肢體運動、
13:15
We think visually, we think in sound,
we think kinesthetically.
we think kinesthetically.
284
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2976
抽象名詞和活動等各種方式來思考。
13:18
We think in abstract terms,
we think in movement.
we think in movement.
285
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2301
第二、智力應該是充滿活力的。
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
286
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1754
如果你們研究人類腦部的互動，就像我們昨天
13:23
If you look at the interactions
of a human brain,
of a human brain,
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779587
2389
13:26
as we heard yesterday
from a number of presentations,
from a number of presentations,
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2976
從數場演說中所聽到的，
13:29
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
289
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1976
智慧是極為神奇的相互作用。
13:31
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
290
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2238
人腦不能簡單的加以劃分開來。
13:33
In fact, creativity --
which I define as the process
which I define as the process
291
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3103
事實上，我對創意的定義是
13:37
of having original ideas
that have value --
that have value --
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2325
產生有價值原創性想法的思維過程
通常是在各領域
13:39
more often than not comes about
through the interaction
through the interaction
293
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2652
不同意見的交互激盪下產生。
13:42
of different disciplinary
ways of seeing things.
ways of seeing things.
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腦部的能量是很強烈的，順便ㄧ提，
13:46
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves
that joins the two halves of the brain
that joins the two halves of the brain
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腦內連結左右腦半球的神經束
13:50
called the corpus callosum.
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叫做胼肢體。女性的比較粗。
13:51
It's thicker in women.
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根據昨天海倫的演講，我猜
13:53
Following off from Helen yesterday,
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這可能是為什麼女人比較能夠一心多用的原因。
13:54
this is probably why women
are better at multi-tasking.
are better at multi-tasking.
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13:58
Because you are, aren't you?
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難道不是嗎？
13:59
There's a raft of research,
but I know it from my personal life.
but I know it from my personal life.
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許多文獻都曾提及，但我是從我個人經驗中得知。
如果我太太在家裏做菜，
14:03
If my wife is cooking a meal at home --
which is not often, thankfully.
which is not often, thankfully.
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幸好這不常發生，感謝天。（笑聲）
14:09
(Laughter)
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但你可以想像，她還會做 — 她有某些特殊技能 —
14:11
No, she's good at some things,
but if she's cooking,
but if she's cooking,
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當她在做菜時，你知道，
她還可以同時講電話，
14:14
she's dealing with people on the phone,
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1876
跟小孩說話，油漆天花板，
14:16
she's talking to the kids,
she's painting the ceiling,
she's painting the ceiling,
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2556
14:18
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
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甚至可以就地動開心手術。
14:22
If I'm cooking, the door
is shut, the kids are out,
is shut, the kids are out,
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可是換成我在做飯時，門要關上，小孩帶到外面去，
14:25
the phone's on the hook,
if she comes in I get annoyed.
if she comes in I get annoyed.
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電話是掛好的，她如果進來，我會被激怒。
14:28
I say, "Terry, please,
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
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我就會說：泰瑞，拜託！別煩我，我正試著炒蛋。（笑聲）
14:31
(Laughter)
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14:38
"Give me a break."
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1200
14:39
(Laughter)
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讓我講個古老的哲學故事，
14:41
Actually, do you know
that old philosophical thing,
that old philosophical thing,
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如果沒人聽見一棵樹倒在森林裏，
14:43
if a tree falls in a forest
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
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這件事發生了嗎？記得這故事嗎？
14:47
Remember that old chestnut?
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1329
14:48
I saw a great t-shirt
recently, which said,
recently, which said,
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我最近看到一件很棒的 T 恤上寫：如果沒有女人聽見一個男人
14:51
"If a man speaks his mind
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
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3938
在森林中說出的真心話，
14:55
is he still wrong?"
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1396
男人還是錯的嗎？（笑聲）
14:56
(Laughter)
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5606
15:03
And the third thing about intelligence is,
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關於智力的第三件事
15:06
it's distinct.
