TED Fellows Retreat 2015
Cesar Harada: How I teach kids to love science
塞萨尔·原田: 我是怎么让孩子们爱上科学的
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在香港的港口小学，塞萨尔·原田教科学和发明课，来培养下一代的环境学家。他把他的教室搬到了一个多用途工业场地，在那里孩子们可以做木工、金工，做化学、生物和光学实验，并且偶尔他们也做一些电动工具来解决我们面对的海洋问题。在那里，他给学生们灌输着他小时候父母告诉他的至理名言：“你可以把东西搞得一团糟，但是之后你必须收拾好。”
Cesar Harada - Inventor, environmentalist, educator
TED Senior Fellow Cesar Harada aims to harness the forces of nature as he invents innovative remedies for man-made problems like oil spills and radioactive leaks. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Cesar Harada aims to harness the forces of nature as he invents innovative remedies for man-made problems like oil spills and radioactive leaks. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When I was a kid,
my parents would tell me,
my parents would tell me,
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当我还是个孩子时，
我父母告诉我，
我父母告诉我，
00:16
"You can make a mess,
but you have to clean up after yourself."
but you have to clean up after yourself."
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“你可以把东西搞得一团糟，
但是之后你必须收拾好。”
但是之后你必须收拾好。”
00:20
So freedom came with responsibility.
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所以自由和责任其实是伴随发生的。
00:23
But my imagination would take me
to all these wonderful places,
to all these wonderful places,
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我的想象力会把我带到
一个什么都可以发生的，
一个什么都可以发生的，
00:27
where everything was possible.
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神奇的地方。
00:29
So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --
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我在一个充满天真的世界中成长——
00:32
or a bubble of ignorance, I should say,
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或者应该说是一个无知的世界，
00:34
because adults would lie to us
to protect us from the ugly truth.
to protect us from the ugly truth.
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因为大人们会对我们说谎，
来避免我们接触到丑恶的现实。
来避免我们接触到丑恶的现实。
当我们逐渐长大，我发现
其实大人们的世界一团糟，
其实大人们的世界一团糟，
00:39
And growing up, I found out
that adults make a mess,
that adults make a mess,
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00:43
and they're not very good
at cleaning up after themselves.
at cleaning up after themselves.
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而且他们并不善于收拾烂摊子。
00:47
Fast forward, I am an adult now,
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现在，我变成了个大人，
00:49
and I teach citizen science and invention
at the Hong Kong Harbour School.
at the Hong Kong Harbour School.
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我在香港港口小学教科学和发明课。
00:54
And it doesn't take too long
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没过多久，
我的学生们走在海滩上的时候，
就发现了成堆的垃圾。
就发现了成堆的垃圾。
00:55
before my students walk on a beach
and stumble upon piles of trash.
and stumble upon piles of trash.
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01:00
So as good citizens,
we clean up the beaches --
we clean up the beaches --
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作为好公民，我们清理了海滩——
不，他不是在喝酒，
就算是，酒也不是我给的。
就算是，酒也不是我给的。
01:02
and no, he is not drinking alcohol,
and if he is, I did not give it to him.
and if he is, I did not give it to him.
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01:07
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:09
And so it's sad to say,
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很遗憾地说，
如今超过80%的海洋里有塑料制品。
01:11
but today more than 80 percent
of the oceans have plastic in them.
of the oceans have plastic in them.
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这是个很可怕的事实。
01:15
It's a horrifying fact.
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01:16
And in past decades,
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在过去的几十年里，
01:18
we've been taking those big ships out
and those big nets,
and those big nets,
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我们用这些大船拖着大网把垃圾捞出来，
01:21
and we collect those plastic bits
that we look at under a microscope,
that we look at under a microscope,
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我们把塑料垃圾收集起来，
用显微镜观察，
用显微镜观察，
01:25
and we sort them,
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然后把它们分类，
之后我们把这些数据写在了一张地图上。
01:26
and then we put this data onto a map.
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01:28
But that takes forever,
it's very expensive,
it's very expensive,
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但那要花很长时间，成本也非常高，
而且开那些大船是很危险的。
01:30
and so it's quite risky
to take those big boats out.
to take those big boats out.
