ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Hawking - Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions.

Why you should listen

Stephen Hawking is perhaps the world's most famous living physicist. A specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity and a devotee of black holes, his work has probed the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the universe's ultimate fate -- earning him accolades including induction into the Order of the British Empire. To the public, he's best known as an author of bestsellers such as The Universe in a Nutshell and A Brief History of Time, which have brought an appreciation of theoretical physics to millions.

Though the motor neuron disorder ALS has confined Hawking to a wheelchair, it hasn't stopped him from lecturing widely, making appearances on television shows such as Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Simpsons -- and planning a trip into orbit with Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic. (He recently experienced weightlessness aboard Zero Gravity Corporation's "Vomit Comet.") A true academic celebrity, he uses his public appearances to raise awareness about potential global disasters -- such as global warming -- and to speak out for the future of humanity: "Getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species," he says.

Hawking serves as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, where he continues to contribute to both high-level physics and the popular understanding of our universe.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Hawking | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Stephen Hawking: Questioning the universe

Stephen Hawking: Vprašanja o vesolju

Filmed:
12,876,555 views

V skladu s motivom TED2008 je profesor Stephen Hawking zastavil nekaj velikih vprašanj glede našega vesolja --Kako se je vesolje začelo? Kako se je začelo življenje? Smo sami? -- in govoril o tem, kako bi nanje lahko odgovorili.
- Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

