Mission Blue II
Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling?
Carl Safina: Čo si zvieratá myslia a čo cítia?
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Čo sa deje v mozgu zvieraťa? Môžeme sa dozvedieť, o čom (a či vôbec) zvieratá myslia a cítia? Carl Safina si myslí, že áno. Prepája objavy a anekdoty, ktoré spájajú ekológiu, biológiu a etológiu, hovorí o príbehoch veľrýb, vlkov, slonov a albatrosov, aby dokázal, že tak aj my myslíme, cítime, používame nástroje a vyjadrujeme emócie, rovnako to robia aj iné tvory – a mysle, – ktoré s nami žijú na jednej Zemi.
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature. Full bio
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Have you ever wondered
what animals think and feel?
what animals think and feel?
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Premýšľali ste niekedy,
čo zvieratá cítia a čo si myslia?
čo zvieratá cítia a čo si myslia?
00:17
Let's start with a question:
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Začnime otázkou:
00:19
Does my dog really love me,
or does she just want a treat?
or does she just want a treat?
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Naozaj ma môj pes miluje,
alebo len chce maškrtu?
alebo len chce maškrtu?
00:24
Well, it's easy to see
that our dog really loves us,
that our dog really loves us,
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No, ľahko si všimnúť,
že náš pes nás naozaj miluje,
že náš pes nás naozaj miluje,
00:29
easy to see, right,
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fakt ľahké, že,
00:32
what's going on in that fuzzy little head.
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čo sa deje v tej malej chlpatej hlavičke.
00:36
What is going on?
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Čo sa tam deje?
00:39
Something's going on.
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Niečo sa tam deje.
00:41
But why is the question always
do they love us?
do they love us?
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Ale prečo otázka vždy znie,
či oni milujú nás?
či oni milujú nás?
00:46
Why is it always about us?
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Prečo je to stále o nás?
00:48
Why are we such narcissists?
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Prečo sme takí narcisti?
00:52
I found a different question
to ask animals.
to ask animals.
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Našiel som inú otázku,
ktorú by sme mohli položiť zvieratám.
ktorú by sme mohli položiť zvieratám.
00:57
Who are you?
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Kto si?
01:01
There are capacities of the human mind
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Ľudská myseľ má schopnosti,
01:04
that we tend to think are capacities
only of the human mind.
only of the human mind.
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o ktorých si myslíme, že sú schopnosti
len ľudskej mysle.
len ľudskej mysle.
01:10
But is that true?
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Ale je to tak?
01:12
What are other beings
doing with those brains?
doing with those brains?
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Čo s tými mozgami robia iné tvory?
01:16
What are they thinking and feeling?
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Čo si myslia a čo cítia?
01:19
Is there a way to know?
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Dá sa to zistiť?
01:21
I think there is a way in.
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Ja si myslím, že dá.
01:22
I think there are several ways in.
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Myslím, že aj niekoľkými spôsobmi.
01:24
We can look at evolution,
we can look at their brains
we can look at their brains
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Môžeme sa pozrieť na evolúciu,
môžeme sa pozrieť na ich mozgy
môžeme sa pozrieť na ich mozgy
01:29
and we can watch what they do.
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a môžeme pozorovať, čo robia.
01:33
The first thing to remember is:
our brain is inherited.
our brain is inherited.
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Prvá vec, ktorú treba mať na pamäti,
je, že náš mozog je zdedený.
je, že náš mozog je zdedený.
01:38
The first neurons came from jellyfish.
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Prvé neuróny pochádzali od medúz.
01:42
Jellyfish gave rise
to the first chordates.
to the first chordates.
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Medúzy umožnili vznik prvým chordátom.
01:45
The first chordates gave rise
to the first vertebrates.
to the first vertebrates.
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Z prvých chordátov vznikli prvé stavovce.
01:49
The vertebrates came out of the sea,
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Stavovce vyšli z mora
01:51
and here we are.
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a sme tu my.
01:54
But it's still true that a neuron,
a nerve cell, looks the same
a nerve cell, looks the same
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Ale stále platí, že neurón,
nervová bunka, vyzerá rovnako
nervová bunka, vyzerá rovnako
02:00
in a crayfish, a bird or you.
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u raka, u vtákov a u nás.
02:04
What does that say
about the minds of crayfish?
about the minds of crayfish?
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Čo nám to hovorí o mysliach rakov?
02:08
Can we tell anything about that?
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Môžeme o tom niečo povedať?
02:10
Well, it turns out that
if you give a crayfish
if you give a crayfish
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Vyzerá to tak, že ak rakovi dáte
02:14
a lot of little tiny electric shocks
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mnoho maličkých elektrošokov
02:17
every time it tries
to come out of its burrow,
to come out of its burrow,
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vždy, keď sa snaží vyjsť zo svojej nory,
02:19
it will develop anxiety.
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vyvinie sa uňho úzkosť.
02:23
If you give the crayfish the same drug
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Ak podáte rakovi ten istý liek,
02:26
used to treat anxiety disorder in humans,
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ktorý sa používa na liečenie
úzkosti u ľudí,
úzkosti u ľudí,
02:29
it relaxes and comes out and explores.
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uvoľní sa, vyjde von a bude objavovať.
02:34
How do we show how much
we care about crayfish anxiety?
we care about crayfish anxiety?
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Ako ukážeme, ako veľmi nám
záleží na úzkosti rakov?
záleží na úzkosti rakov?
02:37
Mostly, we boil them.
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Zvyčajne ich uvaríme.
