ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Hawking - Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions.

Why you should listen

Stephen Hawking is perhaps the world's most famous living physicist. A specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity and a devotee of black holes, his work has probed the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the universe's ultimate fate -- earning him accolades including induction into the Order of the British Empire. To the public, he's best known as an author of bestsellers such as The Universe in a Nutshell and A Brief History of Time, which have brought an appreciation of theoretical physics to millions.

Though the motor neuron disorder ALS has confined Hawking to a wheelchair, it hasn't stopped him from lecturing widely, making appearances on television shows such as Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Simpsons -- and planning a trip into orbit with Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic. (He recently experienced weightlessness aboard Zero Gravity Corporation's "Vomit Comet.") A true academic celebrity, he uses his public appearances to raise awareness about potential global disasters -- such as global warming -- and to speak out for the future of humanity: "Getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species," he says.

Hawking serves as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, where he continues to contribute to both high-level physics and the popular understanding of our universe.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Hawking | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Stephen Hawking: Questioning the universe

Stephen Hawking postavlja velika pitanja o svemiru

Filmed:
12,876,555 views

U skladu s temom skupa TED2008, profesor Stephen Hawking postavlja neka od velikih pitanja o našem svemiru -– Kako je započeo svemir? Kako je započeo život? Jesmo li sami? –- i raspravlja o mogućem pristupu odgovaranja na njih.
- Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:14
There is nothing biggerveći or olderstariji than the universesvemir.
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Nema ničeg većeg niti starijeg od svemira.
00:18
The questionspitanja I would like to talk about are:
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Želio bih govoriti o slijedećim Vašim pitanjima:
00:22
one, where did we come from?
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Prvo, odakle smo došli?
00:29
How did the universesvemir come into beingbiće?
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Kako je nastao svemir?
00:32
Are we alonesam in the universesvemir?
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Jesmo li sami u svemiru?
00:36
Is there alienstranac life out there?
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Postoji li vanzemaljski život tamo vani?
00:39
What is the futurebudućnost of the humanljudski raceutrka?
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Koja je budućnost ljudskog roda?
00:43
Up untildo the 1920s,
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Sve do 1920-ih,
00:45
everyonesvatko thought the universesvemir was essentiallyu srži staticstatički
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svi su mislili da je svemir u svojoj biti statičan
00:49
and unchangingnepromjenjiva in time.
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i vremenski nepromjenjiv.
00:51
Then it was discoveredotkriven that the universesvemir was expandingširenje.
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Potom je otkriveno da se svemir širi.
00:56
DistantDaleka galaxiesgalaksije were movingkreće away from us.
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Daleke galaksije su se udaljavale od nas.
00:59
This meantznačilo they mustmora have been closerbliže togetherzajedno in the pastprošlost.
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To je značilo da su u prošlosti morale biti bliže jedna drugoj.
01:06
If we extrapolateizvesti back,
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Ako ovo razmišljanje protegnemo unatrag,
01:08
we find we mustmora have all been on topvrh of eachsvaki other
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nalazimo da su sve morale biti jedna iznad druge
01:12
about 15 billionmilijardi yearsgodina agoprije.
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prije oko petnaest milijardi godina.
01:14
This was the BigVeliki BangPrasak, the beginningpočetak of the universesvemir.
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To je bio Big Bang, početak svemira.
01:20
But was there anything before the BigVeliki BangPrasak?
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Ali, je li išta postojalo prije Big Banga?
01:23
If not, what createdstvorio the universesvemir?
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Ako nije, što je stvorilo svemir?
01:27
Why did the universesvemir emergepojaviti from the BigVeliki BangPrasak the way it did?
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Zašto se svemir razvio iz Big Banga na način na koji se razvio?
01:32
We used to think that the theoryteorija of the universesvemir
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Nekad smo mislili da bi teorija o svemiru
01:37
could be dividedpodijeljen into two partsdijelovi.
