TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language
Murray Gell-Mann apie kalbos kilmę
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Po kalbos TED2007 apie eleganciją fizikoje, nuostabusis Murray Gell-Mann pateikia glaustą aistringo pomėgio - surasti bendrą mūsų šiuolaikinių kalbų prokalbę - apžvalgą.
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Well, I'm involved in other things, besides physics.
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Taigi, šalia fizikos aš įsitraukęs ir į kitus dalykus.
00:17
In fact, mostly now in other things.
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Iš tikrųjų, į juos šiuo metu net dažniau.
00:19
One thing is distant relationships among human languages.
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Vienas iš jų yra tolimi santykiai tarp žmonių kalbų.
00:24
And the professional, historical linguists in the U.S.
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Ir profesionalūs istorikai-lingvistai iš JAV
00:28
and in Western Europe mostly try to stay away
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ir Vakarų Europos dažniausiai vengia
00:31
from any long-distance relationships, big groupings,
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bet kokių tolimų santykių; didelių grupavimų,
00:35
groupings that go back a long time,
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grupavimų, kurie siekia itin senus laikus,
00:38
longer than the familiar families.
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senesnius nei įprastų kalbų šeimų.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crank. I don't think it's crank.
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Jie to nemėgsta; jie mano kad tai keista idėja. Aš nemanau, kad tai keista idėja.
00:45
And there are some brilliant linguists, mostly Russians,
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Yra keletas talentingų lingvistų, daugiausia rusų,
00:48
who are working on that, at Santa Fe Institute and in Moscow,
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kurie dirba ties tuo Santa Fė institute ir Maskvoje,
00:52
and I would love to see where that leads.
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ir aš norėčiau pamatyti kur tai nuves.
00:56
Does it really lead to a single ancestor
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Ar tai nuves prie vienos prokalbės
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
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maždaug prieš 20, 25 000 metų?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond that single ancestor,
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O jei mes grįžtume į dar ankstesnius laikus,
01:05
when there was presumably a competition among many languages?
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kai buvo tikėtina konkurencija tarp daugelio kalbų?
01:09
How far back does that go? How far back does modern language go?
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Kaip toli atgal tai nuves? Kaip toli atgal šiuolaikinė kalba siekia?
01:13
How many tens of thousands of years does it go back?
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Kiek dešimčių tūkstančių metų atgal tai siekia?
01:16
Chris Anderson: Do you have a hunch or a hope for what the answer to that is?
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Chris Anderson: ar turite nuojautą ar viltį to, koks atsakymas į šį klausimą?
01:19
Murray Gell-Mann: Well, I would guess that modern language must be older
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Murray Gell-Mann: na, aš manyčiau, kad šiuolaikinė kalba turi būti vyresnė
01:22
than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures
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negu urvų piešiniai ir urvų graviravimas ir urvų skulptūros,
01:26
and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in Western Europe,
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ir šokio žingsniai minkštame molyje Vakarų Europos urvuose
01:31
in the Aurignacian Period some 35,000 years ago, or earlier.
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Aurignacijos periode prieš apytiksliai 35 000 metų, ar anksčiau.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't also have a modern language.
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Aš negaliu patikėti, kad jie visa tai padarė neturėdami šiuolaikinės kalbos.
01:40
So, I would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further.
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Taigi, aš manyčiau, kad tikroji kilmė siekia bent jau tiek ir galbūt toliau.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or many, or most
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Bet tai nereiškia, kad visos, ar daugelis, ar dauguma
01:48
of today's attested languages couldn't descend perhaps
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šiandieninių autentiškų kalbų negalėjo kilti galbūt
01:52
from one that's much younger than that, like say 20,000 years,
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iš vienos kalbos, kuri būtų daug jaunesnė, tarkim 20 000 metų,
01:56
or something of that kind. It's what we call a bottleneck.
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ar panašaus amžiaus. Tai yra tai, ką mes vadiname butelio kakliuku.
02:00
CA: Well, Philip Anderson may have been right.
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CA: taigi, Philip Anderson gali būti teisus.
02:01
You may just know more about everything than anyone.
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Tu gali žinoti daugiau apie viską negu apie vieną.
02:04
So, it's been an honor. Thank you Murray Gell-Mann.
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Man buvo didelė garbė. Ačiū jums Murray Gell-Mann.
02:06
(Applause)
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(Plojimai)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com