Sal Khan: Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
サルマン・カーン: 点数ではなく身に付けることを目指す教育
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
the two ideas that,
見守ってきた中で
my observations at Khan Academy,
2つのもの ―
or the key leverage points for learning.
教えていて気付いたことですが
working with my cousins.
with math at first,
数学で躓くようになるのは
蓄積されているためなんです
accumulated in their learning.
they got to an algebra class
怪しいところがあって
shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
ないんだと思い込みます
they didn't have the math gene.
怪しいところがあって躓きます
shaky on the algebra.
アップするようになって
some of those videos on YouTube,
who were not my cousins were watching.
従兄弟達じゃないということでしたけど —
were just simple thank-yous.
「ありがとう」というものでしたが
見ているか知りませんが
you all spend on YouTube.
あまりお目にかからないはずです
got a little more intense,
濃くなっていき
that they had grown up not liking math.
という生徒が相次いで現れました
into more advanced math topics.
難しくなっていき
ついていけなくなるくらい
they couldn't engage with it.
大きくなっています
向いていないと思うのです
have the math gene.
という気になって
and decided to engage.
ようなものを見つけ
and master those concepts,
概念を習得すると
that it wasn't fixed;
マインドセットが強化されます
of learning mathematics.
you would master a lot of things in life.
身に付ける方法なんです
learn a martial art.
同じです
practice the white belt skills
練習します
同じです
a musical instrument:
over and over again,
何度も繰り返し練習し
初めて
進みます
academic model is structured,
やり方ではありません
that most of us grew up in.
usually by age,
生徒をひとまとめにし
together at the same pace.
pre-algebra class,
代数基礎で
指数を説明し
a lecture on exponents,
we'll review the homework,
繰り返して
lecture, homework.
two or three weeks,
私が75%で
という具合に
明らかになります
gaps in our knowledge,
理解しておらず
5%理解していないところがあります
the five percent they didn't know?
分かっても
move on to the next subject,
次の項目へと進みます
that's going to build on those gaps.
それが穴の上に積み上げられます
or negative exponents.
負の指数だったり
and you immediately start to realize
お分かりになるでしょう
of the more foundational thing,
25%が分からなかったのに
進ませられるんです
to the more advanced thing.
all the way until at some point,
続いていき
どこかの時点で
or trigonometry class
is fundamentally difficult
本質的に難しいからでも
悪いからでもなく
and they're dealing with exponents
ところのある指数が
that I didn't know is showing up.
出てくるためで
取り残されていくんです
分かるように
考えてみましょう
in our life that way.
作るようにとのことだ
two weeks to build a foundation.
やってみよう」
できることをやります
届かないかもしれません
the inspector comes, looks around,
見て回ります
is still wet right over there,
乾いてないし
基準に合っていないな・・・
じゃあ1階部分に取りかかろうか」
Let's build the first floor."
やることになり
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
「75%の出来」 「D+」となります
while you're building the third floor,
突然崩れてしまいます
学校教育における
you typically have in education,
we had a bad contractor,
しなきゃいけないという話になります
or more frequent inspection.
プロセスそのものなんです
was the process.
how long we had to something,
人為的に制限することで
出しています
and identifying those gaps,
欠陥を見つけたのに
is to do the exact opposite.
これと正反対のやり方をします
constraining, fixing
人為的に固定して
that variable outcome,
to work on something,
they actually master the material.
固定するのです
良く学べるというだけでなく
learn their exponents better,
the right mindset muscles.
育めるということです
20 percent wrong on something,
からといって
a C branded in your DNA somehow.
刻印されているわけではなく
keep working on it.
you should have perseverance;
粘りが必要だ
ならないんだと分かります
well, hey, this is all great,
言うかもしれません
完全習得学習や
of mastery-based learning
生徒の主体性は
over their learning.
言っていることは分かるが
but it seems impractical.
生徒の進度がバラバラになって
would be on their own track.
課程が必要になり
必要になる」
and worksheets for every student.
というわけではありません
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
行われた実験で
and saw great results,
素晴らしい成果が出ましたが
because it was logistically difficult.
規模拡大は無理ということでした
異なる課題を出し
worksheets to every student,
非現実的なことではありません
at their own time and pace?
説明を与える必要がある?
ビデオがあります
フィードバックが必要?
readily available for students.
適応型の練習問題があります
沢山の素晴らしいことが起こります
all sorts of neat things happen.
master the concepts,
習得できるだけでなく
their growth mindset,
粘り強さを身に付け
主体的になります
can start to happen
起き始めます
on the lecture,
交流が生まれます
習得できるようになります
over the material.
ソクラテス的対話ができます
Socratic dialogue.
どれだけ悲劇的か分かるように
of a thought experiment.
into the past to Western Europe,
行ったとします
識字率が高かった地域で
literate parts of the planet,
of the population knew how to read.
文字が読めたでしょう
who did know how to read,
どれくらいだろうか?」と聞いたら
do you think is even capable of reading?"
with a great education system,
なるかもしれない」と答えるでしょう
would have been wildly pessimistic,
分かります
of the population is capable of reading.
字を読めるようになります
a similar question:
do you think is capable
マスターできる人は
理解できる人は?
to cancer research?"
できる人は?」
「優れた教育システムがあれば
with a great education system,
出来るようになるかもしれない」
予想が単に
in a non-mastery framework,
教育における経験
進ませられ
or observing your peers,
自身が体験したことや
at this set pace through classes,
来ているのだとしたら?
95%できたとしても
何だったのか?
you get to an advanced class,
突然壁にぶつかって
「数学は向いてない」と思うんです
not meant to be a mathematician."
と思いますが
in a mastery framework,
枠組みでやっていけ
真に主体的になれ
take agency over your learning,
as a moment of learning --
学びの機会ととらえるなら
that could really master calculus
できる人の割合は
なるでしょう
ではありません
the industrial age
呼ばれた時代は過ぎ
this information revolution.
入っていきます
ことがあります
things are happening.
社会はピラミッド型でした
society was a pyramid.
多くの労働者が必要です
you needed human labor.
you had an information processing,
官僚がいて
you had your owners of capital
仕事が機械に奪われていきます
automation, is going to take over.
information processing,
得意とするところです
問うべき質問があります
because of this technology,
劇的に変えるとき
of the pyramid, in which case,
いる人たちだけでは?
他の人たちは
どうしたらいいのか?
野心的なことをしては?
that's more aspirational?
to invert the pyramid,
大多数にし
can participate as an entrepreneur,
起業や芸術や研究に
思いません
is all based on the idea
なることによって
tap into their potential
over their learning,
できると思います
as just a citizen of the world,
そのことを考えると
the type of equity we can we have,
世界の公平さや
could even progress.
考えてみてください
楽観的です
a pretty exciting time to be alive.
なると思います
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneurIn 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.
Why you should listen
Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.
Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.
Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.
Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com