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mogla biti podijeljena u dva dijela.
01:39
First, there were the lawszakoni
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Prvo, postojali su zakoni,
01:42
like Maxwell'sMaxwell equationsjednadžbe and generalgeneral relativityrelativitet
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kao primjerice Maxwellove jednadžbe opće relativnosti
01:45
that determinedodlučan the evolutionevolucija of the universesvemir,
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koje su odredile evoluciju svemira,
01:49
givendan its statedržava over all of spaceprostor at one time.
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uzimajući u obzir njegovo stanje u cijelom prostoru i u jednom trenutku.
01:52
And seconddrugi, there was no questionpitanje
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I drugo, nije postojalo pitanje
01:55
of the initialpočetni statedržava of the universesvemir.
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o početnom stanju svemira.
01:58
We have madenapravljen good progressnapredak on the first partdio,
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Napravili smo dobar napredak u prvom dijelu
02:03
and now have the knowledgeznanje of the lawszakoni of evolutionevolucija
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i sad imamo znanja o zakonima evolucije
02:06
in all but the mostnajviše extremekrajnost conditionsUvjeti.
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u svim, osim u najekstremnijim uvjetima.
02:09
But untildo recentlynedavno, we have had little ideaideja
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Ali, donedavno, vrlo smo malo znali
02:12
about the initialpočetni conditionsUvjeti for the universesvemir.
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o početnim uvjetima nastanka svemira.
02:16
HoweverMeđutim, this divisionpodjela into lawszakoni of evolutionevolucija and initialpočetni conditionsUvjeti
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Međutim, ova podjela na zakone evolucije i početne uvjete
02:21
dependsovisi on time and spaceprostor beingbiće separateodvojen and distinctizrazit.
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ovisi o razdvojenosti i različitosti vremena i prostora.
02:27
UnderPod extremekrajnost conditionsUvjeti, generalgeneral relativityrelativitet and quantumkvantni theoryteorija
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U ekstremnim uvjetima opća relativnost i kvantna teorija
02:31
allowdopustiti time to behaveponašati like anotherjoš dimensiondimenzija of spaceprostor.
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omogućuju vremenu ponašanje poput druge dimenzije prostora.
02:39
This removesuklanja the distinctionrazlika betweenizmeđu time and spaceprostor,
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To uklanja razliku između vremena i prostora
02:43
and meanssredstva the lawszakoni of evolutionevolucija can alsotakođer determineodrediti the initialpočetni statedržava.
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i znači da zakoni evolucije mogu također odrediti i početno stanje.
02:51
The universesvemir can spontaneouslyspontano createstvoriti itselfsebe out of nothing.
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Svemir može spontano stvoriti sebe iz ničega.
02:55
MoreoverOsim toga, we can calculateizračunati a probabilityvjerojatnost that the universesvemir
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Štoviše, možemo izračunati vjerojatnost da je svemir
03:03
was createdstvorio in differentdrugačiji statesDržave.
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stvoren u različitim stanjima.
03:05
These predictionspredviđanja are in excellentodličan agreementsporazum
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Ova predviđanja se odlično slažu
03:08
with observationszapažanja by the WMAPWMAP satellitesatelit
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s opažanjima WMAP satelita,
03:12
of the cosmickosmički microwavemikrovalna pećnica backgroundpozadina,
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odnosno kozmičkog mikrovalnog pozadinskog zračenja,
03:14
whichkoji is an imprintotisak of the very earlyrano universesvemir.
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koje je otisak vrlo ranog svemira.
03:18
We think we have solvedriješen the mysterymisterija of creationstvaranje.
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Smatramo da smo riješili misterij stvaranja.
03:24
Maybe we should patentpatent the universesvemir
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Možda bismo mogli patentirati svemir
03:26
and chargenaplatiti everyonesvatko royaltieshonorar for theirnjihov existencepostojanje.
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i svima naplaćivati tantijeme za njegovo postojanje.
03:33
I now turnskretanje to the seconddrugi bigvelika questionpitanje:
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Sad prelazim na drugo veliko pitanje:
03:36
are we alonesam, or is there other life in the universesvemir?
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Jesmo li sami ili postoji i neki drugi život u svemiru?
03:44
We believe that life arosenastao spontaneouslyspontano on the EarthZemlja,