02:39
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
02:42
Octopuses use tools,
as well as do most apes
as well as do most apes
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Chobotnice používajú nástroje,
rovnako ako väčšina opíc,
rovnako ako väčšina opíc,
02:47
and they recognize human faces.
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a rozoznávajú ľudské tváre.
02:50
How do we celebrate the ape-like
intelligence of this invertebrate?
intelligence of this invertebrate?
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Ako oslavujeme opičiu inteligenciu
tohto bezstavovca?
tohto bezstavovca?
02:55
Mostly boiled.
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Zvyčajne vo varenom stave.
02:58
If a grouper chases a fish
into a crevice in the coral,
into a crevice in the coral,
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Ak garupa zaženie pri love nejakú
rybu do štrbiny v korale,
rybu do štrbiny v korale,
03:02
it will sometimes go to where it knows
a moray eel is sleeping
a moray eel is sleeping
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zájde na miesto, o ktorom vie,
že tam spí muréna
že tam spí muréna
03:07
and it will signal
to the moray, "Follow me,"
to the moray, "Follow me,"
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a muréne dá signál, aby ho nasledovala
03:11
and the moray will understand that signal.
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a muréna tomu signálu porozumie.
03:14
The moray may go into the crevice
and get the fish,
and get the fish,
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Muréna možno pôjde do štrbiny
a dostane rybu,
a dostane rybu,
03:17
but the fish may bolt
and the grouper may get it.
and the grouper may get it.
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ale ryba sa zasekne
a garupa ju možno dostane.
a garupa ju možno dostane.
03:20
This is an ancient partnership that we
have just recently found out about.
have just recently found out about.
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Je to staroveké partnerstvo,
o ktorom sme sa dozvedeli len nedávno.
o ktorom sme sa dozvedeli len nedávno.
03:26
How do we celebrate
that ancient partnership?
that ancient partnership?
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Ako toto staroveké partnerstvo oslavujeme?
03:30
Mostly fried.
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Väčšinou v pečenom stave.
03:32
A pattern is emerging and it says
a lot more about us
a lot more about us
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Vynára sa istý vzor a prezrádza to
omnoho viac o nás
omnoho viac o nás
03:36
than it does about them.
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než o nich.
03:39
Sea otters use tools
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Morské vydry používajú nástroje
03:42
and they take time away
from what they're doing
from what they're doing
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a prerušujú svoje činnosti,
03:45
to show their babies what to do,
which is called teaching.
which is called teaching.
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aby svojim mladým ukázali, čo majú robiť,
čo sa nazýva učenie.
čo sa nazýva učenie.
03:49
Chimpanzees don't teach.
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Šimpany neučia.
03:52
Killer whales teach
and killer whales share food.
and killer whales share food.
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Kosatky dravé učia a delia sa o jedlo.
03:58
When evolution makes something new,
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Keď evolúcia urobí niečo nové,
04:00
it uses the parts it has
in stock, off the shelf,
in stock, off the shelf,
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najprv použije veci, ktoré má
v zásobe, v šuplíku,
v zásobe, v šuplíku,
04:05
before it fabricates a new twist.
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až potom si vymyslí novinku.
04:07
And our brain has come to us
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Naše mozgy si prešli
04:10
through the enormity
of the deep sweep of time.
of the deep sweep of time.
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neskutočne dlhou cestou v čase.
04:14
If you look at the human brain
compared to a chimpanzee brain,
compared to a chimpanzee brain,
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Ak sa pozriete na ľudský mozog
v porovnaní s mozgom šimpanza,
v porovnaní s mozgom šimpanza,
04:18
what you see is we have basically
a very big chimpanzee brain.
a very big chimpanzee brain.
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zistíte, že máme v podstate
veľmi veľký mozog šimpanza.
veľmi veľký mozog šimpanza.
04:21
It's a good thing ours is bigger,
because we're also really insecure.
because we're also really insecure.
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Dobre, že ten náš je väčší,
pretože my sme veľmi neistí.
pretože my sme veľmi neistí.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:27
But, uh oh, there's a dolphin,
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Ale nie, je tu aj delfín,
04:30
a bigger brain with more convolutions.
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väčší mozog s ešte viac zatočeniami.
04:34
OK, maybe you're saying,
all right, well, we see brains,
all right, well, we see brains,
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OK, možno si hovoríte,
fajn, vidíme mozgy,
fajn, vidíme mozgy,
04:37
but what does that
have to say about minds?
have to say about minds?
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ale čo nám to hovorí o mysliach?
04:40
Well, we can see the working of the mind
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Vidíme, ako myseľ pracuje
04:44
in the logic of behaviors.
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v logike správania.
04:46
So these elephants, you can see,
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Takže tieto slony, ako vidíte,
04:50
obviously, they are resting.
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samozrejme odpočívajú.
04:53
They have found a patch of shade
under the palm trees
under the palm trees
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Našli si kúsok tieňa pod palmami,
04:57
under which to let their babies sleep,
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pod ktorými spia ich mláďatá,
05:00
while they doze but remain vigilant.
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zatiaľ čo slony driemu, ale stále
ostávajú na pozore.
ostávajú na pozore.
05:03
We make perfect sense of that image
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Ich konanie nám dáva zmysel,
05:06
just as they make perfect sense
of what they're doing
of what they're doing
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rovnako ako aj im samotným.
05:10
because under the arc of the same sun
on the same plains,
on the same plains,
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Žijeme pod tým istým slnkom,
na rovnakých planinách,
na rovnakých planinách,
05:13
listening to the howls
of the same dangers,
of the same dangers,
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počúvame tie isté zvuky
nebezpečenstva.
nebezpečenstva.