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是與眾不同。我現在正在寫一本書
15:07
I'm doing a new book at the moment
called "Epiphany,"
called "Epiphany,"
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2573
叫「頓悟」，本書根據一系列訪談，
15:10
which is based on a series
of interviews with people
of interviews with people
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訪問許多人是如何發現自己
15:12
about how they discovered their talent.
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1920
的天份。我對於那些人成功的故事很著迷。
15:14
I'm fascinated
by how people got to be there.
by how people got to be there.
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這本書啟發於我跟
15:16
It's really prompted by a conversation
I had with a wonderful woman
I had with a wonderful woman
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一個美妙女子的對談，大部份人可能沒聽過她
她叫茱麗安•琳，
15:20
who maybe most people
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
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2676
你們聽過她嗎？有些人聽過。她是個編舞家，
15:22
Have you heard of her? Some have.
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每個人都聽說過她的作品。
15:24
She's a choreographer,
and everybody knows her work.
and everybody knows her work.
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2522
「貓」與「歌劇魅影」
15:27
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
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2001
她很棒的。我過去曾擔任過英國皇家芭蕾舞團的董事，
15:29
She's wonderful.
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978
15:30
I used to be on the board
of The Royal Ballet,
of The Royal Ballet,
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我想你們應該看得出來。
15:32
as you can see.
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15:33
Anyway, Gillian and I had
lunch one day and I said,
lunch one day and I said,
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909522
2400
總而言之，有天我和茱麗安共進午餐，我問她：
茱麗安，你怎麼成為舞者的？他回答到：
15:36
"How did you get to be a dancer?"
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912047
1800
15:37
It was interesting.
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1000
說來有趣，她在學校時
15:39
When she was at school,
she was really hopeless.
she was really hopeless.
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2350
表現很糟。那是 30 年代，
15:41
And the school, in the '30s,
wrote to her parents and said,
wrote to her parents and said,
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3602
學校寫信給她父母說：
15:45
"We think Gillian
has a learning disorder."
has a learning disorder."
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2000
我們認為茱麗安可能有學習障礙。她無法專心，
她總是動來動去。我想如果是現在
15:47
She couldn't concentrate;
she was fidgeting.
she was fidgeting.
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923024
2142
他們會說她有「注意力不足過動症」。不是嗎？但那是 30 年代，
15:49
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
Wouldn't you?
Wouldn't you?
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3290
15:52
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD
hadn't been invented at this point.
hadn't been invented at this point.
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4059
那時這個名詞還沒有被發明。
所以大家還沒辦法生這種病。（笑聲）
15:56
It wasn't an available condition.
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932587
2389
15:59
(Laughter)
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2737
人們不知道自己可能有此種疾病。
16:01
People weren't aware they could have that.
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2060
總而言之，後來她去見一位專家。那是在一個橡木地板的房間，
16:03
(Laughter)
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939845
2134
16:06
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
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942003
4278
她與母親一起在裡面，
她被帶到房間盡頭的椅子上坐下，
16:10
So, this oak-paneled room,
and she was there with her mother,
and she was there with her mother,
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946305
3722
她在椅子上乖乖坐了二十分鐘，
16:14
and she was led and sat
on this chair at the end,
on this chair at the end,
350
950051
2477
當醫生與她母親在討論她
16:16
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes
while this man talked to her mother
while this man talked to her mother
351
952552
3639
在學校所遭遇的問題。當討論結束後 —
16:20
about the problems
Gillian was having at school.
Gillian was having at school.
352
956215
2328
因為她總是捉弄別人，
16:22
Because she was disturbing people;
her homework was always late; and so on,
her homework was always late; and so on,
353
958567
3677
又老是遲交作業等等，
八歲的小孩嘛 — 最後這位醫生走過去
16:26
little kid of eight.
354
962268
1096
16:27
In the end, the doctor
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
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3055
坐在她旁邊說：茱麗安，
妳母親跟我說了很多妳的問題，
16:30
"I've listened to all these
things your mother's told me,
things your mother's told me,
356
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2705
我需要私下跟她談談，
16:33
I need to speak to her privately.