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01:33
So with my students, ages six to 15,
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所以我，和我的6到15岁的学生们，
01:36
we've been dreaming
of inventing a better way.
of inventing a better way.
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一直都梦想创造一个更好的办法。
01:39
So we've transformed our tiny
Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.
Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.
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于是，我们把在香港的
一个小教室变成了一个工作室。
一个小教室变成了一个工作室。
01:43
And so we started building
this small workbench,
this small workbench,
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然后我们就开始建造这个小工作台，
01:46
with different heights,
so even really short kids can participate.
so even really short kids can participate.
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把它们做成不同的高度，就算是个子矮的
小朋友也可以参加进来了。
小朋友也可以参加进来了。
01:49
And let me tell you, kids with power tools
are awesome and safe.
are awesome and safe.
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告诉你们吧，拿着电动工具的孩子们
其实很酷炫而且很安全。
其实很酷炫而且很安全。
01:53
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
开个玩笑。
01:55
Not really.
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咱们回到塑料制品那个话题。
01:56
And so, back to plastic.
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01:58
We collect this plastic and we grind it
to the size we find it in the ocean,
to the size we find it in the ocean,
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我们收集了一些塑料制品然后把它们
磨成了在海里找到它们时的大小，
磨成了在海里找到它们时的大小，
02:01
which is very small
because it breaks down.
because it breaks down.
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特别特别小，因为它们在海里都分解了。
02:04
And so this is how we work.
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我们是这么做的。
02:05
I let the imaginations
of my students run wild.
of my students run wild.
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我让我的学生们充分发挥想象力。
02:08
And my job is to try to collect
the best of each kid's idea
the best of each kid's idea
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而我的工作就是尽量收集
每个孩子最好的想法，
每个孩子最好的想法，
02:12
and try to combine it into something
that hopefully would work.
that hopefully would work.
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然后试着去把这些想法和一些
期望能行的通的东西结合起来。
期望能行的通的东西结合起来。
02:17
And so we have agreed
that instead of collecting plastic bits,
that instead of collecting plastic bits,
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之后我们就达成了一致，
我们不收集塑料品了，
我们不收集塑料品了，
02:21
we are going to collect only the data.
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我们决定仅仅收集数据。
02:23
So we're going to get an image
of the plastic with a robot --
of the plastic with a robot --
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我们打算用机器人来获取
塑料制品的图片——
塑料制品的图片——
02:26
so robots, kids get very excited.
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有了机器人，孩子们简直兴奋死了。
02:28
And the next thing we do --
we do what we call "rapid prototyping."
we do what we call "rapid prototyping."
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我们的下一步工作——
我们称之为“快速原型设计”。
我们称之为“快速原型设计”。
我们的原型设计做得非常快，
02:31
We are so rapid at prototyping
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02:33
that the lunch is still in the lunchbox
when we're hacking it.
when we're hacking it.
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以至于我们午饭还没吃完，
饭盒就被征用了。
饭盒就被征用了。
（笑声）
02:36
(Laughter)
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02:37
And we hack table lamps and webcams,
into plumbing fixtures
into plumbing fixtures
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我们把桌灯和网络摄像头
装到了卫生洁具上，
装到了卫生洁具上，
02:42
and we assemble that into a floating robot
that will be slowly moving through water
that will be slowly moving through water
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然后把它们组装在漂浮机器人上，
机器人会在水面上缓缓移动，
机器人会在水面上缓缓移动，
02:47
and through the plastic
that we have there --
that we have there --
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穿过水面上的塑料漂浮物——
这就是我们用机器人得到的照片。
02:49
and this is the image
that we get in the robot.
that we get in the robot.
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我们可以看到塑料碎片缓缓地
流经感应器，
流经感应器，
02:51
So we see the plastic pieces
floating slowly through the sensor,
floating slowly through the sensor,
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02:55
and the computer on board
will process this image,
will process this image,
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内置的计算机就会分析这些影像，
并且计算出每个颗粒的大小，
02:58
and measure the size of each particle,
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所以我们就能对水中塑料品的数量
有一个粗略的估计了。
有一个粗略的估计了。
03:00
so we have a rough estimate
of how much plastic there is in the water.
of how much plastic there is in the water.
