ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language

موراي غيل-مان: سلف اللغة

Filmed:
944,446 views

بعد التحدث في تيد 2007 عن الأناقة في الفيزياء، المدهش موراي جيل-مان يعطي لمحة سريعة عن اهتمام عاطفي آخر: ايجاد السَلَف المشترك للغاتنا الحديثة
- Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Well, I'm involvedمتورط in other things, besidesبالإضافة إلى physicsعلوم فيزيائية.
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حسنا، أنا مشترك في أمور أخرى الى جانب الفيزياء
00:17
In factحقيقة, mostlyخاصة now in other things.
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في الواقع، على الأغلب الآن في الأمور الأخرى
00:19
One thing is distantبعيد relationshipsالعلاقات amongمن بين humanبشري languagesاللغات.
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أمر واحد هو العلاقات البعيدة بين اللغات الانسانية
00:24
And the professionalالمحترفين, historicalتاريخي linguistsاللغويين in the U.S.
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واللغويون التأريخيون المحترفون في الولايات المتّحدة
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and in Westernالغربي Europeأوروبا mostlyخاصة try to stayالبقاء away
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وفي أوروبا الغربية في الأغلب حاولوا البقاء بعيدا
00:31
from any long-distanceبعيد المدى relationshipsالعلاقات, bigكبير groupingsالتجمعات,
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عن أي علاقة ذات مسافة بعيدة؛ أوتجمّعات كبيرة
00:35
groupingsالتجمعات that go back a long time,
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تجمّعات تعود الى زمن طويل
00:38
longerطويل than the familiarمألوف familiesأسر.
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أطول من العائلات المعروفة
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crankكرنك. I don't think it's crankكرنك.
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هم لا يحبون ذلك؛ يعتقدون أنها نزوة. أنا لا أعتقد أنها نزوة
00:45
And there are some brilliantمتألق linguistsاللغويين, mostlyخاصة Russiansالروس,
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وهنالك بعض اللغويين المبدعين، معظمهم روس
00:48
who are workingعامل on that, at Santaسانتا Feالحديد Instituteمعهد and in Moscowموسكو,
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يعملون على ذلك في معهد سانتا في و في موسكو
00:52
and I would love to see where that leadsيؤدي.
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وأنا احب أن أرى الى أين يقود هذا
00:56
Does it really leadقيادة to a singleغير مرتبطة ancestorسلف
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هل سيقود حقا الى سلف واحد
00:59
some 20, 25,000 yearsسنوات agoمنذ?
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منذ حوالى 20، 25000 سنة؟
01:02
And what if we go back beyondوراء that singleغير مرتبطة ancestorسلف,
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وماذا لو عدنا لما قبل هذا السلف الواحد
01:05
when there was presumablyمحتمل a competitionمنافسة amongمن بين manyكثير languagesاللغات?
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عندما كان هناك - من المفترض - منافسة بين العديد من اللغات؟
01:09
How farبعيدا back does that go? How farبعيدا back does modernحديث languageلغة go?
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الى كم سيعود هذا؟ الى أي مدى تعود اللغة الحديثة؟
01:13
How manyكثير tensعشرات of thousandsالآلاف of yearsسنوات does it go back?
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كم من عشرات آلاف السنين تعود؟
01:16
Chrisكريس Andersonأندرسون: Do you have a hunchشعور or a hopeأمل for what the answerإجابة to that is?
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كريس أندرسون: هل عندك شعور أو أمل لِما هو الجواب لهذا؟
01:19
Murrayموراي Gell-Mannجيلمان: Well, I would guessخمن that modernحديث languageلغة mustيجب be olderاكبر سنا
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موراي جيل-مان: حسنا، انا أخمّن أن اللغة الحديثة يجب أن تكون أقدم
01:22
than the caveكهف paintingsلوحات and caveكهف engravingsالنقوش and caveكهف sculpturesمنحوتات
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من الرسومات على جدران الكهوف والتماثيل في الكهوف
01:26
and danceرقص stepsخطوات in the softناعم clayطين in the cavesالكهوف in Westernالغربي Europeأوروبا,
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وخطوات الرقص والطين الناعم في الكهوف في اوروبا الغربية
01:31
in the AurignacianAurignacian Periodفترة some 35,000 yearsسنوات agoمنذ, or earlierسابقا.
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في الفترة الأورغانية حوالي 35000 سنة مضت، أو قبل ذلك
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't alsoأيضا have a modernحديث languageلغة.
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أنا لا أصدق أنهم فعلوا كل هذا و لم يكن لديهم لغة حديثة
01:40
So, I would guessخمن that the actualفعلي originالأصل goesيذهب back at leastالأقل that farبعيدا and maybe furtherبالإضافة إلى ذلك.
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لذا بامكاني أن أخمّن أن المنشأ الأساسي يعود لهذا البعد و ربما أبعد
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or manyكثير, or mostعظم
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لكن هذا لا يعني أن كل، أو العديد، او معظم
01:48
of today'sاليوم attestedموثق languagesاللغات couldn'tلم أستطع descendتنحدر perhapsربما
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اللغات المجرّبة لم تنحدر ربما
01:52
from one that's much youngerاصغر سنا than that, like say 20,000 yearsسنوات,
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من لغة أصغر من ذلك، لنقل 20000 سنة
01:56
or something of that kindطيب القلب. It's what we call a bottleneckعنق الزجاجة.
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او شيئ من هذا المثيل. هذا ما نسميه عنق الزجاجة
02:00
CACA: Well, Philipفيليب Andersonأندرسون mayقد have been right.
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ك.أ: حسنا، ربما فيليب أندرسون كان على صواب
02:01
You mayقد just know more about everything than anyoneأي واحد.
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ربما تعرف أكثر عن كل شيئ من أي أحد
02:04
So, it's been an honorشرف. Thank you Murrayموراي Gell-Mannجيلمان.
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لذا كان هذا شرفا. شكرا لك موراي جيل-مان
02:06
(Applauseتصفيق)
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(تصفيق)
Translated by Anas Azayzeh
Reviewed by Yasser Bahjatt

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com

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