TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language
Murray Gell-Mann o predkovi jazyka
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Po prednáške o elegancii fyziky na TED2007, úžasný Murray Gell-Mann podáva stručný prehľad o ďalšom vášnivom koníčku: hľadaní spoločného predka našich moderných jazykov.
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, I'm involved in other things, besides physics.
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Zaoberám sa aj inými vecami ako fyzikou.
00:17
In fact, mostly now in other things.
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Vlastne, momentálne hlavne inými vecami.
00:19
One thing is distant relationships among human languages.
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Jednou z nich sú vzdialené vzťahy medzi ľudskými jazykmi.
00:24
And the professional, historical linguists in the U.S.
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Profesionálni, historickí jazykovedci v USA
00:28
and in Western Europe mostly try to stay away
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a v západnej Európe sa zväčša snažia držať odstup
00:31
from any long-distance relationships, big groupings,
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od vzdialených vzťahov; veľkých skupín,
00:35
groupings that go back a long time,
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skupín, ktoré sa vracajú veľmi ďaleko v čase,
00:38
longer than the familiar families.
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ďalej ako známe jazykové rodiny.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crank. I don't think it's crank.
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Nemajú to radi; myslia si, že je to nanič. Ja si nemyslím, že je to nanič.
00:45
And there are some brilliant linguists, mostly Russians,
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A sú niektorí výborní jazykovedci, hlavne ruskí,
00:48
who are working on that, at Santa Fe Institute and in Moscow,
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ktorí na tom pracujú na Inštitúte Santa Fe a v Moskve,
00:52
and I would love to see where that leads.
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a veľmi rád by som videl, kam to povedie.
00:56
Does it really lead to a single ancestor
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Vedie to naozaj k jedinému spoločnému predkovi
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
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spred nejakých 20 - 25 000 rokov?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond that single ancestor,
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A čo ak pôjdeme späť ešte ďalej, pred tohto predka,
01:05
when there was presumably a competition among many languages?
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keď medzi sebou pravdepodobne súťažilo množstvo jazykov?
01:09
How far back does that go? How far back does modern language go?
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Ako ďaleko sa dostaneme? Ako ďaleko siaha moderný jazyk?
01:13
How many tens of thousands of years does it go back?
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Koľko desiatok tisícov rokov má už za sebou?
01:16
Chris Anderson: Do you have a hunch or a hope for what the answer to that is?
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Chris Anderson: Máte nejaké tušenie alebo očakávanie, ako by mala znieť odpoveď?
01:19
Murray Gell-Mann: Well, I would guess that modern language must be older
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Murray Gell-Mann: Povedal by som, že moderné jazyky musia byť staršie
01:22
than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures
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ako kresby, rytiny a sochy v jaskyniach
01:26
and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in Western Europe,
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a ako odtlačky tanečných krokov v mäkkom íle v jaskyniach západnej Európy
01:31
in the Aurignacian Period some 35,000 years ago, or earlier.
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z obdobia kultúry Aurignacien spred 35 000 rokov alebo ešte viac.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't also have a modern language.
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Nemôžem tomu uveriť, že toto všetko spravili a zároveň nemali moderný jazyk.
01:40
So, I would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further.
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Odhadujem teda, že pôvod jazyka siaha aspoň tak ďaleko a možno aj ďalej.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or many, or most
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To ale neznamená, že všetky dnešné, overené jazyky, alebo mnohé či väčšina
01:48
of today's attested languages couldn't descend perhaps
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z nich by nemohli pochádzať
01:52
from one that's much younger than that, like say 20,000 years,
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z takého, ktorý je oveľa mladší ako, povedzme, 20 000 rokov,
01:56
or something of that kind. It's what we call a bottleneck.
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alebo podobne. Voláme to lievikový efekt.
02:00
CA: Well, Philip Anderson may have been right.
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CA: Možno mal Philip Anderson predsa len pravdu.
02:01
You may just know more about everything than anyone.
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Asi viete o všetkom skutočne viac ako hocikto iný.
02:04
So, it's been an honor. Thank you Murray Gell-Mann.
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Bolo nám cťou. Ďakujeme, Murray Gell-Mann.
02:06
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com