05:17
they became who they are
and we became who we are.
and we became who we are.
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Máme so slonmi veľa spoločného.
05:22
We've been neighbors for a very long time.
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Sú našimi susedmi už celé veky.
05:24
No one would mistake
these elephants as being relaxed.
these elephants as being relaxed.
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Nikto by si nemyslel,
že tieto slony sú pokojné.
že tieto slony sú pokojné.
05:28
They're obviously very
concerned about something.
concerned about something.
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Je jasné, že ich niečo znepokojilo.
Čo to bolo?
05:31
What are they concerned about?
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05:33
It turns out that if you record
the voices of tourists
the voices of tourists
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Keď nahráte hlasy turistov
05:37
and you play that recording
from a speaker hidden in bushes,
from a speaker hidden in bushes,
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a pustíte ich z reproduktorov
skrytých v kríkoch,
skrytých v kríkoch,
05:42
elephants will ignore it,
because tourists never bother elephants.
because tourists never bother elephants.
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slony si ich všímať nebudú,
lebo turisti ich nikdy neotravujú.
lebo turisti ich nikdy neotravujú.
05:46
But if you record the voices of herders
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Ale keď si nahráte hlasy pastierov,
05:50
who carry spears and often hurt elephants
in confrontations at water holes,
in confrontations at water holes,
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ktorí majú oštepy a často nimi
odháňajú slony od vody,
odháňajú slony od vody,
05:55
the elephants will bunch up
and run away from the hidden speaker.
and run away from the hidden speaker.
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medzi slonmi vypukne panika
a budú utekať preč od reproduktorov.
a budú utekať preč od reproduktorov.
06:00
Not only do elephants know
that there are humans,
that there are humans,
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Nielenže vedia, že ľudia existujú,
06:04
they know that there are
different kinds of humans,
different kinds of humans,
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ale vedia, že sú rôzni ľudia
06:06
and that some are OK
and some are dangerous.
and some are dangerous.
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a že niektorí sú v pohode
a niektorí im chcú ublížiť.
a niektorí im chcú ublížiť.
06:10
They have been watching us for much longer
than we have been watching them.
than we have been watching them.
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Sledujú nás omnoho dlhšie ako my ich.
06:15
They know us better than we know them.
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Poznajú nás lepšie ako my ich.
06:18
We have the same imperatives:
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Ide nám o to isté, o čo aj im:
06:21
take care of our babies,
find food, try to stay alive.
find food, try to stay alive.
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postarať sa o deti, nájsť potravu,
snažiť sa prežiť.
snažiť sa prežiť.
06:26
Whether we're outfitted for hiking
in the hills of Africa
in the hills of Africa
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Či už sme prispôsobení
na zdolávanie kopcov v Afrike
na zdolávanie kopcov v Afrike
06:30
or outfitted for diving under the sea,
we are basically the same.
we are basically the same.
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alebo na potápanie v mori,
v podstate sa veľmi nelíšime.
v podstate sa veľmi nelíšime.
06:34
We are kin under the skin.
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Pod vonkajším obalom sme príbuzní.
06:36
The elephant has the same skeleton,
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Slony alebo napríklad kosatky
06:39
the killer whale has the same skeleton,
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majú rovnakú štruktúru kostry ako my.
06:41
as do we.
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Vidíme, že si navzájom pomáhajú.
06:45
We see helping where help is needed.
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Vidíme zvedavosť mláďat.
06:48
We see curiosity in the young.
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06:52
We see the bonds of family connections.
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Vidíme u nich silu rodinných väzieb.
Vidíme u nich náklonnosť.
06:57
We recognize affection.
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Dvorenie vyzerá ako dvorenie.
07:00
Courtship is courtship.
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07:03
And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"
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A potom sa pýtame, či majú vedomie.
07:07
When you get general anesthesia,
it makes you unconscious,
it makes you unconscious,
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Keď podstúpite celkovú anestéziu,
ste v bezvedomí,
ste v bezvedomí,
07:10
which means you have
no sensation of anything.
no sensation of anything.
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teda necítite vôbec nič.
07:13
Consciousness is simply
the thing that feels like something.
the thing that feels like something.
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Vedomie je, keď „niečo“ cítite.
07:17
If you see, if you hear, if you feel,
if you're aware of anything,
if you're aware of anything,
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Keď niečo vidíte, počujete, cítite,
keď ste si niečoho vedomí,
keď ste si niečoho vedomí,
07:21
you are conscious, and they are conscious.
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tak máte vedomie.
Aj oni ho majú.
07:27
Some people say
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Niekto tvrdí,
že človek je preto človekom,
07:28
well, there are certain things
that make humans humans,
that make humans humans,
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lebo má okrem iného schopnosť empatie.
07:30
and one of those things is empathy.
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Empatia je schopnosť mysle zladiť
svoju náladu s náladou našich priateľov.
svoju náladu s náladou našich priateľov.
07:32
Empathy is the mind's ability
to match moods with your companions.
to match moods with your companions.
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07:39
It's a very useful thing.
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Je to veľmi užitočná vec.
07:41
If your companions start to move quickly,
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Ak sa vaši priatelia pohybujú rýchlo,
07:43
you have to feel like
you need to hurry up.
you need to hurry up.
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vy tiež cítite nutnosť ponáhľať sa.
07:45
We're all in a hurry now.
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Teraz sa všetci ponáhľame.
07:47
The oldest form of empathy
is contagious fear.
is contagious fear.