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03:05
So we documented
this invention step by step
this invention step by step
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我们在一个叫Instructables的
发明家网站上
发明家网站上
03:08
on a website for inventors
called Instructables,
called Instructables,
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一步一步地记录下我们的发明，
希望有人可以继续完善它。
03:11
in the hope that somebody
would make it even better.
would make it even better.
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03:15
What was really cool about this project
was that the students saw a local problem,
was that the students saw a local problem,
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这个项目的精彩之处在于，
孩子们自己看到了当地的问题，
孩子们自己看到了当地的问题，
03:19
and boom -- they are trying
to immediately address it.
to immediately address it.
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然后灵光一现——他们就马上开始
试着去解决这个问题了。
试着去解决这个问题了。
03:22
[I can investigate my local problem]
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（我可以研究本地的问题）
不过，我在香港的学生是
非常与时俱进的孩子。
非常与时俱进的孩子。
03:24
But my students in Hong Kong
are hyperconnected kids.
are hyperconnected kids.
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他们常看新闻，
他们会上网，
他们会上网，
03:28
And they watch the news,
they watch the Internet,
they watch the Internet,
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然后他们就看到了这张照片。
03:30
and they came across this image.
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03:33
This was a child, probably under 10,
cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,
cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,
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这是一个大概不到10岁的孩子，
在徒手清理流出的油污，
在徒手清理流出的油污，
03:38
in the Sundarbans, which is the world's
largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.
largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.
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地点在孟加拉国，拥有世界最大的
红树林的孙德尔本斯地区。
红树林的孙德尔本斯地区。
孩子们感到非常震惊，
03:43
So they were very shocked,
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因为这里的水就是当地人喝的水，
他们也常在这里洗澡，
他们也常在这里洗澡，
03:45
because this is the water they drink,
this is the water they bathe in,
this is the water they bathe in,
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03:48
this is the water they fish in --
this is the place where they live.
this is the place where they live.
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在这里钓鱼——
这是他们赖以生存的地方。
这是他们赖以生存的地方。
03:52
And also you can see the water is brown,
the mud is brown and oil is brown,
the mud is brown and oil is brown,
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现在你们可以看到水是棕色的，
泥土是棕色的，油污也是棕色的，
泥土是棕色的，油污也是棕色的，
当所有的东西都掺在一起时，
03:56
so when everything is mixed up,
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03:57
it's really hard to see
what's in the water.
what's in the water.
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很难分清水里有什么东西。
04:00
But, there's a technology
that's rather simple,
that's rather simple,
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但是，有一项相当简单的技术，
叫做光谱测定法，
04:02
that's called spectrometry,
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可以让你看清水中物质的成分。
04:04
that allows you see what's in the water.
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所以我们就做了一个分光仪的
简单原型，
简单原型，
04:06
So we built a rough prototype
of a spectrometer,
of a spectrometer,
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04:09
and you can shine light
through different substances
through different substances
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让光线透过不同的物质，
04:12
that produce different spectrums,
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产生不同的光谱，
04:14
so that can help you
identify what's in the water.
identify what's in the water.
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这样就能帮你分辨水里的东西了。
我们就把这个感应器的原型打包好，
04:18
So we packed this prototype of a sensor,
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寄到了孟加拉国。
04:21
and we shipped it to Bangladesh.
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04:23
So what was cool about this project
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这个项目有意思的地方在于
这不只是解决一个本地问题，
04:25
was that beyond addressing
a local problem,
a local problem,
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或者研究一个本地问题了，
04:28
or looking at a local problem,
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04:30
my students used their empathy
and their sense of being creative
and their sense of being creative
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我的学生们用他们的同情心
和丰富的想象力
和丰富的想象力
远程帮助了其他的孩子。
04:34
to help, remotely, other kids.
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04:36
[I can investigate a remote problem]
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（我可以解决一个远方的问题了）
04:38
So I was very compelled
by doing the second experiments,
by doing the second experiments,
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我做第二个实验时有一种
很强的使命感，
很强的使命感，
想要更进一步——
04:40
and I wanted to take it even further --
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04:43
maybe addressing an even harder problem,
and it's also closer to my heart.
and it's also closer to my heart.