357
969196
1619
他說：在這兒等一下，我們不會太久，很快回來。
16:34
Wait here. We'll be back;
we won't be very long,"
we won't be very long,"
358
970839
2376
然後他們就離開了，留她獨自一人。
16:37
and they went and left her.
359
973239
2325
但走出房門前，醫生把桌上的收音機
16:39
But as they went out of the room,
360
975588
1636
打開。當他們走到
16:41
he turned on the radio
that was sitting on his desk.
that was sitting on his desk.
361
977248
2500
房間外面，醫生跟她母親說：
16:44
And when they got out, he said to her
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
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980342
3430
我們就站在這裏觀察她。他們一離開房間後，
16:48
And the minute they left the room,
363
984000
2991
茱麗安說她就隨著收音機的音樂跳起舞來。
16:51
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
364
987015
2484
兩位大人在外面觀看了幾分鐘後
16:53
And they watched for a few minutes
and he turned to her mother and said,
and he turned to her mother and said,
365
989523
3453
醫生轉向她母親說：
16:57
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
366
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3976
琳太太，茱麗安沒有病，她是個舞者。
17:01
Take her to a dance school."
367
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1976
帶她去上舞蹈學校。
17:03
I said, "What happened?"
368
999000
1976
我說：後來怎麼了？
17:05
She said, "She did. I can't tell you
how wonderful it was.
how wonderful it was.
369
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2976
她說：媽媽真的送我去學跳舞，我無法告訴你那有多棒。
17:08
We walked in this room
and it was full of people like me.
and it was full of people like me.
370
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2753
我走進一個房間，裏面全是
和我一樣的人。無法端坐不動的人。
17:10
People who couldn't sit still.
371
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2199
17:13
People who had to move to think."
Who had to move to think.
Who had to move to think.
372
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4587
這些人都必須要經過舞動來思考。經由舞動才能思考。
他們學芭蕾、踢踏、爵士、
17:17
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz;
they did modern; they did contemporary.
they did modern; they did contemporary.
373
1013746
3630
現代舞等等。
她最後去應徵英國皇家芭蕾舞團的一個角色，
17:21
She was eventually auditioned
for the Royal Ballet School;
for the Royal Ballet School;
374
1017400
2820
她成為獨舞者，在皇家芭蕾舞團裡
17:24
she became a soloist; she had
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
375
1020244
3299
有個很傑出的職業舞者生涯。她最後從
皇家芭蕾舞團離開，
17:27
She eventually graduated
from the Royal Ballet School,
from the Royal Ballet School,
376
1023567
2608
成立了自己的舞蹈團，茱麗安•琳舞團，
17:30
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
377
1026200
1975
認識歌舞劇大師韋伯。她為歷史上
17:32
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
378
1028200
1243
17:33
She's been responsible for
379
1029568
1409
最受歡迎的幾齣歌舞劇
17:35
some of the most successful
musical theater productions in history,
musical theater productions in history,
380
1031001
3146
編舞，她娛樂了數以百萬的觀眾，
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
and she's a multi-millionaire.
and she's a multi-millionaire.
381
1034172
3072
17:41
Somebody else might have put her
on medication and told her to calm down.
on medication and told her to calm down.
382
1037269
4070
她現在是百萬富翁。但換成另外一個醫生
可能會叫她吃藥，叫她
17:45
(Applause)
383
1041364
6782
安靜下來。
因此，我認為 —（掌聲）我認為這個故事的啓示是：
17:52
What I think it comes to is this:
384
1048575
1601
高爾，前幾晚
17:54
Al Gore spoke the other night
385
1050200
1776
17:56
about ecology and the revolution
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
386
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4269
在這裏談到生態學，及美國知名海洋生物學家瑞秋•卡森發起的環保革命。
我相信，我們未來唯一的希望
18:01
I believe our only hope for the future
387
1057111
2166
是採取人類生態學的新觀念，
18:03
is to adopt a new conception
of human ecology,
of human ecology,
388
1059301
3833
開始重新建構我們對
18:07
one in which we start
to reconstitute our conception
to reconstitute our conception
389
1063158
2818
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
390
1066000
1976
人類豐富潛能的看法。
18:12
Our education system has mined our minds
391
1068000
3499
我們的教育制度開採我們的心智就如同
18:15
in the way that we strip-mine the earth:
for a particular commodity.
for a particular commodity.