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Najstaršou formou empatie
je nákazlivý strach.
je nákazlivý strach.
07:50
If your companions suddenly
startle and fly away,
startle and fly away,
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Ak sa vaši kamaráti odrazu
zháčia a odlietajú,
zháčia a odlietajú,
07:53
it does not work very well for you to say,
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nie je veľmi rozumné, keď si vy poviete:
07:55
"Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."
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„Jéééj, ktovie, prečo všetci odišli.“
07:58
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
08:03
Empathy is old, but empathy,
like everything else in life,
like everything else in life,
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Empatia je stará, ale ako všetko na svete,
08:06
comes on a sliding scale
and has its elaboration.
and has its elaboration.
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má rôzne podoby a je pre ňu vysvetlenie.
08:10
So there's basic empathy:
you feel sad, it makes me sad.
you feel sad, it makes me sad.
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Takže existuje základná empatia:
ty si smutný a preto som aj ja.
ty si smutný a preto som aj ja.
08:14
I see you happy, it makes me happy.
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1937
Vidím, že si šťastný, tak som aj ja.
08:17
Then there's something
that I call sympathy,
that I call sympathy,
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A potom existuje niečo,
čo ja nazývam účasť,
čo ja nazývam účasť,
08:19
a little more removed:
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trochu vzdialenejšia forma:
08:22
"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother
has just passed away.
has just passed away.
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„Je mi ľúto, že tvoja stará
mama práve zomrela.
mama práve zomrela.
08:25
I don't feel that same grief,
but I get it; I know what you feel
but I get it; I know what you feel
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Necítim tú istú bolesť,
ale chápem ju, viem, čo cítiš,
ale chápem ju, viem, čo cítiš,
08:29
and it concerns me."
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a dotýka sa ma to.“
08:30
And then if we're motivated
to act on sympathy,
to act on sympathy,
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A ak potom máme motiváciu
prejavovať účasť,
prejavovať účasť,
08:33
I call that compassion.
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to volám súcit.
08:36
Far from being the thing
that makes us human,
that makes us human,
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Naša empatia nie je to, prečo sme ľuďmi,
08:39
human empathy is far from perfect.
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pretože nie je ani zďaleka dokonalá.
08:42
We round up empathic creatures,
we kill them and we eat them.
we kill them and we eat them.
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Chytáme tvory, ktoré sú tiež schopné
empatie, zabíjame ich a jeme.
empatie, zabíjame ich a jeme.
08:48
Now, maybe you say OK,
well, those are different species.
well, those are different species.
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Môžete namietať, že OK,
oni sú iné druhy ako my.
oni sú iné druhy ako my.
08:50
That's just predation,
and humans are predators.
and humans are predators.
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O tom je lov a ľudia sú predátori.
08:54
But we don't treat our own kind
too well either.
too well either.
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Ale my sa pekne nesprávame
ani k vlastnému druhu.
ani k vlastnému druhu.
09:01
People who seem to know
only one thing about animal behavior
only one thing about animal behavior
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Aj tí ľudia, ktorí o správaní
zvierat nič nevedia,
zvierat nič nevedia,
09:04
know that you must never attribute
human thoughts and emotions
human thoughts and emotions
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určite vedia o pravidle,
že ľudské myšlienky a city nemôžeme
že ľudské myšlienky a city nemôžeme
09:08
to other species.
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pripisovať iným živočíchom.
09:10
Well, I think that's silly,
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1821
Ale to je hlúposť.
09:12
because attributing human thoughts
and emotions to other species
and emotions to other species
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Práve takto si totiž môžeme
09:16
is the best first guess about what
they're doing and how they're feeling,
they're doing and how they're feeling,
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4251
urobiť aspoň prvý odhad o tom,
čo zvieratá robia a čo cítia.
čo zvieratá robia a čo cítia.
09:20
because their brains
are basically the same as ours.
are basically the same as ours.
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Naše mozgy sú v zásade podobné.
09:24
They have the same structures.
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Majú rovnakú štruktúru.
09:26
The same hormones that create
mood and motivation in us
mood and motivation in us
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Hormóny, ktoré nás motivujú
a vytvárajú naše nálady,
a vytvárajú naše nálady,
09:31
are in those brains as well.
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2258
nájdeme aj v ich mozgoch.
09:35
It is not scientific to say that they
are hungry when they're hunting
are hungry when they're hunting
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Nie je vedecké povedať,
že keď zvieratá lovia, tak sú hladné,
že keď zvieratá lovia, tak sú hladné,
09:40
and they're tired when
their tongues are hanging out,
their tongues are hanging out,
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2947
keď vyplazujú jazyk, tak sú unavené,
09:43
and then say when they're playing
with their children
with their children
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2690
a potom povedať, že keď
sa hrajú s mláďatami
sa hrajú s mláďatami
09:45
and acting joyful and happy,
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1911
a sú plné šťastia a radosti,
09:47
we have no idea if they can possibly
be experiencing anything.
be experiencing anything.
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4789
vraj netušíme, či naozaj niečo zažívajú.
09:52
That is not scientific.
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1994
To nie je vedecké.
09:55
So OK, so a reporter said to me,
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2685
Lenže jeden novinár sa ma spýtal:
„Možno, ale ako viete, že
zvieratá dokážu myslieť a cítiť?“
zvieratá dokážu myslieť a cítiť?“
09:58
"Maybe, but how do you really know
that other animals can think and feel?"
that other animals can think and feel?"