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或许我们可以解决一个更加困难，
同时也是我打心底里想研究的问题。
同时也是我打心底里想研究的问题。
04:48
So I'm half Japanese and half French,
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我是日法混血，
04:51
and maybe you remember in 2011
there was a massive earthquake in Japan.
there was a massive earthquake in Japan.
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可能你们还记得在2011年
日本遭受了一次很强的地震。
日本遭受了一次很强的地震。
04:57
It was so violent that it triggered
several giant waves --
several giant waves --
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地震破坏力很强，还引发了惊天巨浪——
05:00
they are called tsunami --
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也就是海啸——
05:02
and those tsunami destroyed many cities
on the eastern coast of Japan.
on the eastern coast of Japan.
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海啸破坏了日本东边沿海地区的
很多城市。
很多城市。
05:10
More than 14,000 people
died in an instant.
died in an instant.
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一瞬间，超过一万四千人失去了生命。
05:15
Also, it damaged the nuclear
power plant of Fukushima,
power plant of Fukushima,
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而且，海啸还摧毁了福田核电站，
05:19
the nuclear power plant just by the water.
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一个建在海边的核电站。
05:22
And today, I read the reports
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今天，我读了一些报告，
知道了大概300吨的核污水
05:24
and an average of 300 tons
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从核电站流到了太平洋。
05:28
are leaking from the nuclear power plant
into the Pacific Ocean.
into the Pacific Ocean.
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05:31
And today the whole Pacific Ocean
has traces of contamination of cesium-137.
has traces of contamination of cesium-137.
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今天，整个太平洋都
受到了铯-137的污染。
受到了铯-137的污染。
如果你去美国的西海岸，
到处都能够发现福岛核泄露的痕迹。
到处都能够发现福岛核泄露的痕迹。
05:38
If you go outside on the West Coast,
you can measure Fukushima everywhere.
you can measure Fukushima everywhere.
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05:42
But if you look at the map,
it can look like most of the radioactivity
it can look like most of the radioactivity
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但如果你从地图上看，
你会看到似乎大部分的放射物质
你会看到似乎大部分的放射物质
05:45
has been washed away
from the Japanese coast,
from the Japanese coast,
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都从日本海岸冲走了，
现在核泄露的大部分——
看起来都是安全的，因为是蓝色的。
看起来都是安全的，因为是蓝色的。
05:47
and most of it is now --
it looks like it's safe, it's blue.
it looks like it's safe, it's blue.
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然而，现实要比这复杂得多。
05:50
Well, reality is a bit
more complicated than this.
more complicated than this.
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自从那次事故以来，我每年都会去福岛，
05:54
So I've been going to Fukushima
every year since the accident,
every year since the accident,
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我和其他的科学家一起，
在陆地上、在水里
在陆地上、在水里
05:57
and I measure independently
and with other scientists,
and with other scientists,
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进行独立调查——
06:00
on land, in the river --
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这次我想带上孩子们。
06:02
and this time we wanted to take the kids.
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当然我们没有真的把孩子们带过去，
家长们不会让我们这样做的。
家长们不会让我们这样做的。
06:05
So of course we didn't take the kids,
the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.
the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.
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（笑声）
06:08
(Laughter)
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但每晚我们都要向“任务控制部”汇报，
06:10
But every night we would report
to "Mission Control" --
to "Mission Control" --
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他们带着不同的面具。
06:14
different masks they're wearing.
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看起来好像他们并没有认真工作，
但其实不然，
但其实不然，
06:16
It could look like they didn't take
the work seriously, but they really did
the work seriously, but they really did
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06:20
because they're going to have to live
with radioactivity their whole life.
with radioactivity their whole life.
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因为他们一辈子都要在这种
放射性的环境下生活。
放射性的环境下生活。
06:25
And so what we did with them
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我们跟他们一起做的工作
就是研究我们当天收集的数据，
06:27
is that we'd discuss the data
we collected that day,
we collected that day,
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并且讨论我们下一步该做什么——
06:30
and talk about where
we should be going next --
we should be going next --
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策略、行程等等······
06:32
strategy, itinerary, etc...