Nič ni večje in starejše od vesolja.
00:14
There is nothing biggervečje or olderstarejši than the universevesolje.
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00:18
The questionsvprašanja I would like to talk about are:
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Vprašanja,
o katerih bi želel govoriti, so:
00:22
one, where did we come from?
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najprej, od kod izviramo?
00:29
How did the universevesolje come into beingbiti?
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Kako je vesolje nastalo?
00:32
Are we alonesam in the universevesolje?
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Smo v vesolju sami?
00:36
Is there alientujec life out there?
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Je tam zunaj tuje življenje?
00:39
What is the futureprihodnost of the humančlovek racedirka?
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Kakšna je prihodnost človeštva?
00:43
Up untildo the 1920s,
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Do 1920-ih
00:45
everyonevsi thought the universevesolje was essentiallyv bistvu staticstatični
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so vsi mislili,
da je vesolje v bistvu statično
00:49
and unchangingnespremenljive in time.
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in da se s časom ne spreminja.
00:51
Then it was discoveredodkriti that the universevesolje was expandingširjenje.
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Potem so odkrili, da se vesolje širi.
00:56
DistantOddaljenih galaxiesgalaksije were movingpremikanje away from us.
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Daljne galaksije se odmikajo od nas.
00:59
This meantpomeni they mustmoraš have been closerbližje togetherskupaj in the pastpreteklost.
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To pomeni, da so nekoč
morale biti bolj skupaj.
01:06
If we extrapolateocenita back,
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Če zavrtimo čas nazaj,
01:08
we find we mustmoraš have all been on topna vrh of eachvsak other
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vidimo,
da smo morali biti drug vrh drugega
01:12
about 15 billionmilijardo yearslet agonazaj.
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pred približno 15 milijardami let.
01:14
This was the BigVelik BangBang, the beginningzačetek of the universevesolje.
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To je bil Veliki pok, začetek vesolja.
01:20
But was there anything before the BigVelik BangBang?
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Vendar, je bilo kaj pred
začetkom Velikega poka?
01:23
If not, what createdustvarjeno the universevesolje?
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Če ne, kaj je naredilo vesolje?
01:27
Why did the universevesolje emergePojavi se from the BigVelik BangBang the way it did?
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Zakaj se je vesolje pojavilo
iz Velikega poka tako, kot je?
01:32
We used to think that the theoryteorija of the universevesolje
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Menili smo, da teorijo vesolja
01:37
could be dividedrazdeljen into two partsdeli.
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lahko razdelimo na dva dela.
01:39
First, there were the lawszakoni
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Prvi del, tu so zakoni
01:42
like Maxwell'sMaxwellove equationsenačbe and generalsplošno relativityrelativnost
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kot so Maxwellove enačbe
in splošna relativnost,
01:45
that determineddoločena the evolutionevolucijo of the universevesolje,
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ki so določili razvoj vesolja
glede na njegovo stanje
v vsem prostoru ob določenem času.
01:49
givendan its statedržava over all of spaceprostor at one time.
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01:52
And seconddrugič, there was no questionvprašanje
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Drugi del, začetno stanje vesolja,
ni bilo vprašanje.
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of the initialzačetno statedržava of the universevesolje.
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01:58
We have madeizdelane good progressnapredek on the first partdel,
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V prvem delu smo dobro napredovali
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and now have the knowledgeznanje of the lawszakoni of evolutionevolucijo
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in zdaj poznamo zakone razvoja v celoti,
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in all but the mostnajbolj extremeekstremno conditionspogoji.
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razen v najbolj ekstremnih pogojih.
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But untildo recentlypred kratkim, we have had little ideaideja
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A do nedavnega smo imeli o začetnih pogojih
02:12
about the initialzačetno conditionspogoji for the universevesolje.
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za vesolje bolj malo zamisli.
02:16
HoweverVendar, this divisiondelitev into lawszakoni of evolutionevolucijo and initialzačetno conditionspogoji
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Vseeno, ta delitev na zakone
razvoja in začetne pogoje
02:21
dependsodvisno on time and spaceprostor beingbiti separateločeni and distinctizrazit.
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zavisi od tega, ali sta čas in prostor
ločena in različna.
V ekstremnih pogojih
splošna relativnost in kvantna teorija
02:27
UnderPod extremeekstremno conditionspogoji, generalsplošno relativityrelativnost and quantumkvant theoryteorija
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02:31
allowdovolite time to behaveObnašajte se like anotherdrugo dimensiondimenzije of spaceprostor.
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dopuščata, da se čas obnaša
kot še ena razsežnost prostora.
02:39
This removesOdstrani the distinctionrazlikovanje betweenmed time and spaceprostor,
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To odstrani razliko med časom in prostorom
02:43