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4308
10:02
And I started to rifle
through all the hundreds
through all the hundreds
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Začal som prechádzať
stovky vedeckých odkazov,
stovky vedeckých odkazov,
10:05
of scientific references
that I put in my book
that I put in my book
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ktoré som použil vo svojej knihe,
10:08
and I realized that the answer
was right in the room with me.
was right in the room with me.
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3240
a pochopil som,
že odpoveď je so mnou v izbe.
že odpoveď je so mnou v izbe.
10:11
When my dog gets off the rug
and comes over to me --
and comes over to me --
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3753
Keď môj pes vstane zo svojho
koberčeka a príde ku mne –
koberčeka a príde ku mne –
10:15
not to the couch, to me --
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1762
nie ku gauču, ale priamo ku mne –
10:17
and she rolls over on her back
and exposes her belly,
and exposes her belly,
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prevalí sa na chrbát
a obráti sa ku mne bruškom,
a obráti sa ku mne bruškom,
práve jej napadlo: „Chcem, aby ma
niekto poškriabal na brušku.
niekto poškriabal na brušku.
10:21
she has had the thought,
"I would like my belly rubbed.
"I would like my belly rubbed.
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2868
10:26
I know that I can go over to Carl,
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2536
Viem, že ak pôjdem za Carlom,
10:29
he will understand what I'm asking.
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2313
on pochopí, čo od neho chcem.
10:32
I know I can trust him
because we're family.
because we're family.
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2496
Viem, že mu môžem dôverovať,
lebo sme rodina.
lebo sme rodina.
10:35
He'll get the job done,
and it will feel good."
and it will feel good."
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2715
On to spraví a ja sa budem cítiť dobre.“
10:38
(Laughter)
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1886
(smiech)
10:40
She has thought and she has felt,
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3329
Pomyslela si a niečo cítila
10:43
and it's really not
more complicated than that.
more complicated than that.
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2664
a v podstate na tom
nie je nič komplikované.
nie je nič komplikované.
10:46
But we see other animals
and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,
and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,
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4613
Ale my vidíme iné zvieratá a hovoríme si:
„Pozrite, kosatky,
„Pozrite, kosatky,
10:50
wolves, elephants:
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638733
2410
vlky, slony:
10:53
that's not how they see it."
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641167
1611
u nich to tak nefunguje.“
10:55
That tall-finned male is L41.
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643714
4294
Samec s tou najväčšou plutvou je L41.
11:00
He's 38 years old.
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2047
Má 38 rokov.
11:02
The female right on his left side is L22.
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Naľavo od neho je samica L22.
11:05
She's 44.
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653899
1552
Má 44 rokov.
11:07
They've known each other for decades.
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2635
Poznajú sa niekoľko desiatok rokov.
11:10
They know exactly who they are.
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658650
1972
Všetko o sebe vedia.
11:12
They know who their friends are.
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1551
Poznajú svojich priateľov.
11:14
They know who their rivals are.
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662221
1698
Poznajú svojich súperov.
11:15
Their life follows the arc of a career.
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2113
Ich život má rôzne etapy.
11:18
They know where they are all the time.
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666802
2234
A vždy vedia, kde je ten druhý.
11:22
This is an elephant named Philo.
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670863
2375
Toto je slon Philo.
11:25
He was a young male.
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673667
1828
Bol to mladý samec.
11:27
This is him four days later.
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675519
1818
Tu je o štyri dni neskôr.
11:30
Humans not only can feel grief,
we create an awful lot of it.
we create an awful lot of it.
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678999
5330
Ľudia dokážu žiaľ nielen cítiť,
ale často ho aj spôsobujú.
ale často ho aj spôsobujú.
11:38
We want to carve their teeth.
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2314
Chceme vyrezávať do ich klov.
11:42
Why can't we wait for them to die?
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3304
Prečo nemôžeme počkať, kým sami uhynú?
11:47
Elephants once ranged from the shores
of the Mediterranean Sea
of the Mediterranean Sea
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695998
3468
Slony boli kedysi rozšírené na územiach
od stredomorských brehov
od stredomorských brehov
11:51
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope.
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699490
2075
až po Mys dobrej nádeje.
11:53
In 1980, there were vast
strongholds of elephant range
strongholds of elephant range
205
701589
3386
V roku 1980 mali rozsiahle
útočisko na pastvinách
útočisko na pastvinách
11:56
in Central and Eastern Africa.
206
704999
2188
strednej a východnej Afriky.
11:59
And now their range is shattered
into little shards.
into little shards.
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707211
4337
Teraz sú ich pastviny
rozdrobené na malé kúsky.
rozdrobené na malé kúsky.
12:03
This is the geography of an animal
that we are driving to extinction,
that we are driving to extinction,
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711572
4679
Takto vyzerá rozšírenie zvieraťa,
ktoré je kvôli nám ohrozené vyhubením.
ktoré je kvôli nám ohrozené vyhubením.
12:08
a fellow being, the most
magnificent creature on land.
magnificent creature on land.
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3849
Jeden z najúžasnejších
suchozemských tvorov.
suchozemských tvorov.
12:13
Of course, we take much better care
of our wildlife in the United States.
of our wildlife in the United States.
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4028
V USA sa o divočinu
samozrejme staráme lepšie.
samozrejme staráme lepšie.
12:17
In Yellowstone National Park,
we killed every single wolf.
we killed every single wolf.
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4235
V Yellowstonskom parku
sme vyhubili každého jedného vlka.
sme vyhubili každého jedného vlka.
12:21
We killed every single wolf
south of the Canadian border, actually.
south of the Canadian border, actually.
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3449
Vlastne sme vyhubili všetky vlky
na juh od Kanady.
na juh od Kanady.