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Smatramo da je život nastao spontano na Zemlji,
03:47
so it mustmora be possiblemoguće for life to appearpojaviti on other suitablepogodan planetsplaneti,
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tako da mora biti moguće da život nastane i na drugim pogodnim planetama
03:52
of whichkoji there seemčiniti se to be a largeveliki numberbroj in the galaxygalaksija.
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kojih, čini se, ima mnogo u jednoj galaksiji.
03:56
But we don't know how life first appearedpojavio se.
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Ali, mi ne znamo kako se život prvi put pojavio.
04:04
We have two pieceskomada of observationalopservacijskih evidencedokaz
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Imamo dvije vrste dokaza prikupljenih opažanjem
04:07
on the probabilityvjerojatnost of life appearingpojavljuju.
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o vjerojatnosti nastanka života.
04:12
The first is that we have fossilsfosili of algaealge
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Prvi se odnose na fosile i alge
04:15
from 3.5 billionmilijardi yearsgodina agoprije.
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od prije 3,5 milijardi godina.
04:19
The EarthZemlja was formedformirana 4.6 billionmilijardi yearsgodina agoprije
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Zemlja je formirana prije 4,6 milijardi godina
04:23
and was probablyvjerojatno too hotvruće for about the first halfpola billionmilijardi yearsgodina.
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i bila je vjerojatno prevruća prvih pola milijarde godina.
04:33
So life appearedpojavio se on EarthZemlja
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Dakle, život se pojavio na Zemlji
04:35
withinunutar halfpola a billionmilijardi yearsgodina of it beingbiće possiblemoguće,
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unutar pola milijarde godina od kad je to bilo moguće,
04:39
whichkoji is shortkratak comparedu odnosu to the 10-billion-year-milijardi-godine lifetimedoživotno
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što je kratko u usporedbi s deset milijardi godina
04:42
of a planetplaneta of EarthZemlja typetip.
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životnog vijeka planete slične Zemlji.
04:45
This suggestssugerira that a probabilityvjerojatnost of life appearingpojavljuju is reasonablyrazumno highvisok.
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To sugerira da je vjerojatnost nastanka života prilično velika.
04:50
If it was very lownizak, one would have expectedočekuje se it
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Kad bi vjerojatnost bila mala očekivali bismo
04:54
to take mostnajviše of the tendeset billionmilijardi yearsgodina availabledostupno.
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da bi bio potreban veći dio tih raspoloživih deset milijardi godina.
04:58
On the other handruka, we don't seemčiniti se to have been visitedposjetila by aliensvanzemaljci.
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S druge strane, izgleda da nas vanzemaljci nisu posjetili.
05:04
I am discountingdiskontiranje the reportsizvještaji of UFOsNLO-a.
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Ne prihvaćam izvješća o neidentificiranim letećim objektima.
05:07
Why would they appearpojaviti only to crankskurble and weirdoesčudaka?
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Zbog čega bi se pojavljivali samo pred osobenjacima i čudacima?
05:14
If there is a governmentvlada conspiracyzavjera to suppressugušiti the reportsizvještaji
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Ukoliko postoji vladina urota o zataškavanju tih izvješća
05:18
and keep for itselfsebe the scientificznanstvena knowledgeznanje the aliensvanzemaljci bringdonijeti,
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i zadržavanju znanstvenih spoznaja koje donose vanzemaljci za sebe,
05:23
it seemsčini se to have been a singularlyjedinstveno ineffectiveneučinkovit policypolitika so fardaleko.
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onda bi to, čini se, bila do sada najneučinkovitija politika.
05:27
FurthermoreNadalje, despitebez obzira na an extensiveopsežna searchtraži by the SETISETI projectprojekt,
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Štoviše, unatoč opsežnim istraživanjima projekta SETI (traganje za vanzemaljskom inteligencijom)
05:37
we haven'tnisu heardčuo any alienstranac televisiontelevizija quizkviz showspokazuje.
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nismo gledali niti jedan televizijski kviz program vanzemaljaca.
05:41
This probablyvjerojatno indicatesukazuje that there are no alienstranac civilizationscivilizacije
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Iz ovog vjerojatno proizlazi da nema vanzemaljskih civilizacija
05:46
at our stagefaza of developmentrazvoj
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na našem stupnju razvitka
05:48
withinunutar a radiusradijus of a fewnekoliko hundredstotina lightsvjetlo yearsgodina.
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unutar radijusa od nekoliko stotina svjetlosnih godina.
05:53
IssuingIzdavanje an insuranceosiguranje policypolitika
