TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language
Murray Gell-Mann membicarakan perihal leluhur bahasa
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Selepas berucap di TED2007 mengenai gaya elegan dalam ilmu fizik, Murray Gell-Man menyampaikan satu ikhtisar mengenai satu lagi minatnya: mencari leluhur bersama pada bahasa-bahasa moden kita.
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, I'm involved in other things, besides physics.
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Saya terlibat dalam kajian-kajian selain fizik.
00:17
In fact, mostly now in other things.
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Malah, kebanyakannya kini dalam hal-hal yang lain.
00:19
One thing is distant relationships among human languages.
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Satu perkara ialah mengenai kaitan di antara bahasa-bahasa manusia.
00:24
And the professional, historical linguists in the U.S.
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Ahli bahasa profesional dan sejarawan bahasa di Amerika Syarikat
00:28
and in Western Europe mostly try to stay away
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dan di Eropah Barat kebanyakannya cuba menjauhkan diri
00:31
from any long-distance relationships, big groupings,
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dari sebarang kaitan jarak jauh; perkumpulan yang besar,
00:35
groupings that go back a long time,
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perkumpulan yang kembali ke zaman dahulu,
00:38
longer than the familiar families.
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lebih lama daripada keluarga-keluarga biasa.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crank. I don't think it's crank.
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Mereka tidak suka begitu; mereka fikir itu karut, Saya tidak fikir ia karut.
00:45
And there are some brilliant linguists, mostly Russians,
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Dan ada juga ahli bahasa yang pintar, kebanyakannya orang Rusia,
00:48
who are working on that, at Santa Fe Institute and in Moscow,
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yang bekerja di Institut Santa Fe dan di Mosko,
00:52
and I would love to see where that leads.
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saya berminat untuk melihat apa hasilnya.
00:56
Does it really lead to a single ancestor
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Apakah ia menjurus kepada satu keturunan
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
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kira-kira 20, 25,000 tahun yang lalu?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond that single ancestor,
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Bagaimana jika kita susur lebih lama sebelum keturunan yang satu itu,
01:05
when there was presumably a competition among many languages?
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di mana dikatakan terdapat persaingan di antara banyak bahasa?
01:09
How far back does that go? How far back does modern language go?
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Berapa lama sebelum itu ia terjadi? Berapa lama sebelum itu bahasa moden tercipta?
01:13
How many tens of thousands of years does it go back?
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Berapa puluh ribu tahun sebelumnya ia tercipta?
01:16
Chris Anderson: Do you have a hunch or a hope for what the answer to that is?
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Chis Anderson: Apakah rasa hati atau harapan anda mengenai jawapannya?
01:19
Murray Gell-Mann: Well, I would guess that modern language must be older
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Murray Gell-Mann: Saya agak bahasa moden seharusnya lebih tua
01:22
than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures
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daripada lukisan di gua dan goresan di gua dan ukiran di gua
01:26
and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in Western Europe,
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dan bekas tapak kaki penari di tanah liat lembut di gua di Eropah Barat.
01:31
in the Aurignacian Period some 35,000 years ago, or earlier.
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semasa Zaman Aurignacian kira-kira 35,000 tahun lalu atau lebih awal dari itu.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't also have a modern language.
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Saya tidak percaya mereka lakukan semua itu tetapi tidak ada bahasa moden.
01:40
So, I would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further.
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Saya agak asal sebenarnya bermula sekurang-kurangnya seawal itu atau mungkin lebih awal.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or many, or most
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Tetapi bukan bererti semua atau banyak atau kebanyakan
01:48
of today's attested languages couldn't descend perhaps
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bahasa yang diperakui kini tidak berasal
01:52
from one that's much younger than that, like say 20,000 years,
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dari satu bahasa yang lebih baru daripada itu, katakanlah 20,000 tahun,
01:56
or something of that kind. It's what we call a bottleneck.
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atau yang seperti itu. Ia apa yang dipanggil sebagai cerutan.
02:00
CA: Well, Philip Anderson may have been right.
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CA: Mungkin, pendapat Philip Anderson itu benar.
02:01
You may just know more about everything than anyone.
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Anda mungkin tahu lebih banyak mengenai semua perkara lebih dari orang lain.
02:04
So, it's been an honor. Thank you Murray Gell-Mann.
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Sesungguhnya ia satu penghormatan. Terima kasih Murray Gell-Mann.
02:06
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com