12:25
But in the park, park rangers
did that in the 1920s,
did that in the 1920s,
213
733413
4393
V Yellowstone to spôsobili
strážcovia parku v 20. rokoch,
strážcovia parku v 20. rokoch,
12:29
and then 60 years later
they had to bring them back,
they had to bring them back,
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2591
ale o 60 rokov ich museli vrátiť,
12:32
because the elk numbers
had gotten out of control.
had gotten out of control.
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2907
lebo sa tam premnožili losy.
12:36
And then people came.
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1274
A potom sa na vlky začali
chodiť pozerať tisícky ľudí.
chodiť pozerať tisícky ľudí.
12:37
People came by the thousands
to see the wolves,
to see the wolves,
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745809
3724
Nikde inde na svete sa vlky
nedajú pozorovať tak ľahko.
nedajú pozorovať tak ľahko.
12:41
the most accessibly
visible wolves in the world.
visible wolves in the world.
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3495
Ja som tam pozoroval
jednu skvelú vlčiu rodinu.
jednu skvelú vlčiu rodinu.
12:45
And I went there and I watched
this incredible family of wolves.
this incredible family of wolves.
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3252
Svorka je rodina.
12:48
A pack is a family.
220
756788
1453
Má dospelých v produktívnom
veku a niekoľko generácií mladých.
veku a niekoľko generácií mladých.
12:50
It has some breeding adults
and the young of several generations.
and the young of several generations.
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758265
3575
A ja som pozoroval najslávnejšiu,
najstabilnejšiu svorku v Yellowstone.
najstabilnejšiu svorku v Yellowstone.
12:55
And I watched the most famous, most stable
pack in Yellowstone National Park.
pack in Yellowstone National Park.
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4616
Lenže keď svorka raz prekročila hranicu,
13:00
And then, when they wandered
just outside the border,
just outside the border,
223
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3130
13:03
two of their adults were killed,
224
771524
2681
zabili im dvoch dospelých jedincov.
Bola medzi nimi matka,
13:06
including the mother,
225
774229
2253
ktorú niekedy označujeme ako alfa samicu.
13:08
which we sometimes call the alpha female.
226
776506
2178
13:11
The rest of the family immediately
descended into sibling rivalry.
descended into sibling rivalry.
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779502
4243
Medzi ostatnými členmi rodiny
ihneď vypukla súrodenecká bitka.
13:16
Sisters kicked out other sisters.
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2241
Sestry odháňali iné sestry.
13:19
That one on the left tried for days
to rejoin her family.
to rejoin her family.
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787565
3481
Tá naľavo sa celé dni
skúšala do rodiny vrátiť.
skúšala do rodiny vrátiť.
13:23
They wouldn't let her
because they were jealous of her.
because they were jealous of her.
230
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2692
Žiarlivé sestry ju nechceli pustiť.
13:25
She was getting too much attention
from two new males,
from two new males,
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793786
2813
Priťahovala pozornosť dvoch nových samcov
13:28
and she was the precocious one.
232
796623
2018
a bola predčasne vyspelá.
13:30
That was too much for them.
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1653
To sestry nezniesli.
13:32
She wound up wandering
outside the park and getting shot.
outside the park and getting shot.
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800342
2725
Nakoniec ju niekto zastrelil
za hranicami parku.
za hranicami parku.
13:36
The alpha male wound up
being ejected from his own family.
being ejected from his own family.
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3409
Alfa samca rodina vypudila.
13:40
As winter was coming in,
236
808436
2003
Tesne pred zimou
13:42
he lost his territory,
his hunting support,
his hunting support,
237
810463
3750
prišiel o svoje teritórium,
o pomoc pri love,
o pomoc pri love,
13:46
the members of his family and his mate.
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814237
2471
o členov svojej rodiny aj svoju družku.
13:50
We cause so much pain to them.
239
818883
3624
Spôsobujeme zvieratám toľko bolesti,
13:55
The mystery is, why don't
they hurt us more than they do?
they hurt us more than they do?
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4960
že je až záhadou,
prečo nás nenapádajú viac.
prečo nás nenapádajú viac.
14:01
This whale had just finished eating
part of a grey whale
part of a grey whale
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3198
Táto veľryba práve dožrala
zvyšky veľrybovca
zvyšky veľrybovca
14:05
with his companions
who had killed that whale.
who had killed that whale.
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833077
2579
so svojimi druhmi,
ktorí zabili toho veľrybovca.
ktorí zabili toho veľrybovca.
14:07
Those people in the boat
had nothing at all to fear.
had nothing at all to fear.
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3084
Tí ľudia na lodi sa absolútne
nemali čoho báť.
nemali čoho báť.
14:11
This whale is T20.
244
839999
1989
Táto veľryba je T20.
14:14
He had just finished tearing a seal
into three pieces with two companions.
into three pieces with two companions.
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4251
Práve so svojimi kamarátmi
na tri kusy dotrhal tuleňa.
na tri kusy dotrhal tuleňa.
14:19
The seal weighed about as much
as the people in the boat.
as the people in the boat.
246
847168
2692
Ten tuleň vážil asi toľko,
koľko tí ľudia v lodi.
koľko tí ľudia v lodi.
14:21
They had nothing to fear.
247
849884
1503
Nemali sa čoho báť.
14:24
They eat seals.
248
852189
1422
Žerú tulene.
14:26
Why don't they eat us?
249
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1686
Prečo nežerú nás?
14:30
Why can we trust them around our toddlers?
