TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language
Marijs Gells-Manns: Valodas priekštecis
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
944,446 views
Pēc runas TED2007 par fizikas eleganci apbrīnojamais Marijs Gells-Manns dod ātru pārskatu par citu savu kaislīgu interesi: visu mūsdienu valodu kopēja priekšteča meklēšanu.
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, I'm involved in other things, besides physics.
0
1000
4000
Nu, papildus fizikai esmu iesaistīts arī citviet.
00:17
In fact, mostly now in other things.
1
5000
2000
Īstenībā, šobrīd vairāk tieši citās lietās.
00:19
One thing is distant relationships among human languages.
2
7000
4000
Viena lieta ir attālās attiecības starp cilvēku valodām.
00:24
And the professional, historical linguists in the U.S.
3
12000
4000
Profesionālie, vēsturiskie valodnieki ASV
00:28
and in Western Europe mostly try to stay away
4
16000
3000
un Rietumeiropā lielākoties cenšas turēties pa gabalu
00:31
from any long-distance relationships, big groupings,
5
19000
4000
no jebkādām attālām attiecībām; lieliem grupējumiem,
00:35
groupings that go back a long time,
6
23000
3000
grupējumiem, kuri ir ļoti seni,
00:38
longer than the familiar families.
7
26000
3000
senāki, nekā pazīstamās saimes.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crank. I don't think it's crank.
8
29000
4000
Viņiem tas nepatīk; viņi domā, ka tā ir kaprīze.
Es nedomāju, ka tā ir kaprīze.
Es nedomāju, ka tā ir kaprīze.
00:45
And there are some brilliant linguists, mostly Russians,
9
33000
3000
Ir vairāki ģeniāli valodnieki, pārsvarā krievi,
00:48
who are working on that, at Santa Fe Institute and in Moscow,
10
36000
4000
kuri strādā tajā Santafe Institūtā un Maskavā.
00:52
and I would love to see where that leads.
11
40000
4000
Man ļoti gribētos redzēt, kurp tas aizvedīs.
00:56
Does it really lead to a single ancestor
12
44000
3000
Vai tas patiešām novedīs pie vienas priekšteča
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
13
47000
3000
pirms kādiem 20—25 tūkstošiem gadu?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond that single ancestor,
14
50000
3000
Un ja nu mēs dotos vēl tālāk pirms šī kopējā priekšteča,
01:05
when there was presumably a competition among many languages?
15
53000
4000
kad, droši vien, pastāvēja daudzu valodu savstarpēja konkurence?
01:09
How far back does that go? How far back does modern language go?
16
57000
3000
Cik tālu pagātnē tas sniedzas?
Cik tālu pagātnē sniedzas mūsdienu valoda?
Cik tālu pagātnē sniedzas mūsdienu valoda?
01:13
How many tens of thousands of years does it go back?
17
61000
3000
Cik daudzus desmitus tūkstošu gadu pagātnē tā sniedzas?
01:16
Chris Anderson: Do you have a hunch or a hope for what the answer to that is?
18
64000
3000
Kriss Andersons: Vai jums ir nojauta vai cerība par to,
kāda ir atbilde?
kāda ir atbilde?
01:19
Murray Gell-Mann: Well, I would guess that modern language must be older
19
67000
3000
Marijs Gells-Manns: Es izteiktu minējumu,
ka mūsdienu valodām jābūt vecākām,
ka mūsdienu valodām jābūt vecākām,
01:22
than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures
20
70000
4000
nekā alu zīmējumiem, alu gravējumiem un alu skulptūrām,
01:26
and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in Western Europe,
21
74000
5000
un dejas soļiem mīkstā mālā Rietumeiropas alās
01:31
in the Aurignacian Period some 35,000 years ago, or earlier.
22
79000
6000
Oriņakas periodā pirms kādiem 35 000 gadu, vai senāk.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't also have a modern language.
23
85000
3000
Es nespētu noticēt, ka viņi spēja visu to darīt,
neprazdami mūsdienu valodu.
neprazdami mūsdienu valodu.
01:40
So, I would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further.
24
88000
5000
Tāpēc es minētu, ka patiesā izcelsme ir senāka,
vismaz tikpat sena un varbūt senāka.
vismaz tikpat sena un varbūt senāka.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or many, or most
25
93000
3000
Bet tas nenozīmē, ka visas, daudzas vai vismaz vairākums
01:48
of today's attested languages couldn't descend perhaps
26
96000
4000
no mūsdienās zināmajām valodām nevarēja izcelties, piemēram,
01:52
from one that's much younger than that, like say 20,000 years,
27
100000
4000
no vienas, kura ir daudz jaunāka, teiksim, 20 000 gadus,
01:56
or something of that kind. It's what we call a bottleneck.
28
104000
3000
vai tamlīdzīgi. To mēs saucam par šauro vietu.
02:00
CA: Well, Philip Anderson may have been right.
29
108000
1000
K.A.: Filipam Andersonam varēja būt taisnība.
02:01
You may just know more about everything than anyone.
30
109000
3000
Iespējams, jūs par to visu zināt vairāk nekā jebkurš cits.
02:04
So, it's been an honor. Thank you Murray Gell-Mann.
31
112000
2000
Tāpēc tas ir gods. Paldies jums, Marij Gells-Mann.
02:06
(Applause)
32
114000
4000
(Aplausi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com