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Izdavanje police osiguranja
05:55
againstprotiv abductionotmice by aliensvanzemaljci seemsčini se a prettyprilično safesef betkladiti se.
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za slučaj otmice od strane vanzemaljaca čini se prilično sigurnom opkladom.
06:02
This bringsdonosi me to the last of the bigvelika questionspitanja:
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Ovo me dovodi do zadnjeg od velikih pitanja:
06:05
the futurebudućnost of the humanljudski raceutrka.
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Budućnosti ljudskog roda.
06:08
If we are the only intelligentinteligentan beingsbića in the galaxygalaksija,
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Ukoliko smo mi jedina inteligentna bića u našoj galaksiji,
06:12
we should make sure we survivepreživjeti and continuenastaviti.
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trebali bismo se potruditi preživjeti i nastaviti.
06:19
But we are enteringulazak an increasinglysve dangerousopasno periodrazdoblje of our historypovijest.
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Međutim, ulazimo u rastuće opasno razdoblje naše povijesti.
06:23
Our populationpopulacija and our use of the finitekonačan resourcesresursi of planetplaneta EarthZemlja
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Naše stanovništvo i korištenje ograničenih resursa planete Zemlje
06:33
are growingrastući exponentiallyeksponencijalno, alonguz with our technicaltehnička abilitysposobnost
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eksponencijalno rastu, zajedno s našom tehničkom mogućnošću
06:37
to changepromijeniti the environmentokolina for good or illbolestan.
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promjene okoline na bolje ili na gore.
06:44
But our geneticgenetski codekodirati
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Ali, naš genetski kod
06:46
still carriesnosi the selfishsebičan and aggressiveagresivan instinctsinstinkti
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još uvijek nosi sebične i agresivne instinkte
06:49
that were of survivalopstanak advantageprednost in the pastprošlost.
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koji su u prošlosti činili prednost pri preživljavanju.
06:52
It will be difficulttežak enoughdovoljno to avoidIzbjegavajte disasterkatastrofa
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Bit će već dovoljno teško izbjeći katastrofu
07:00
in the nextSljedeći hundredstotina yearsgodina,
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u slijedećih sto godina,
07:01
let alonesam the nextSljedeći thousandtisuću or millionmilijuna.
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a kamoli u slijedećih tisuću ili milijun godina.
07:08
Our only chanceprilika of long-termdugoročno survivalopstanak
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Naša jedina šansa za dugoročno preživljavanje
07:11
is not to remainostati lurkingvreba on planetplaneta EarthZemlja,
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nije da ostanemo pritajeni na planeti Zemlji,
07:15
but to spreadširenje out into spaceprostor.
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već da se proširimo u svemir.
07:17
The answersodgovori to these bigvelika questionspitanja
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Odgovori na ova velika pitanja
07:22
showpokazati that we have madenapravljen remarkableizvanredan progressnapredak in the last hundredstotina yearsgodina.
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pokazuju da smo napravili izvanredan napredak u zadnjih sto godina.
07:27
But if we want to continuenastaviti beyondIznad the nextSljedeći hundredstotina yearsgodina,
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Ali, ukoliko želimo nastaviti i nakon slijedećih sto godina,
07:32
our futurebudućnost is in spaceprostor.
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naša je budućnost u svemiru.
07:34
That is why I am in favormilost of mannedpunktove --
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Stoga se zalažem za ljudski --
07:39
or should I say, personedpersoned -- spaceprostor flightlet.
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ili, bolje rečeno, svemirski let osoba.
07:42
All of my life I have soughttraži to understandrazumjeti the universesvemir
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Cijelog sam života tragao za razumijevanjem svemira
07:52
and find answersodgovori to these questionspitanja.
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i pronalaženju odgovora na ova pitanja.
07:54
I have been very luckysretan
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Imao sam veliku sreću
07:57
that my disabilityosobe s invaliditetom has not been a seriousozbiljan handicaphendikep.
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da moja invalidnost nije bila ozbiljna poteškoća.
08:01
IndeedDoista, it has probablyvjerojatno givendan me more time than mostnajviše people
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Štoviše, ona mi je vjerojatno dala više vremena nego većini ljudi
08:06
to pursueprogoniti the questpotraga for knowledgeznanje.
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za ustrajavanje u potrazi za znanjem.
08:08