250
858823
3760
Prečo im môžeme dôverovať,
keď sú pri nich naše bábätká?
keď sú pri nich naše bábätká?
14:36
Why is it that killer whales have returned
to researchers lost in thick fog
to researchers lost in thick fog
251
864488
5902
Prečo, keď sa vedci stratia v hmle,
kosatky sa k nim vrátia
kosatky sa k nim vrátia
14:42
and led them miles until the fog parted
252
870414
3330
a navigujú ich von z hmly dovtedy,
14:45
and the researchers' home
was right there on the shoreline?
was right there on the shoreline?
253
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3165
kým nevidno obrysy základne na pobreží?
14:48
And that's happened more than one time.
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876957
2016
To sa už stalo niekoľkokrát.
14:53
In the Bahamas, there's a woman
named Denise Herzing,
named Denise Herzing,
255
881171
2575
Na Bahamách žije žena
menom Denise Herzing,
menom Denise Herzing,
14:55
and she studies spotted dolphins
and they know her.
and they know her.
256
883770
3324
ktorá skúma delfíny kapverdské
a oni ju už poznajú.
a oni ju už poznajú.
14:59
She knows them very well.
She knows who they all are.
She knows who they all are.
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887118
2598
Ona ich pozná veľmi dobre.
Pozná každého jedného.
Pozná každého jedného.
15:01
They know her.
They recognize the research boat.
They recognize the research boat.
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889740
2262
Oni poznajú ju.
Poznajú aj prieskumný čln.
Poznajú aj prieskumný čln.
15:04
When she shows up,
it's a big happy reunion.
it's a big happy reunion.
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2230
Keď sa ukáže ona,
radostne sa s ňou zvítajú.
radostne sa s ňou zvítajú.
15:06
Except, one time showed up and they
didn't want to come near the boat,
didn't want to come near the boat,
260
894280
3315
Len raz sa stalo, že prišla
a delfíny nechceli prísť k člnu
a delfíny nechceli prísť k člnu
15:09
and that was really strange.
261
897619
2074
a bolo to naozaj zvláštne.
15:11
And they couldn't figure out
what was going on
what was going on
262
899717
2164
A vedci nevedeli prísť na to, čo sa deje,
15:13
until somebody came out on deck
263
901905
1500
kým niekto nevyšiel na palubu
15:15
and announced that one
of the people onboard had died
of the people onboard had died
264
903429
2635
a neoznámil, že jeden z ľudí
na palube práve zomrel
na palube práve zomrel
15:18
during a nap in his bunk.
265
906088
1771
v spánku vo svojej kajute.
15:20
How could dolphins know
that one of the human hearts
that one of the human hearts
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908740
3926
Ako mohli delfíny vedieť,
že jedno z ľudských sŕdc
že jedno z ľudských sŕdc
15:24
had just stopped?
267
912690
1469
sa práve zastavilo?
15:26
Why would they care?
268
914818
2290
Prečo by ich to zaujímalo?
15:29
And why would it spook them?
269
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2193
A prečo by ich to vystrašilo?
15:33
These mysterious things just hint at
all of the things that are going on
all of the things that are going on
270
921111
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Takéto záhadné veci len
poukazujú na všetko, čo sa deje
poukazujú na všetko, čo sa deje
15:38
in the minds that are with us on Earth
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v mysliach tvorov, ktoré sú na Zemi s nami
15:41
that we almost never think about at all.
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a o ktorých takmer nikdy nepremýšľame.
15:46
At an aquarium in South Africa
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V akváriu v Južnej Afrike
15:48
was a little baby bottle-nosed
dolphin named Dolly.
dolphin named Dolly.
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mali mláďatko delfína
dlhonosého menom Dolly.
dlhonosého menom Dolly.
15:52
She was nursing, and one day
a keeper took a cigarette break
a keeper took a cigarette break
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Ešte pila materské mlieko a raz,
keď ošetrovateľ vyšiel na cigaretu,
keď ošetrovateľ vyšiel na cigaretu,
15:58
and he was looking into the window
into their pool, smoking.
into their pool, smoking.
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a fajčiac sa pozeral
cez výklad do akvária,
cez výklad do akvária,
16:02
Dolly came over and looked at him,
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prišla Dolly a pozerala naňho,
16:04
went back to her mother,
nursed for a minute or two,
nursed for a minute or two,
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vrátila sa späť k matke,
minútu alebo dve pila jej mlieko,
minútu alebo dve pila jej mlieko,
16:08
came back to the window
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vrátila sa k oknu
16:10
and released a cloud of milk
that enveloped her head like smoke.
that enveloped her head like smoke.
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a vypustila okolo seba oblak mlieka,
ktorý obklopil jej hlavu ako dym.
ktorý obklopil jej hlavu ako dym.
16:16
Somehow, this baby bottle-nosed dolphin
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Toto mláďa delfína dlhonosého
nejako prišlo na to,
nejako prišlo na to,
16:19
got the idea of using milk
to represent smoke.
to represent smoke.
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že môže použiť mlieko,
ktoré bude zobrazovať dym.
ktoré bude zobrazovať dym.
16:24
When human beings use one thing
to represent another,
to represent another,
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Keď ľudia použijú jednu vec,
ktorá zobrazuje nejakú inú vec,
ktorá zobrazuje nejakú inú vec,
16:27
we call that art.
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nazývame to umením.
16:29
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
16:31
The things that make us human
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Veci, ktoré z nás robia ľudí,
16:33
are not the things
that we think make us human.
that we think make us human.
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nie sú veci, o ktorých si myslíme,
že z nás robia ľudí.
že z nás robia ľudí.