and meanssredstva the lawszakoni of evolutionevolucijo can alsotudi determinedoločiti the initialzačetno statedržava.
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in pomeni, da lahko tudi zakoni razvoja
določajo začetno stanje.
02:51
The universevesolje can spontaneouslyspontano createustvarite itselfsama out of nothing.
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Vesolje se lahko spontano ustvari iz niča.
02:55
MoreoverPoleg, we can calculateizračunati a probabilityverjetnost that the universevesolje
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Poleg tega lahko izračunamo
verjetnosti, ki jih je vesolje
03:03
was createdustvarjeno in differentdrugačen statesdržave.
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ustvarilo v različnih stanjih.
03:05
These predictionsnapovedi are in excellentodlično agreementsporazum
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Te napovedi se imenitno ujemajo
03:08
with observationsopazovanja by the WMAPWMAP satellitesatelit
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z opazovanji prasevanja,
ki je odtis ranega vesolja,
03:12
of the cosmickozmično microwavemikrovalovna pečica backgroundozadje,
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03:14
whichki is an imprintodtis of the very earlyzgodaj universevesolje.
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s satelitom WMAP.
03:18
We think we have solvedrešiti the mysteryskrivnost of creationustvarjanje.
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Mislimo, da smo rešili
skrivnost stvarjenja.
03:24
Maybe we should patentpatent the universevesolje
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Morda bi morali patentirati vesolje
03:26
and chargeobtožiti everyonevsi royaltieslicenčnine for theirnjihovi existenceobstoj.
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in vsem zaračunavati tantieme
za njihov obstoj.
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I now turnobrat to the seconddrugič bigvelik questionvprašanje:
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Zdaj se obračam k
drugemu velikemu vprašanju:
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are we alonesam, or is there other life in the universevesolje?
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smo sami, ali je kje še
kakšno življenje v vesolju?
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We believe that life arosenastala spontaneouslyspontano on the EarthZemlja,
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Verjamemo, da se je na Zemlji
življenje pojavilo spontano,
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so it mustmoraš be possiblemogoče for life to appearPojavi se on other suitableprimerno planetsplanetov,
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zato mora biti možno, da se življenje
pojavlja na drugih primernih planetih,
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of whichki there seemzdi se to be a largevelik numberštevilka in the galaxygalaksija.
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ki jih je, kot kaže, v galaksiji veliko.
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But we don't know how life first appearedpojavil.
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Vendar ne vemo, kako se
je pojavilo prvo življenje.
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We have two pieceskosov of observationalopazovalne evidencedokazov
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Z opazovanji smo dobili dva dokaza
04:07
on the probabilityverjetnost of life appearingpojavljajo se.
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glede verjetnosti, da se življenje pojavi.
Prvi je, da imamo fosile alg
izpred 3,5 milijarde let.
04:12
The first is that we have fossilsfosili of algaealge
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04:15
from 3.5 billionmilijardo yearslet agonazaj.
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04:19
The EarthZemlja was formednastala 4.6 billionmilijardo yearslet agonazaj
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Zemlja se je oblikovala
pred 4,6 milijardami let
04:23
and was probablyverjetno too hotvroče for about the first halfpol billionmilijardo yearslet.
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in je bila verjetno prevroča
približno prvo polovico milijarde let.
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So life appearedpojavil on EarthZemlja
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Tako se je življenje na Zemlji pojavilo
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withinznotraj halfpol a billionmilijardo yearslet of it beingbiti possiblemogoče,
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v pol milijarde let takoj, ko se je lahko,
kar je malo glede
na 10 milijardno življenjsko dobo
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whichki is shortkratek comparedprimerjali to the 10-billion-year-milijard-leto lifetimeživljenska doba
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04:42
of a planetplanet of EarthZemlja typetip.
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planeta, kot je Zemlja.
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This suggestspredlaga that a probabilityverjetnost of life appearingpojavljajo se is reasonablyrazumno highvisoko.
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To pomeni, da je verjetnost, da se
življenje pojavi, dokaj visoka.
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If it was very lownizka, one would have expectedpričakovano it
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Če bi bila zelo nizka,
bi bilo pričakovati,
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to take mostnajbolj of the tendeset billionmilijardo yearslet availablena voljo.
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da bi to potrebovalo večino
od 10 milijard let, ki so na voljo.
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On the other handroka, we don't seemzdi se to have been visitedobiskali by alienstujci.
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Po drugi strani kaže, da nas
nezemljani niso obiskali.
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I am discountingdiskontiranje the reportsporočila of UFOsNLP-jev.
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Poročil o NLP ne štejem.