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06:34
And to do this, we built
a very rough topographical map
a very rough topographical map
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于是，我们做了一个
核电站周围区域的
核电站周围区域的
很简单的地形图。
06:38
of the region around
the nuclear power plant.
the nuclear power plant.
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我们做了这个高程图，
06:41
And so we built the elevation map,
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在上面撒上颜料
来代表核放射的实时数据，
来代表核放射的实时数据，
06:43
we sprinkled pigments to represent
real-time data for radioactivity,
real-time data for radioactivity,
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06:47
and we sprayed water
to simulate the rainfall.
to simulate the rainfall.
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我们还会喷水来模拟下雨。
用这种方法我们看到了放射性尘埃
06:52
And with this we could see
that the radioactive dust
that the radioactive dust
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被雨水从山顶冲到了河流里，
06:55
was washing from the top of the mountain
into the river system,
into the river system,
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最后流向大海。
06:58
and leaking into the ocean.
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这只是个粗略的估算。
06:59
So it was a rough estimate.
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07:02
But with this in mind,
we organized this expedition,
we organized this expedition,
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基于这种方法，
我们组织了一次探索活动，
我们组织了一次探索活动，
这也是公民们距离核电站
最近的一次了。
最近的一次了。
07:05
which was the closest civilians have been
to the nuclear power plant.
to the nuclear power plant.
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我们在离核电站1.5公里远的地方航行，
07:09
We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away
from the nuclear power plant,
from the nuclear power plant,
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在当地渔民的帮助下，
07:13
and with the help of the local fisherman,
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我们用自己发明制作的
07:15
we are collecting sediment from the seabed
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沉淀物采样器在海底
收集了一些沉淀物。
收集了一些沉淀物。
07:17
with a custom sediment sampler
we've invented and built.
we've invented and built.
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我们把这些沉淀物打成一个个的小包，
07:21
We pack the sediment into small bags,
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然后把这数百个小包封装好
07:24
we then dispatch them
to hundreds of small bags
to hundreds of small bags
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寄给了很多大学，
07:26
that we send to different universities,
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我们做出了这个
海床放射活动的地图，
海床放射活动的地图，
07:28
and we produce the map
of the seabed radioactivity,
of the seabed radioactivity,
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特别是在鱼类繁殖的河口地区，
07:31
especially in estuaries
where the fish will reproduce,
where the fish will reproduce,
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我希望我们所做的这些
07:34
and I will hope that we will have improved
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可以使当地的渔民和你们最爱的寿司
安全一点。
安全一点。
07:36
the safety of the local fishermen
and of your favorite sushi.
and of your favorite sushi.
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（笑声）
07:39
(Laughter)
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07:40
You can see a progression here --
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你们可以看到我们的进步——
我们从本地问题开始，
到外地的问题，最后再到世界问题。
到外地的问题，最后再到世界问题。
07:42
we've gone from a local problem
to a remote problem to a global problem.
to a remote problem to a global problem.
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07:47
And it's been super exciting
to work at these different scales,
to work at these different scales,
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做这些不同规模项目的感觉
真的特别爽，
真的特别爽，
我们使用的技术也是
非常简单和开源的。
非常简单和开源的。
07:50
with also very simple,
open-source technologies.
open-source technologies.
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但同时，我们也逐渐地感觉有些沮丧，
07:53
But at the same time,
it's been increasingly frustrating
it's been increasingly frustrating
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因为我们现在做的仅仅是测量
我们过去所造成的危害。
我们过去所造成的危害。
07:57
because we have only started to measure
the damage that we have done.
the damage that we have done.
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我们还没有开始解决这些问题。
08:00
We haven't even started
to try to solve the problems.
to try to solve the problems.
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08:05
And so I wonder
if we should just take a leap
if we should just take a leap
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所以我想知道，
我们能不能有一个飞跃，
我们能不能有一个飞跃，
想出一些更好的办法来解决这些问题呢？
08:08
and try to invent better ways
to do all these things.
to do all these things.