16:36
What makes us human is that,
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Ľuďmi sme preto,
16:39
of all these things that our minds
and their minds have,
and their minds have,
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že to, čo je typické pre myseľ zvierat,
je u nás najvýraznejšie.
je u nás najvýraznejšie.
16:42
we are the most extreme.
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16:46
We are the most compassionate,
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My máme najviac súcitu,
sme najagresívnejšie, najtvorivejšie
16:48
most violent, most creative
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a najdeštruktívnejšie zvieratá,
ktoré kedy žili na tejto planéte
ktoré kedy žili na tejto planéte
16:51
and most destructive animal
that has ever been on this planet,
that has ever been on this planet,
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16:56
and we are all of those things
all jumbled up together.
all jumbled up together.
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a my sme tí, v ktorých sa
miešajú všetky vlastnosti.
miešajú všetky vlastnosti.
17:01
But love is not the thing
that makes us human.
that makes us human.
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Ale láska nie je to, čo z nás robí ľudí.
Nie je typická len pre nás.
17:06
It's not special to us.
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Nie sme jediní,
ktorým záleží na ich druhoch.
ktorým záleží na ich druhoch.
17:09
We are not the only ones
who care about our mates.
who care about our mates.
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17:13
We are not the only ones
who care about our children.
who care about our children.
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Nie sme jediní,
ktorým záleží na ich potomkoch.
ktorým záleží na ich potomkoch.
Albatrosy často nalietajú niekedy
až desaťtisíce kilometrov
až desaťtisíce kilometrov
17:18
Albatrosses frequently fly six,
sometimes ten thousand miles
sometimes ten thousand miles
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a to počas niekoľkých týždňov, aby
svojim mladým, ktoré na ne doma čakajú,
svojim mladým, ktoré na ne doma čakajú,
17:23
over several weeks to deliver
one meal, one big meal,
one meal, one big meal,
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17:28
to their chick who is waiting for them.
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1976
priniesli jedno veľké jedlo.
Hniezdia na najodľahlejších ostrovoch
na svete, v šírom oceáne,
na svete, v šírom oceáne,
17:30
They nest on the most remote islands
in the oceans of the world,
in the oceans of the world,
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17:35
and this is what it looks like.
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a takto to vyzerá.
Odovzdávanie života z generácie
na generáciu je reťaz bytia.
na generáciu je reťaz bytia.
17:39
Passing life from one generation
to the next is the chain of being.
to the next is the chain of being.
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17:43
If that stops, it all goes away.
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Ak sa zastaví, všetko hynie.
17:46
If anything is sacred, that is,
and into that sacred relationship
and into that sacred relationship
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Ak je niečo posvätné, tak je to toto
a do tohto posvätného vzťahu sa dostáva
a do tohto posvätného vzťahu sa dostáva
17:51
comes our plastic trash.
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odpad z našich plastov.
17:54
All of these birds
have plastic in them now.
have plastic in them now.
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Všetky tieto vtáky
dnes majú v sebe plasty.
dnes majú v sebe plasty.
Tento albatros má šesť mesiacov,
má ešte páperie.
má ešte páperie.
17:57
This is an albatross six months old,
ready to fledge --
ready to fledge --
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18:02
died, packed with red cigarette lighters.
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Zahynul, pretože mal vnútornosti
plné červených zapaľovačov.
plné červených zapaľovačov.
18:06
This is not the relationship
we are supposed to have
we are supposed to have
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Takto by náš vzťah so zvyškom
sveta nemal vyzerať.
sveta nemal vyzerať.
18:09
with the rest of the world.
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18:11
But we, who have named
ourselves after our brains,
ourselves after our brains,
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Ale hoci sme sa pomenovali
podľa našej schopnosti myslieť,
podľa našej schopnosti myslieť,
18:16
never think about the consequences.
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o následkoch nikdy neuvažujeme.
18:21
When we welcome new
human life into the world,
human life into the world,
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Keď naše deti vítame na svete,
vítame ich do spoločnosti iných tvorov.
18:24
we welcome our babies
into the company of other creatures.
into the company of other creatures.
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18:28
We paint animals on the walls.
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Na steny im maľujeme zvieratká.
18:30
We don't paint cell phones.
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Nekreslíme mobilné telefóny.
18:32
We don't paint work cubicles.
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Nekreslíme bunky v kanceláriách.
18:34
We paint animals to show them
that we are not alone.
that we are not alone.
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Kreslíme im zvieratká, aby videli,
že tu nie sme sami.
že tu nie sme sami.
18:39
We have company.
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Máme spoločnosť.
Lenže všetkým zvieratkám,
ktoré kreslíme na Noemovej arche,
ktoré kreslíme na Noemovej arche,
18:42
And every one of those animals
in every painting of Noah's ark,
in every painting of Noah's ark,
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dnes hrozí smrteľné nebezpečenstvo
18:47
deemed worthy of salvation
is in mortal danger now,
is in mortal danger now,
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a ich potopou sme práve my.
18:51
and their flood is us.
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18:55
So we started with a question:
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Takže, začali sme otázkou:
Milujú nás?
18:58
Do they love us?
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19:01
We're going to ask another question.
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Spýtame sa ďalšiu otázku:
Sme schopní používať to, čo máme,
19:04
Are we capable of using what we have
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aby tu s nami zvieratá mohli ďalej žiť?
19:09
to care enough to simply
let them continue?
let them continue?
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Ďakujem pekne.
19:16
Thank you very much.
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19:18
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writerCarl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.
Why you should listen
Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.
Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.
His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com