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Why would they appearPojavi se only to cranksročice and weirdoesweirdoes?
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Zakaj bi se prikazovali samo
usekancem in čudakom?
05:14
If there is a governmentvlada conspiracyzarote to suppresszatreti the reportsporočila
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Če pa gre za vladne zarote,
da zadržujejo poročila
05:18
and keep for itselfsama the scientificznanstveni knowledgeznanje the alienstujci bringprinesi,
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in zase obdržijo znanstvene dosežke,
ki jih nezemljani prinašajo,
05:23
it seemsZdi se to have been a singularlyednini ineffectiveneučinkovito policypolitika so fardaleč.
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se zdi, da je to bila doslej
neverjetno učinkovita politika.
05:27
FurthermorePoleg, despiteKljub an extensiveobsežno searchIskanje by the SETISETI projectprojekt,
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Nadalje, kljub obsežnemu
iskanju s projektom SETI,
05:37
we haven'tne heardslišal any alientujec televisiontelevizija quizkviz showskaže.
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nismo slišali še nobenega
televizijskega kviza nezemljanov.
05:41
This probablyverjetno indicatesoznačuje that there are no alientujec civilizationscivilizacije
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To najbrž pomeni,
da ni nobene tuje civilizacije
05:46
at our stagestopnja of developmentrazvoj
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na naši stopnji razvoja
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withinznotraj a radiuspolmer of a fewmalo hundredsto lightsvetloba yearslet.
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v polmeru nekaj sto svetlobnih let.
05:53
IssuingIzdajo an insurancezavarovanje policypolitika
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Izdati zavarovalno polico
05:55
againstproti abductionugrabitev by alienstujci seemsZdi se a prettylepa safevarno betStavite.
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proti ugrabitvi nezemljanov
je videti precej varno.
06:02
This bringsprinaša me to the last of the bigvelik questionsvprašanja:
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To me pripelje do
zadnjega od velikih vprašanj:
06:05
the futureprihodnost of the humančlovek racedirka.
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prihodnost človeške rase.
06:08
If we are the only intelligentinteligenten beingsbitja in the galaxygalaksija,
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Če smo edina
inteligentna bitja v galaksiji,
06:12
we should make sure we survivepreživeti and continuenadaljuj.
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bi morali zagotoviti,
da bomo preživeli in ostali.
Pa vstopamo v čedalje bolj
nevarno obdobje naše zgodovine.
06:19
But we are enteringvstopanje an increasinglyvse bolj dangerousnevarno periodobdobje of our historyzgodovina.
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06:23
Our populationprebivalstvo and our use of the finitekončno resourcesvirov of planetplanet EarthZemlja
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Naše prebivalstvo in naša uporaba
omejenih virov planeta Zemlje
naraščata eksponentno,
06:33
are growingrastoče exponentiallyeksponentno, alongskupaj with our technicaltehnično abilitysposobnost
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skupaj z zmožnostjo naše tehnike,
da spremenimo okolje na dobro ali slabo.
06:37
to changesprememba the environmentokolje for good or illbolan.
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06:44
But our geneticgenetski codeKoda
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A naš genetski kod
06:46
still carriesnosi the selfishsebičen and aggressiveagresivno instinctsinstinkti
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še vedno prenaša sebične
in agresivne nagone,
06:49
that were of survivalpreživetje advantageprednost in the pastpreteklost.
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ki so bili v preteklosti
prednost za preživetje.
06:52
It will be difficulttežko enoughdovolj to avoidizogibajte se disasterkatastrofa
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Dovolj težko bo že v naslednjem stoletju,
da se izognemo katastrofi,
07:00
in the nextNaslednji hundredsto yearslet,
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07:01
let alonesam the nextNaslednji thousandtisoč or millionmilijonov.
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kaj šele v naslednjih
tisoč ali milijon let.
07:08
Our only chancepriložnost of long-termdolgoročno survivalpreživetje
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Naša edina možnost
za dolgoročno preživetje ni,
07:11
is not to remainostanejo lurkingskrit on planetplanet EarthZemlja,
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da pozornost usmerjamo
noter na planet Zemljo,
07:15
but to spreadširjenje out into spaceprostor.
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ampak da se razširimo ven, v vesolje.
07:17
The answersodgovore to these bigvelik questionsvprašanja
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Odgovori na ta velika vprašanja
07:22
showshow that we have madeizdelane remarkableizjemno progressnapredek in the last hundredsto yearslet.
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kažejo, da smo v zadnjih sto letih
naredili izjemen napredek.
07:27
But if we want to continuenadaljuj beyondnaprej the nextNaslednji hundredsto yearslet,
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A če želimo ostati
tudi po naslednjih sto letih,
07:32
our futureprihodnost is in spaceprostor.
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je naša prihodnost v vesolju.
07:34
That is why I am in favoruslugo of mannedosebje --
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Zato sem za vesoljske polete
07:39
or should I say, personedpersoned -- spaceprostor flightlet.
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z moštvi – ali naj raje rečem z osebjem.
07:42
All of my life I have soughtiskano to understandrazumeti the universevesolje
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Vse svoje življenje
sem skušal razumeti vesolje