392
1071523
3276
我們過度開採地球上的礦物一般：只針對有特殊價直的東西。
但是對我們的未來沒有幫助。
18:19
And for the future, it won't serve us.
393
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2484
我們必須要重新思考我們教育
18:21
We have to rethink
the fundamental principles
the fundamental principles
394
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2280
18:24
on which we're educating our children.
395
1080000
1968
孩子的基本原則。
發明小兒痲痹疫苗的美國科學家瓊恩斯•沙克有個名言，他說：如果昆蟲
18:26
There was a wonderful quote
by Jonas Salk, who said,
by Jonas Salk, who said,
396
1082087
2674
18:28
"If all the insects
were to disappear from the Earth,
were to disappear from the Earth,
397
1084785
5039
從地球上消失，
五十年內地球上所有生命都會滅絕。
18:33
within 50 years all life
on Earth would end.
on Earth would end.
398
1089848
2841
如果人類從地球上消失，
18:37
If all human beings
disappeared from the Earth,
disappeared from the Earth,
399
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3072
五十年內地球上所有生命都會茁壯。
18:40
within 50 years all forms
of life would flourish."
of life would flourish."
400
1096784
2634
他是對的。
18:44
And he's right.
401
1100244
1285
TED 頌揚的是人類發揮想像力的天賦。
18:46
What TED celebrates is the gift
of the human imagination.
of the human imagination.
402
1102291
3634
我們現在應謹慎、聰明地運用我們的天賦才能
18:50
We have to be careful now
403
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2071
來防止一些情景的發生，
18:52
that we use this gift wisely
404
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2255
18:54
and that we avert some of the scenarios
that we've talked about.
that we've talked about.
405
1110791
3229
我們剛剛已經談過一些可能的事態。唯一的方法是
18:58
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing
our creative capacities
our creative capacities
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3932
藉由要看重人類創意的豐富性，
19:02
for the richness they are
407
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1610
看重我們孩子代表的希望，
19:03
and seeing our children
for the hope that they are.
for the hope that they are.
408
1119634
3182
我們的任務是
19:06
And our task is to educate
their whole being,
their whole being,
409
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2398
要提供全人教育，使他們能夠面對未來。
19:09
so they can face this future.
410
1125262
1484
順道一提，我們不見得看的到這個未來，
19:10
By the way -- we may not see this future,
411
1126770
2206
19:13
but they will.
412
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1430
但他們一定會。而我們的工作是幫助
19:14
And our job is to help them
make something of it.
make something of it.
413
1130454
3079
他們在自己的未來發光發亮. 謝謝大家
19:17
Thank you very much.
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1133557
1000
19:18
(Applause)
415
1134581
3000
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ken Robinson - Author/educatorCreativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.
Why you should listen
Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TED Talk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. The most popular words framing blog posts on his talk? "Everyone should watch this."
A visionary cultural leader, Sir Ken led the British government's 1998 advisory committee on creative and cultural education, a massive inquiry into the significance of creativity in the educational system and the economy, and was knighted in 2003 for his achievements. His 2009 book, The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, is a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 21 languages. A 10th anniversary edition of his classic work on creativity and innovation, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative, was published in 2011. His 2013 book, Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life, is a practical guide that answers questions about finding your personal Element. In his latest book, Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education, he argues for an end to our outmoded industrial educational system and proposes a highly personalized, organic approach that draws on today’s unprecedented technological and professional resources to engage all students.
Ken Robinson | Speaker | TED.com