The ultimateultimativno goalcilj is a completepotpun theoryteorija of the universesvemir,
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Konačni cilj je cjelovita teorija o svemiru
08:16
and we are makingizrađivanje good progressnapredak.
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i u tome dobro napredujemo.
08:18
Thank you for listeningslušanje.
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Hvala vam na pozornosti.
08:26
ChrisChris AndersonAnderson: ProfessorProfesor, if you had to guessnagađati eitherili way,
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Chris Anderson: Profesore, ukoliko biste morali nagađati o ovoj ili onoj mogućnosti,
08:29
do you now believe that it is more likelyVjerojatno than not
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vjerujete li sada da jest vjerojatnije ili nije
08:33
that we are alonesam in the MilkyMliječno Way,
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da smo sami u Mliječnoj stazi
08:36
as a civilizationcivilizacija of our levelnivo of intelligenceinteligencija or higherviši?
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kao civilizacija naše ili više razine inteligencije?
08:57
This answerodgovor tookuzeo sevensedam minutesminuta, and really gavedali me an insightuvid
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Za ovaj odgovor trebalo je pričekati sedam minuta i to mi je zaista dalo uvid
09:03
into the incrediblenevjerojatan actčin of generosityvelikodušnost this wholečitav talk was for TEDTED.
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u nevjerojatan čin velikodušnosti ovog cijelog govora za TED.
09:18
StephenStjepan HawkingHawking: I think it quitedosta likelyVjerojatno that we are the only civilizationcivilizacija
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Stephen Hawking: Mislim da je vrlo vjerojatno da smo jedina civilizacija
09:23
withinunutar severalnekoliko hundredstotina lightsvjetlo yearsgodina;
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unutar nekoliko stotina svjetlosnih godina;
09:26
otherwiseinače we would have heardčuo radioradio wavesvalovi.
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u suprotnom, čuli bismo radio valove.
09:29
The alternativealternativa is that civilizationscivilizacije don't last very long,
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Alternativna mogućnost je da civilizacije ne traju vrlo dugo,
09:37
but destroyuništiti themselvesse.
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već same sebe unište.
09:38
CACA: ProfessorProfesor HawkingHawking, thank you for that answerodgovor.
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CA: Profesore Hawking, hvala Vam na tom odgovoru.
09:44
We will take it as a salutaryspasonosan warningupozorenje, I think,
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Shvatit ćemo ga, kako mi se čini, kao pozdravno upozorenje
09:46
for the restodmor of our conferencekonferencija this weektjedan.
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za ostatak konferencije ovog tjedna.
09:50
ProfessorProfesor, we really thank you for the extraordinaryizvanredan effortnapor you madenapravljen
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Profesore, zaista Vam zahvaljujemo na izuzetnom trudu koji ste uložili
09:54
to sharePodjeli your questionspitanja with us todaydanas.
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kako biste danas s nama podijelili svoja pitanja.
09:57
Thank you very much indeeddoista.
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Translated by Zvonimir Mimica
Reviewed by Tilen Pigac - EFZG

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Hawking - Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions.

Why you should listen

Stephen Hawking is perhaps the world's most famous living physicist. A specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity and a devotee of black holes, his work has probed the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the universe's ultimate fate -- earning him accolades including induction into the Order of the British Empire. To the public, he's best known as an author of bestsellers such as The Universe in a Nutshell and A Brief History of Time, which have brought an appreciation of theoretical physics to millions.

Though the motor neuron disorder ALS has confined Hawking to a wheelchair, it hasn't stopped him from lecturing widely, making appearances on television shows such as Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Simpsons -- and planning a trip into orbit with Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic. (He recently experienced weightlessness aboard Zero Gravity Corporation's "Vomit Comet.") A true academic celebrity, he uses his public appearances to raise awareness about potential global disasters -- such as global warming -- and to speak out for the future of humanity: "Getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species," he says.

Hawking serves as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, where he continues to contribute to both high-level physics and the popular understanding of our universe.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Hawking | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

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