07:52
and find answersodgovore to these questionsvprašanja.
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in najti odgovore na ta vprašanja.
07:54
I have been very luckysrečen
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Imel sem veliko srečo,
07:57
that my disabilityinvalidnosti has not been a seriousresno handicapprizadetost.
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da me moja prizadetost
ni ni resno ovirala.
08:01
IndeedDejansko, it has probablyverjetno givendan me more time than mostnajbolj people
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Dejansko mi je verjetno zagotovila
več časa, kot večini ljudi,
08:06
to pursueslediti the questiskanje for knowledgeznanje.
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da sem sledil iskanju znanja.
08:08
The ultimatekončni goalcilj is a completepopolna theoryteorija of the universevesolje,
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Končni cilj je popolna teorija vesolja,
08:16
and we are makingizdelavo good progressnapredek.
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in kar dobro napredujemo.
08:18
Thank you for listeningposlušanje.
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Hvala za poslušanje.
08:26
ChrisChris AndersonAnderson: ProfessorProfesor, if you had to guessugibati eitherbodisi way,
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Chris Anderson: Profesor, če bi morali
ugibati v katero koli smer,
08:29
do you now believe that it is more likelyverjetno than not
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ali zdaj verjamete,
da je verjetnost večja, kot ne,
08:33
that we are alonesam in the MilkyMlečno Way,
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da smo v Rimski cesti sami,
08:36
as a civilizationcivilizacija of our levelravni of intelligenceinteligenca or highervišje?
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kot civilizacija na naši ravni
inteligence ali višje?
08:57
This answerodgovor tookvzel sevensedem minutesminut, and really gavedala me an insightvpogled
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Za odgovor je bilo potrebnih sedem minut,
kar mi je dalo dober vpogled v to,
09:03
into the incredibleneverjetno actukrepati of generosityvelikodušnost this wholeceloto talk was for TEDTED.
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kako neverjetno velikodušno dejanje
za TED je bil ves ta govor.
09:18
StephenStephen HawkingHawking: I think it quitečisto likelyverjetno that we are the only civilizationcivilizacija
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Stephen Hawking: Mislim, da je
zelo verjetno, da smo edina civilizacija
09:23
withinznotraj severalveč hundredsto lightsvetloba yearslet;
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v območju več sto svetlobnih let;
09:26
otherwisedrugače we would have heardslišal radioradio wavesvalovi.
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sicer bi slišali radijske valove.
09:29
The alternativealternativa is that civilizationscivilizacije don't last very long,
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Druga možnost je,
da civilizacije ne trajajo zelo dolgo,
ampak se uničijo.
09:37
but destroyuniči themselvessami.
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09:38
CACA: ProfessorProfesor HawkingHawking, thank you for that answerodgovor.
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CA: Profesor Hawking, hvala za ta odgovor.
09:44
We will take it as a salutarykoristno warningOpozorilo, I think,
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Vzeli ga bomo, mislim,
kot poslovilno opozorilo
09:46
for the restpočitek of our conferencekonferenca this weekteden.
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za preostanek naše konference ta teden.
09:50
ProfessorProfesor, we really thank you for the extraordinaryizredno efforttrud you madeizdelane
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Profesor, res hvala za izreden trud,
09:54
to sharedeliti your questionsvprašanja with us todaydanes.
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da ste danes z nami delili vaša vprašanja.
09:57
Thank you very much indeedprav zares.
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Res najlepša hvala.
09:58
(ApplauseAplavz)
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(Aplavz)
Translated by Rok Vidmar
Reviewed by Nika Kotnik

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Hawking - Theoretical physicist
Stephen Hawking's scientific investigations have shed light on the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the ultimate fate of the universe. His bestselling books for a general audience have given an appreciation of physics to millions.

Why you should listen

Stephen Hawking is perhaps the world's most famous living physicist. A specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity and a devotee of black holes, his work has probed the origins of the cosmos, the nature of time and the universe's ultimate fate -- earning him accolades including induction into the Order of the British Empire. To the public, he's best known as an author of bestsellers such as The Universe in a Nutshell and A Brief History of Time, which have brought an appreciation of theoretical physics to millions.

Though the motor neuron disorder ALS has confined Hawking to a wheelchair, it hasn't stopped him from lecturing widely, making appearances on television shows such as Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Simpsons -- and planning a trip into orbit with Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic. (He recently experienced weightlessness aboard Zero Gravity Corporation's "Vomit Comet.") A true academic celebrity, he uses his public appearances to raise awareness about potential global disasters -- such as global warming -- and to speak out for the future of humanity: "Getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species," he says.

Hawking serves as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, where he continues to contribute to both high-level physics and the popular understanding of our universe.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Hawking | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

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