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08:13
And so the classroom
started to feel a little bit small,
started to feel a little bit small,
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然后教室就显得有点小了，
08:17
so we found an industrial
site in Hong Kong,
site in Hong Kong,
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我们找了香港的一处废弃工厂，
然后把它变成了一个最大的多用空间，
08:19
and we turned it into
the largest mega-space
the largest mega-space
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专门来研究社会和环境影响。
08:23
focused on social
and environmental impact.
and environmental impact.
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这是在香港市中心，
08:26
It's in central Hong Kong,
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是一个我们可以做木工、
金工和化学实验的地方，
金工和化学实验的地方，
08:27
and it's a place we can work
with wood, metal, chemistry,
with wood, metal, chemistry,
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还可以做一些生物学和光学的实验，
08:30
a bit of biology, a bit of optics,
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在那里，基本上你什么都可以做。
08:32
basically you can build
pretty much everything there.
pretty much everything there.
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这是一个大人和孩子
可以一起玩的地方。
可以一起玩的地方。
08:35
And its a place where
adults and kids can play together.
adults and kids can play together.
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这是一个在大人的帮助下，
08:38
It's a place where
kids' dreams can come true,
kids' dreams can come true,
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孩子们可以梦想成真的地方，
08:41
with the help of adults,
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在这里，大人们也返老还童了。
08:43
and where adults can be kids again.
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08:44
Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!
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学生们：加油！加油！
塞萨尔·原田：
我们经常提出这样的问题，
我们经常提出这样的问题，
08:48
Cesar Harada: We're asking
questions such as,
questions such as,
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我们可以打造一个利用可再生能源的
移动设备的未来吗？
移动设备的未来吗？
08:50
can we invent the future of mobility
with renewable energy?
with renewable energy?
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这是一个例子。
08:53
For example.
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08:55
Or, can we help the mobility
of the aging population
of the aging population
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还有，我们能把非常常见的轮椅
变成很酷的电动车，
变成很酷的电动车，
08:59
by transforming very standard wheelchairs
into cool, electric vehicles?
into cool, electric vehicles?
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让老年人的行动更加方便吗？
09:05
So plastic, oil and radioactivity
are horrible, horrible legacies,
are horrible, horrible legacies,
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塑料制品、油污和核辐射
都是非常非常可怕的残留物，
都是非常非常可怕的残留物，
但是最最可怕的
还是我们对孩子们说的谎话。
还是我们对孩子们说的谎话。
09:11
but the very worst legacy
that we can leave our children is lies.
that we can leave our children is lies.
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09:16
We can no longer afford
to shield the kids from the ugly truth
to shield the kids from the ugly truth
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我们不能再对孩子们隐瞒丑恶的真相了，
09:22
because we need their imagination
to invent the solutions.
to invent the solutions.
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因为我们需要他们解决问题的想象力。
09:26
So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --
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所以，科学家们、制造商们、
梦想家们——
梦想家们——
我们必须让我们的下一代开始
09:31
we must prepare the next generation
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关心现在的环境和人们，
09:34
that cares about
the environment and people,
the environment and people,
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这样他们就可以采取行动解决问题了。
09:37
and that can actually
do something about it.
do something about it.
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09:40
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
09:41
(Applause)
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Translated by Huazhe Xie
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cesar Harada - Inventor, environmentalist, educatorTED Senior Fellow Cesar Harada aims to harness the forces of nature as he invents innovative remedies for man-made problems like oil spills and radioactive leaks.
Why you should listen
Cesar Harada believes that ocean currents, the wind and other naturally occuring phenomenon can provide unique inspiration and novel solutions to mankind’s worst disasters, like oil spills and radioactive leaks. A French-Japanese inventor and TED senior fellow, he is the creator of Protei, a revolutionary sailing technology -- featuring a front rudder, flexible hull and open-soure hardware -- that allows for efficient clean up of both oil and plastics from the sea. Currently based in London, Harada recently traveled to Japan and is designing Protei to measure radioactivity along the country's coast.
The general coordinator of the future International Ocean Station, Harada teaches at Goldsmiths University London. A former project leader at MIT, he graduated form the Royal College of Arts Design Interactions in London and worked at the Southampton University Hydrodynamics laboratory on wave energy. Harada has also studied animantion, and his films and installations have been seen at festivals and events across the world, from the United States to Japan.
Cesar Harada | Speaker | TED.com